The Rescission Act of 1946 (Pub. L. 79–301, H.R. 5158, 60 Stat. 6, enacted February 18, 1946, codified at 38 U.S.C. § 107) is a law of the United States reducing (rescinding) the amounts of certain funds already designated for specific government programs, much of it for the U.S. military, after World War II concluded and as American military and public works spending diminished.
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| Long title | An Act reducing or further reducing certain appropriations and contractual authorizations available for the fiscal year 1946, and for other purposes. |
|---|---|
| Nicknames | Second Supplemental Surplus Appropriation Rescission Act, 1946 |
| Enacted by | the 79th United States Congress |
| Effective | February 18, 1946[1] |
| Citations | |
| Public law | Pub. L. 79–301 |
| Statutes at Large | 60 Stat. 6 |
| Legislative history | |
| |
| Major amendments | |
| American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 | |
Among its provisions was the option for transferring $200 million previously appropriated to the U.S. Army for ordnance service and supplies to the Army of the Philippines, with the proviso that military service for the Philippines during World War II, while it was in service of the United States Army Forces in the Far East pursuant to the presidential Military Order of July 26, 1941,[2] would not be considered to be military service for the United States.
The effect was to retroactively annul benefits to Filipino troops for their military service under the auspices of the United States while the Philippines was a U.S. unincorporated territory and Filipinos were U.S. nationals.
Text of the act relevant to Filipino troops
editTRANSFER OF APPROPRIATIONS
In addition to the transfers authorized by section 3 of the Military Appropriation Act, 1946, transfers of not to exceed the amounts hereinafter set forth may be made, with the approval of the Bureau of the Budget, from the appropriation "Ordnance Service and Supplies, Army", to the following appropriations:
...
Army of the Philippines, $200,000,000 : Provided, That service in the organized military forces of the Government of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, while such forces were in the service of the armed forces of the United States pursuant to the military order of the President of the United States dated July 26, 1941, shall not be deemed to be or to have been service in the military or naval forces of the United States or any component thereof for the purposes of any law of the United States conferring rights, privileges, or benefits upon any person by reason of the service of such person or the service of any other person in the military or naval forces of the United States or any component thereof, except benefits under (1) the National Service Life Insurance Act of 1940, as amended, under contracts heretofore entered into, and (2) laws administered by the Veterans' Administration providing for the payment of pensions on account of service-connected disability or death : Provided further, That such pensions shall be paid at the rate of one Philippine peso for each dollar authorized to be paid under the laws providing for such pensions : Provided further, That any payments heretofore made under any such law to or with respect to any member of the military forces of the Government of the Commonwealth of the Philippines who served in the service of the armed forces of the United States shall not be deemed to be invalid by reason of the circumstances that his service was not service in the military or naval forces of the United States or any component thereof within the meaning of such law.
Background
editIn July 1941, Franklin D. Roosevelt federalized forces in the Philippines into service.[3] During World War II, over 200,000 Filipinos fought in defense of the United States against the Japanese in the Pacific theater of military operations.[4] As a commonwealth of the United States before and during the war, Filipinos were legally American nationals. With American nationality, Filipinos were promised all the benefits afforded to those serving in the armed forces of the United States.[5]
History
editEfforts to end spending on Filipino veterans who served the Commonwealth of the Philippines, an American sub-national government, were pushed forward by Senators Carl Hayden and Richard Russell Jr. after being informed that the veteran benefit costs were projected to be $3 billion ($51 billion, adjusted for inflation); Resident Commissioner Carlos P. Romulo spoke out against the legislation.[6] In 1946, Congress passed the Rescission Act, stripping Filipinos of the benefits they were promised,[7] replacing the estimated $3 billion in benefits with a single $200 million direct payment to the Philippine government.[8] The Philippine Commonwealth President, Sergio Osmeña, wrote that the allocated $200 million was "inadequate for the payment of the benefits it intends to confer", and it was rejected by the Philippine government.[6] Of the 66 countries allied with the United States during the war, only Filipinos were denied military benefits.[9]
Between 1946 and 2009, other benefits for Filipino veterans of World War II were enacted. These include the construction of Veterans Memorial Medical Center, and some funds for its operation and equipping. Other benefits include educational benefit extended to spouse and children, funding of assisted living care, as well as death benefits.[10] In 1990, Filipino veterans gained the right to naturalize due to their military service, resulting in the naturalization of over 20,000 Filipino veterans.[11] In 2003, Veteran Affairs health benefits were extended to Filipino American World War II veterans.[12]
In 2009, Section 1002 of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act provided for a one-time $15,000 lump sum for the surviving veterans who are US Citizens,[13] and a $9,000 lump sum settlement for non-citizens.[14] Acceptance of the payment would deny the payer any future benefits.[15] By February 2016, more than $225 million had been paid out through 18,960 individual claims that had been granted, which make up a minority of 42,755 total claims made for the one-time payment.[1] By August 2018, the number of claims granted increased to over 22,000.[16]
See also
editReferences
edit
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Archives and Records Administration.
