Wikipedia

List of rivers of Europe

(Redirected from Rivers of Europe)

This article lists the principal rivers of Europe with their main tributaries.

Main European drainage divides (red lines) separating catchments (green regions)

Scope

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The border of Europe and Asia is here defined as from the Kara Sea, along the Ural Mountains and Ural River to the Caspian Sea. While the crest of the Caucasus Mountains is the geographical border with Asia in the south, Georgia, and to a lesser extent Armenia and Azerbaijan, are politically and culturally often associated with Europe; rivers in these countries are therefore included.

The list is at the outset limited to those rivers that are at least 250 km long from the most distant source, have a drainage basin (catchment area, watershed) of at least 10,000 km2 (3,900 sq mi), or have a mean discharge (volume, flow) of at least 150 m3/s (5,300 cu ft/s). Also included are a number of rivers (currently 47) that do not meet these criteria, but are very well known and/or nearly make the mark. Examples of these are the Arno, Ruhr, Saar, and Clyde. See the lists of rivers for individual countries linked to at the bottom of the page for smaller rivers.

The rivers are ordered from those flowing to the extreme northeast into the Arctic Ocean, following the coastline anticlockwise all the way to the southeastern coast of the Black Sea. Iceland and the British Islands are included via virtual connections with northern Norway and across the Strait of Dover and the North Channel, respectively. Finally, rivers draining into the Caspian Sea are listed from Azerbaijan to the Ural River.

The table can be sorted by each column. The first three columns give a ranking for (maximum) length, area and volume of those rivers flowing into the sea or an endorheic lake down to the cut-off values. No ranking of tributaries is attempted, as the concept is too contentious; for example, hydrologically the middle and upper Volga could be considered a tributary of the Kama, in which case it would be the fifth or sixth longest river in Europe. Instead it does not appear in the table at all.

The commercial and geopolitical importance of rivers is not ranked here. As a transportation artery, a river may unite a region commercially and economically, but major rivers, as barriers to travel, may also form political boundaries between states. The Danube, the second longest river in Europe, is notable for flowing through or past ten countries; the Rhine through or past six. The Volga, the longest river in Europe, unites a huge region of European Russia; eleven of the twenty largest cities in Russia lie on its banks. The Loire and the Po unite important regions within France and Italy respectively. The most important rivers in Europe include Rhone, Elbe, Oder, Tagus, Thames, Don and Dnieper, among others.[further explanation needed]

Caveats

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The measurements shown are drawn from sources deemed most reliable, but still are often uncertain, especially when other sources disagree wildly. For example, the Siret in Romania and Ukraine is 726 km long with a basin of 44,000 km2 according to the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 647 km (44,811 km2) according to a Romanian management plan for the Siret basin [1] and 559 km (47,610 km2) according to the extensive transboundary rivers study by the Economic Commission for Europe.[2]

Length estimates for rivers depend on a number of variables:

  • River Source - The choice of the source obviously has an impact. Here we attempt to list the most distant source. When that involves a tributary nearer the mouth of the river, the length of the nominal river is listed as well, if it meets the above criteria.
  • River End - Rivers flowing into estuaries have an arbitrary lower end. The channel of such a river through an estuary is usually included in the length when it is exposed at low tide.
  • Path Granularity - The estimate will be larger when the curves of the river are traced at a smaller scale.
  • Intermediate Bodies of Water - The length of a watercourse through a reservoir or lake is open to interpretation. For this table, when a source for the total length of a river system involving lakes is lacking, the shortest possible course through the lakes is used
  • Path Changes - Over time, a river's length can change through canalization, the creation of reservoirs, and natural changes in the water course.

The catchment areas are more consistent between sources. However, in low relief the watershed is less obvious, while underground connections (especially in karst systems) further complicate area measurements. Unless excellent sources are available, the areas below 70°N latitude are taken from the HydroBASINS project.[3] The River Networks and Ramsar Sites Information Service websites provide convenient interfaces to assess the accuracy of many of the basins. Areas for rivers above 70°N are warned[clarification needed] and found to be less reliable.

The listed multiyear mean discharges are even less reliable than the lengths. Underestimates are most common, as the gauging stations are often far above the mouth, so that only a fraction of the drainage basin is represented. On the other hand, the highest volume of a river may not be at the mouth due to water loss by human usage, diversion (e.g. through distributaries), evaporation, or underground drainage.

