Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam
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The Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam (PRG, Vietnamese: Chính phủ Cách mạng Lâm thời Cộng hòa miền Nam Việt Nam), was de facto formed on 8 June 1969 by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) as an armed underground government opposing the government of South Vietnam (Republic of Vietnam) under President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu. Delegates of the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam (NLF/Viet Cong), as well as several smaller groups, participated in its creation.
Republic of South Vietnam Cộng hòa miền Nam Việt Nam (Vietnamese) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1969–1976 | |||||||||
 Flag | |||||||||
| Motto: Độc lập – Dân chủ – Hòa bình – Trung lập[1] "Independence – Democracy – Peace – Neutrality" | |||||||||
| Anthem: Giải phóng miền Nam "Liberate the South" | |||||||||
.svg) Republic of South Vietnam (dark green) after the Fall of Saigon. | |||||||||
| Status | Underground government in opposition to the Republic of Vietnam (1969–1975) Puppet state of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (1975–1976) | ||||||||
| Capital | Tây Ninh (1969–1972) Lộc Ninh (1972–1973) Cam Lộ (1973–1975) Saigon – Gia Dinh (1975–1976) | ||||||||
| Common languages | Vietnamese | ||||||||
| Religion | Vietnamese folk religion Buddhism Caodaism Christianity | ||||||||
| Demonym(s) | South Vietnamese | ||||||||
| Government | Unitary Marxist–Leninist transitional government | ||||||||
| President | |||||||||
• 1969–1976 | Nguyễn Hữu Thọ | ||||||||
| Chairman of government | |||||||||
• 1969–1976 | Huỳnh Tấn Phát | ||||||||
| Legislature | People's Assembly | ||||||||
| Historical era | |||||||||
• Government formed | 8 June 1969 | ||||||||
| 30 April 1975 | |||||||||
| 2 July 1976 | |||||||||
| Area | |||||||||
| 1975 | 173,809 km2 (67,108 sq mi) | ||||||||
| Currency | Liberation dong | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | Vietnam | ||||||||
The PRG was recognized as the government of South Vietnam by most socialist states and Malta.[2] It signed the 1973 Paris Peace Treaty as an independent entity, de jure separate from both South Vietnam and North Vietnam. After the Fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975, the PRG formally replaced the Republic of Vietnam to become the nominal and representative government of South Vietnam under the official name Republic of South Vietnam (Vietnamese: Cộng hòa miền Nam Việt Nam), inheriting all properties, rights, obligations and sovereignty representation of the Republic of Vietnam. On 2 July 1976, the Republic of South Vietnam and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam constitutionally merged to form the current Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
History
editThe Provisional Revolutionary Government was preceded by the Vietnam Alliance of National, Democratic, and Peaceful Forces (VANDPF)[3][failed verification – see discussion] made up of anti-government forces and headed by Trinh Dinh Thao.[4] The Alliance was a collection of individuals who wanted a new South Vietnamese government but disagreed with the ever-present Northern Communist presence.[citation needed]
Discussions about forming an alliance had begun as early as 1966, but plans were disrupted when South Vietnamese intelligence agents apprehended a prominent anti-government figure, Ba Tra. Ba Tra gave the South Vietnamese government extensive information on anti-government forces working in the city.[5] This setback was compounded by his identification of one of the key cadre in the financial division.[5]
Under torture, Ba Tra identified more figures in the underground, who were then arrested. By 1967, the entire Saigon organization had been sent further underground.[6]
In early 1969, the then-new American president, Richard Nixon, started a process of Vietnamization to allow the American Armed Forces to withdraw from South Vietnam.[7]
1969–1975
editOn 8 June 1969 delegates from the Vietcong, the VANDPF, the People's Revolutionary Party (the South Vietnamese communist party) and "the usual assortment of mass organizations, ethnic groups, and geopolitical regions." met off Route 22 in Cambodia's Fishhook region and formed the Provisional Revolutionary Government (PRG).[7] Banners displayed prominently at the convention proclaimed that "South Vietnam is independent, democratic, peaceful, and neutral".[7]
Following the military and political results of the 1968 Tet Offensive and related military offensives in the South by Saigon and America, in which the Vietcong suffered serious military losses, the PRG was envisioned as a political counter-force that could influence international public opinion in support of reunification and in opposition to the United States and South Vietnam.[8]
The declared purpose of the PRG was to provide a formal governmental structure to the NLF and enhance its claim of representing "the Southern people".[9] Included in this strategy was the pursuit of a negotiated settlement to the war leading to reunification, organized during the initial phase of Vietnamization. According to Justice Minister Trương Như Tảng, the new group's main purpose was to help the NLF "acquire a new international stature."[8]
During the period 1969–70, most of the PRG's cabinet ministries operated near the Cambodian border. Starting on 29 March to late April 1970, the US and South Vietnamese offensives forced the PRG to flee deeper into Cambodia. The stressful escape caused many of the PRG officials (such as Trương Như Tạng) to need extensive medical furloughs. After Trương Như Tạng returned, he noticed that new cadres from the north were causing problems for the non-communist members of the PRG.[10] One member in particular, Ba Cap, harshly denounced most of the PRG as bourgeois.[11] Tạng complained to the higher members of the DRV government, but was rebuffed. Tạng later saw this as the point when the PRG turned from being an independent South Vietnam-based alternative government to being a mouthpiece for the communist movement.[12]
The central bodies of the PRG functioned as a provisional government. The PRG maintained diplomatic relations with many countries of the Non-Aligned Movement, such as Algeria and SFR Yugoslavia[13] as well as with the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China.
1975–1976
editAfter the Fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975, the PRG assumed power in South Vietnam and subsequently participated in the reunification of Vietnam.