- ^ a b Guillermo, Emil (18 February 2016). "Forgotten: The Battle Thousands of WWII Veterans Are Still Fighting". NBC News. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
- ^ Roosevelt, Franklin D. (July 26, 1941). "Military Order: Organized Military Forces of the Government of the Commonwealth of the Philippines Called Into Service of the Armed Forces of the United States" (PDF). In National Archives of the United States (ed.). Federal Register. Vol. 6. p. 3825.
- ^ "Philippine Army and Guerrilla Records". National Personnel Records Center. National Archives. 13 July 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
"World War II Facts". FDR Library & Museum. 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2018. - ^ Richard T. Schaefer (20 March 2008). Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society. SAGE. p. 547. ISBN 978-1-4129-2694-2.
- ^ Josh Levs (February 23, 2009), U.S. to pay 'forgotten' Filipino World War II veterans, CNN, retrieved 2009-04-09
- ^ a b Rodis, Rodel (19 February 2016). "70th anniversary of the infamous Rescission Act of 1946". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
- ^ The Filipino Veterans Movement, PBS, retrieved 2009-04-09
- ^ "Filipino-American WWII vets seek equal benefits". Air Force Times. 21 February 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2011.
Franklin Odo; Franklin pilk (2002). The Columbia Documentary History of the Asian American Experience. Columbia University Press. p. 320. ISBN 978-0-231-11030-3. - ^ Nakano, Satoshi (2004). "The Filipino World War II veterans equity movement and the Filipino American community" (PDF). Seventh Annual International Philippine Studies. Center for Pacific And American Studies. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
- ^ Scott, Christine; Viranga Panangala, Sidath; Davis, Carol D. (20 February 2009). Overview of Filipino Veterans' Benefits (PDF) (Report). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 1 December 2018 – via everycrsreport.com.
- ^ Vo, Linda Trinh. Odo, Franklin (ed.). Asian American Pacific Islander National Historic Landmarks Theme Study (PDF) (Report). National Park Service. ISBN 978-0-692-92584-3. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
It was not until the 1990s that a mere 26,000 surviving veterans were granted citizenship rights
Nakano, Satoshi (December 2000). "Nation, Nationalism and Citizenship in the Filipino World War II Veterans Equity Movement, 1945-1999". Hitotsubashi Journal of Social Studies. 32 (2): 33–53. JSTOR 43294595.
Berestein, Leslie (28 May 1995). "A Debt Unpaid : In 1946, the U.S. Reneged on a Wartime Promise of Citizenship and Full Veterans' Benefits to Filipino Soldiers Who Played a Crucial Role Fighting With American Troops in the Pacific. When Congress Did Finally Grant Citizenship in 1990, More Than 20,000 Men Left the Philippines and Came to This Country--Many Settling In L.A. Here, They Continue to Wait for What Is Due Them. Poor and Too Old to Find Work, They Live Together in Cramped Apartments, Surviving on Meager Social Security Checks. Their Hope Is That One Day They Will Be Reunited With Their Loved Ones From Their Homeland". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 1 December 2018. - ^ Simon, Richard (17 December 2003). "Filipino Veterans of WWII Win a Battle in Struggle for Benefits". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
Donato, Decerry (2 December 2018). "'Not forgotten': Filipino second world war veterans fight for US recognition". The Guardian. United Kingdom. Retrieved 11 May 2019. - ^ War veterans, supporters eye next moves, ABS-CBN News Channel, February 16, 2009, archived from the original on February 21, 2009, retrieved 2009-04-09
- ^ Guillermo, Emil (11 November 2015). "Thousands of Filipino-American WWII Vets Make Appeals Over Equity Pay Denial". NBC News.
- ^ Heck, Joseph J. (24 June 2014). "Filipino Veterans Equity Compensation Fund: Examining the Department of Defense and Inter-agency process for verifying eligibility" (PDF). Government Publishing Office. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
The Filipino Veterans Equity Compensation Fund was established to provide a one-time payment to Filipino veterans as settlement for all future benefits claims based on service.
- ^ Merina, Dorian (9 August 2018). "Their Last Fight: Filipino Veterans Make A Final Push For Recognition". KPBS. San Diego. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
Further reading
edit- Cabotaje, Michael A. (January 1999). "Equity Denied: Historical and Legal Analyses in Support of the Extension of U.S. Veterans' Benefits to Filipino World War II Veterans". Asian American Law Journal. 6: 67–97.
- Raimundo, Antonio (April 2010). "The Filipino Veterans Equity Movement: A Case Study in Reparations Theory". California Law Review. 98 (2): 575–623.