Rhineland bastard (German: Rheinlandbastard) was a derogatory term used in Nazi Germany to describe Afro-Germans, born of mixed-race relationships between German women and black African men of the French Army who were stationed in the Rhineland during its occupation by France after World War I.
After 1933, under Nazi racial theories, Afro-Germans deemed to be Rheinlandbastarde were persecuted. They were rounded up in a campaign of compulsory sterilization.[1]
History
edit
The term "Rhineland bastard" can be traced to 1919, just after World War I, when Entente troops, most of them French, occupied the Rhineland.[2] The British historian Richard J. Evans suggests the number of mixed-race children among them was not more than five or six hundred.[3]
All World War I belligerents with colonial possessions went to great lengths to recruit soldiers from their colonies. Germany was the only one of the Central Powers with substantial overseas possessions; it used numerous non-white troops to defend its colonies. Regardless of German attitudes toward the indigenous inhabitants of German colonies, Germany's lack of control of the sea lanes would have made it nearly impossible for the German Army to bring any substantial number of colonial troops to European battlefields. Notwithstanding the exact circumstances, most Germans quickly came to view non-white Allied troops with disdain and were contemptuous of the Allies' willingness to use these troops in Europe.[citation needed]
Germans across the political spectrum regarded the occupation as a national disgrace. Many considered all forms of collaboration and fraternization with the occupiers as immoral (if not illegal) treason. From the spring of 1920 onward, German newspapers frequently ran hysterical stories about the alleged "Black Horror on the Rhine", accusing Senegalese soldiers of routinely gang-raping thousands of German women and girls on a daily basis.[4] In the popular 1921 novel Die Schwarze Schmach: Der Roman des geschändeten Deutschlands (The Black Shame A Novel of Disgraced Germany) by Guido Kreutzer, he wrote that all mixed race children born in the Rhineland are born "physically and morally degenerate" and are not German at all.[5] Kreutzer also declared that the mothers of these children ceased to be German the moment they had sex with non-white men, and they could never join the Volksgemeinschaft.[5]
As Germans considered the occupation to be carried out by "B-grade" troops (a notion that was drawn from colonial and racial stereotypes), their humiliation was heightened, increasing hostility toward the women and children in these unions.[6] In May 1920, the foreign minister of the new German government lodged a protest to his French counterpart stating that "we will accept the inferior discipline amongst your white troops if you will only rid us as fast as possible of this black plague".[7]
In the Rhineland itself, local opinion of the troops was very different. The soldiers were described as "courteous and often popular", possibly because French colonial soldiers harbored less ill-will towards Germans than war-weary French occupiers.[8]
In his book Mein Kampf, Adolf Hitler described children resulting from any kind of relationship to African occupation soldiers as a contamination of the white race "by Negro blood on the Rhine in the heart of Europe."[9] He thought that "Jews were responsible for bringing Negroes into the Rhineland, with the ultimate idea of bastardizing the white race which they hate and thus lowering its cultural and political level so that the Jew might dominate."[10] He also implied that this was a plot on the part of the French, since the population of France was being increasingly "negrified".[11]
Colonial legacy
editMost of the tiny multiracial population in Germany at that time were children of German settlers and missionaries in the former German colonies in Africa and Melanesia, who had married local women or had children with them out of wedlock. With the loss of the German colonial empire after World War I, some of these colonists returned to Germany with their mixed-race families.[3] While the black population of Nazi Germany was small – 20–25,000 in a population of over 65 million[12] – the Nazis decided to take action against those in the Rhineland. They despised black culture, which they considered inferior, and sought to prohibit "traditionally black" musical genres such as American jazz as being "corrupt negro music".[13] No official laws were enacted against the black population, or against the children of mixed parentage, as they were born from marriages and informal unions that preceded the Nuremberg laws of September 1935. The latter prohibited "miscegenation". However, future sexual relations and "mixed marriages", between so-called "Aryans" and "non-Aryans" were banned. In addition, persons of mixed parentage were deprived completely of the right to marry.
The government established the Sonder Kommission Nr.3 ("Special Commission 3") and appointed Eugen Fischer, of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics, to head it. He was tasked with preventing procreation and reproduction by Rhineland bastards. It was decided that anyone so deemed would be sterilized under the 1933 Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring.[1]
The program began in 1937, when local officials were asked to identify all Rhineland bastards under their jurisdiction.[1] All together, some 800 children of mixed parentage were arrested and sterilized. According to Susan Samples, the Nazis went to great lengths to conceal their sterilization and abortion program.[1]
Representation in other media
edit- Esi Edugyan's novel, Half Blood Blues (2011), features an Afro-German jazz trumpet player in Berlin, who plays with African Americans, a German Jew, and a white German. He is swept up by the Nazis as a Rhineland bastard.
- Where Hands Touch (2018) directed by Amma Asante features protagonist Leyna (portrayed by Amandla Stenberg) who was conceived in the post-WWI occupation of Germany to a black French soldier and a white German woman.[14]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d Samples, Susan. "African Germans in the Third Reich", in The African German Experience, edited by Carol Aisha Blackshire-Belay (Praeger Publishers, 1996).
- ^ Rosenhaft, Eve (2008). Prem Poddar; Rajeev Patke; Lars Jensen (eds.). Black Germans. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748623945.
- ^ a b Evans, Richard J. The Third Reich in Power, 1933-1939. London: Penguin Books, 2005. ISBN 1594200742. 527. archive.org. Retrieved September 30, 2019.
- ^ Nelson, Keith (1970). "The 'Black Horror on the Rhine': Race as a Factor in Post-World War I Diplomacy". The Journal of Modern History. 42 (4): 606–627. doi:10.1086/244041. S2CID 144070894.
- ^ a b Wigger, Iris (2017). The 'Black Horror on the Rhine' Intersections of Race, Nation, Gender and Class in 1920s Germany. London: Macmillan. p. 85. ISBN 9780230343610.
- ^ Roos, Julia (September 2009). "Women's Rights, Nationalist Anxiety, and the 'Moral' Agenda in the Early Weimar Republic: Revisiting the 'Black Horror' Campaign against France's African Occupation Troops". Central European History. 42 (3): 473–508. doi:10.1017/S0008938909990069. S2CID 145701088.
- ^ Andrew, Christopher M. (1981). France Overseas. London: Thames and Hudson. p. 211. ISBN 0500250758.
- ^ Wolfgang Wipperman (7 November 1991). The Racial State: Germany 1933–1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-39802-9.
- ^ Downs, Robert B. (2004). Books That Changed the World. Signet Classic. p. 325. ISBN 978-0451529282.
- ^ Hitler, Adolf (February 1939). "XI". Mein Kampf. Vol. I. Translated by James Murphy – via Project Gutenberg of Australia.
- ^ Hitler, Adolf (February 1939). "XIII". Mein Kampf. Vol. II. Translated by James Murphy.
- ^ Chimbelu, Chiponda (10 January 2010). "The fate of blacks in Nazi Germany". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 9 November 2011.
- ^ Blackburn, Gilmer W. (2012). Education in the Third Reich: Race and History in Nazi Textbooks. SUNY Press. p. 148. ISBN 9780791496800. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
- ^ Harris, Hunter, and Haaniyah Angus. "A Short Conversation About What the Hell Is Going on in 'Where Hands Touch.'" www.vulture.com, January 4, 2019. Retrieved March 20, 2019.