Fludioxonil is a synthetic phenylpyrrole chemical introduced by Ciba-Geigy (now Syngenta) in 1993 for use as a non-systemic fungicide. It is a structural analog of the natural fungicide pyrrolnitrin.
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Preferred IUPAC name
4-(2,2-Difluoro-2H-1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl)-1H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile | |
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3D model (JSmol)
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ChemSpider | |
ECHA InfoCard | 100.125.684 |
KEGG | |
PubChem CID
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CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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Properties | |
C12H6F2N2O2 | |
Molar mass | 248.189 g·mol−1 |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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It is used for the treatment of crops, particularly cereals, fruits and vegetables, and ornamental plants. It is often used in combination with another fungicide such as Cyprodinil. There was a particularly bad crop failure due to multiresistant B. cinerea in strawberry in Florida in 2012; in that year and many other years, fludioxonil is the only fungicide still providing any protection.[1]
Its mode of action is to inhibit transport-associated phosphorylation of glucose, which reduces mycelial growth rate.[2] Fludioxonil is used against Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, Alternaria, Botrytis cinerea, and Stromatinia cepivora.
Brand names include seed treatments: Celest, Agri Star Fludioxonil 41 ST, Dyna-shield Fludioxonil, Maxim 4 FS, and Spirato 480 FS, as well as foliar applications: Switch (fludioxonil + cyprodinil).[3]
Environmental and Health hazards
editIt is toxic to fish and other aquatic organisms.[4] It has been detected as a residue in baby foods.[5]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^
- Hahn, Matthias (2014-05-28). "The rising threat of fungicide resistance in plant pathogenic fungi: Botrytis as a case study". Journal of Chemical Biology. 7 (4). Springer: 133–141. doi:10.1007/s12154-014-0113-1. ISSN 1864-6158. PMC 4182335. PMID 25320647.
- Mari, Marta; Di francesco, Alessandra; Bertolini, Paolo (2014). "Control of fruit postharvest diseases: old issues and innovative approaches". Stewart Postharvest Review. 10 (1). Stewart Postharvest Solutions: 1–4. doi:10.2212/spr.2014.1.1. ISSN 1745-9656. S2CID 85221316.
- Amiri, A.; Heath, S. M.; Peres, N. A. (2013). "Phenotypic Characterization of Multifungicide Resistance in Botrytis cinerea Isolates from Strawberry Fields in Florida". Plant Disease. 97 (3). American Phytopathological Society: 393–401. doi:10.1094/pdis-08-12-0748-re. ISSN 0191-2917. PMID 30722364. S2CID 73422752.
- ^ "Fludioxonil (Ref: CGA 173506)".
- ^ "What's on your seed?" (PDF). Integrated Pest and Crop Management, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
- ^ Paranjape, Kalyani, Vasant Gowariker, V. N. Krishnamurthy, and Sugha Gowariker. The Pesticide Encyclopedia. CABI, 2014.
- ^ Evans, Sydney; Lacey, Anthony (November 15, 2023). "Pesticides still found in baby food, but biggest toxic threats eliminated". Environmental Working Group. Retrieved 25 November 2023.