According to professor Ngô Vĩnh Long (University of Maine), mid-July 1975, the delegates of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (Nguyễn Văn Lưu) and the Republic of South Vietnam (Đinh Bá Thi) applied to join the United Nations (UN) as two independent member states. However, the Republic of South Vietnam was de facto controlled by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.[14] And, both countries failed in joining the United Nations due to American vetoes on 11 August and 30 September 1975 as the USSR and China refused to allow South Korea to join the organization on August 6. However, North Vietnam became a UN observer in 1975 while South Vietnam had already been since 1952.[15][16] Kuwait was the last country to recognize and establish diplomatic relations with the Republic of South Vietnam on 22 and 24 January 1976, before North and South Vietnam were eventually reunited on 2 July 1976.
Government and politics
editCabinet
edit| Post | Name | Took office | Left office | Party |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chairman of Consultative Council (Head of State) | Nguyễn Hữu Thọ | 6 June 1969 | 2 July 1976 | People's Revolutionary Party and Democratic Party of Vietnam |
| Chairman of Government (Prime Minister and de facto leader) | Huỳnh Tấn Phát | 8 June 1969 | 2 July 1976 | People's Revolutionary Party and Democratic Party of Vietnam |
| Vice-chairman | Phung Van Cung | 8 June 1969 | 1976 | Democratic Party of Vietnam |
| Vice-chairman | Nguyễn Văn Kiệt | 8 June 1969 | 1976 | |
| Vice-chairman | Nguyen Doa | 8 June 1969 | 1976 | |
| Minister of Presidential Palace of Government | Tran Buu Kiem | 8 June 1969 | 1976 | People's Revolutionary Party and Democratic Party of Vietnam |
| Minister of Defense | Trần Nam Trung | 8 June 1969 | 1976 | People's Revolutionary Party |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs | Nguyễn Thị Bình | 8 June 1969 | 1976 | People's Revolutionary Party |
| Minister of the Interior | Phung Van Cung | 8 June 1969 | 1976 | |
| Minister of Justice | Trương Như Tảng | 8 June 1969 | 1976 | |
| Minister of Economy and Finance | Cao Van Bon Duong Ky Hiep (acting from 1975) |
8 June 1969 | died 1971 | |
| Minister of Information and Culture | Lưu Hữu Phước | 8 June 1969 | 1976 | |
| Minister of Education and Youth | Nguyễn Văn Kiệt | 8 June 1969 | 1976 | |
| Minister of Health, Social Action and Disabled Soldiers | Dương Quỳnh Hoa | 8 June 1969 | 1976 | People's Revolutionary Party |
Culture
editMusic
editThe national anthem of the Government was Liberate the South (Vietnamese: Giải phóng miền Nam). The song was written in 1961 by Lưu Hữu Phước (1921–1989) and adopted at that time as the anthem of the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam (Viet Cong).
In 1966, Lưu Hữu Phước wrote a military song March on Saigon (Tiến về Sài Gòn) as an encouragement the soldiers going to attack Saigon in the Tet Offensive. The song was spread again during the fall of Saigon.
Photos
edit-
-
A youth representative of the PRG greets a young man from a Soviet-aligned unidentified African nation. Both are attending a 1973 World Youth Conference held in East Germany and organised by the Free German Youth. -
1973 World Youth Conference held in East Berlin, 4 August 1973 -
Signes of two primers Nguyễn Duy Trinh (North) and Nguyễn Thị Bình (South) at the Paris Peace Accords, 27 January 1973 -
NLF soldier on 12 February 1973
See also
edit
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Footnotes
editReferences
editCitations
edit- ^ "giấy công tác đặc biệt" [Special Working Paper].
độc lập – dân chủ – hòa bình – trung lập
- ^ "Mintoff shows off his 'non-aligned manhood' and threatens to break relations with Israel". archive.maltatoday.com.mt. 18 April 2010. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
- ^ Florian Grotz; Dieter Nohlen; Christof Hartmann, eds. (2001). Elections in Asia and the Pacific : A Data Handbook | Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific. OUP Oxford. pp. 333, 334, 337. ISBN 978-0-19-924959-6.
- ^ Porter 1993, pp. 27–29
- ^ a b Tảng 1985, p. 131
- ^ Tảng 1985, p. 132
- ^ a b c Tảng 1985, p. 147
- ^ a b Tảng 1985, p. 146
- ^ Tảng 1985, pp. 146–147
- ^ Tảng 1985, p. 186
- ^ Tảng 1985, p. 188
- ^ Tảng 1985, pp. 188–189
- ^ Milutin Tomanović, ed. (1972). Hronika međunarodnih događaja 1971 [The Chronicle of International Events in 1971] (in Serbo-Croatian). Belgrade: Institute of International Politics and Economics. p. 2664.
- ^ http://m.mattran.org.vn/chuong-trinh-phoi-hop/thanh-lap-chinh-phu-cach-mang-lam-thoi-cong-hoa-mien-nam-viet-nam-su-sang-tao-mang-tinh-chien-luoc-cua-dang-trong-cuoc-khang-chien-chong-my-cuu-nuoc-51418.html#ref-https://www.google.com/
- ^ "United Nations Official Document". United Nations. Archived from the original on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
- ^ https://iuscogens-vie.org/2017/12/23/53/
Sources
edit- Porter, Gareth (1993). Vietnam: The politics of bureaucratic socialism (1993 ed.). Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-2168-6.
- Tảng, Truong Như; David Chanoff, Van Toai Doan (1985). A Vietcong memoir (1985 ed.). Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 978-0-15-193636-6.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
External links
edit- Provisional Revolutionary Government of South Vietnam (1969–1975)
- "Ethnic Music" Room ("Words" is Japanese version only.)
- Rulers (Vietnam)
- WORLD STATESMEN, Vietnam (including South Vietnam)