Rivers of Europe

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Arctic Ocean Atlantic Ocean North Sea White Sea Baltic Sea Mediterranean Sea Black Sea Caspian Sea
Europe's largest rivers ( over 100 km long, > 10,000 km2 watershed, or > 150 m3/s mean discharge)
º
Rank (of fleuves) River or river system Length
(km) 		Basin
(km2) 		Flow
(m³/s) 		Mouth
 Countries
[note 1] 		Notes Refs
Length Area Flow
94 82 - Kara ← Bolshoy Kara 289 13400 ? Kara Sea near Ust-Kara   RUS [note 2] [4]
86 86 - Korotaikha [de; it; ru] ← Syadej-Yu 310 12700 ? Pechora Sea   RUS [note 3] [5]
6 6 3 Pechora 1809 322000 4380 Pechora Sea near Naryan-Mar   RUS [6][7]
- - - Sula 353 10400 92 Pechora   RUS [8]
- - - Shapkina [de; ru] ← Lekeyyu [ru] 506 6570 582 Pechora   RUS [9]
- - - Tsilma 374 21500 228 Pechora   RUS [10]
- - - Pizhma 389 5470 55 Pechora   RUS [11]
- - - Izhma 531 31000 317 Pechora near Ust-Izhma   RUS [12][13]
- - - Laya [de; no; ru] 332 9530 50 Pechora   RUS [14]
- - - Usa 565 93600 1310 Pechora near Usinsk   RUS [15]
- - - Kolva 546 18100 165 Usa near Usinsk   RUS [16]
- - - Adzva 334 10600 110 Usa   RUS [17]
- - - Kosyu [de; nl; ru] 259 14800 122 Usa   RUS [18]
- - - Bolshaya Rogovaya [de; no; ru] 311 7290 ? Usa   RUS [19]
- - - Shchugor 300 9660 252 Pechora   RUS [20]
- - - Ilych 411 16000 177 Pechora   RUS [21]
105 98 - Voronya ← Lake Lovozero ← Kurga [ru] 251 9940 114 Barents Sea   RUS [note 4] [22]
84 58 61 Tuloma ← Lake Notozero ← Lutto 320 21140 241 Barents Sea near Murmansk   RUS   FIN [note 5] [23][2]
73 62 86 Paatsjoki ← Lake Inari ← Ivalo 360 18403 157 Barents Sea near Kirkenes   NOR   RUS   FIN [24][25]
70 72 73 Tana/Deatnu ← Karasjohka 366 16386 197 Barents Sea near Tana Bru   NOR   FIN [note 6] [2]
- - 74 Jökulsá á Fjöllum 206 7750 183 Arctic Ocean   ISL [26]
- - 32 Ölfusá ← Hvítá 185 6100 423 Atlantic Ocean near Selfoss   ISL [26][25]
- - 39 Þjórsá 230 7530 370 Atlantic Ocean   ISL [26][25]
- - 65 Kúðafljót 115 2400 250 Atlantic Ocean   ISL [26]
- - 71 Jökulsá á Dal 150 3700 205 Atlantic Ocean   ISL [note 7] [26]
- - - Altaelva 240 8693 101 Norwegian Sea in Alta Municipality   NOR
- - 78 Målselva ← Rostaelva 145 6144 171 Norwegian Sea in Målselv Municipality   NOR
- - 70 Vefsna 161 4122 207 Norwegian Sea in Vefsn Municipality   NOR
- - 53 Namsen 229 6298 285 Norwegian Sea in Namsos Municipality   NOR
- - 90 Otra 245 3740 150 North Sea in Kristiansand Municipality   NOR
99 93 59 Skien ← Norsjø ← Saua ← Heddalsvatnet ← Tinne - etc. system 273 10815 263 Skagerrak in Porsgrunn Municipality   NOR
76 - - Numedalslågen 356 5554 111 Skagerrak in Larvik Municipality   NOR
89 66 49 Drammenselva ← Tyrifjorden ← Storelva-Ådalselva-Sperillen ← Begna ← Otrøelva 310 17113 314 Skagerrak in Drammen Municipality   NOR
38 37 15 Glomma/Glåma 619 42441 709 Skagerrak in Fredrikstad Municipality   NOR [2][25]
- - - Vorma ← Mjøsa ← Gudbrandsdalslågen 358 17412 330 Glomma at Årnes in Nes Municipality   NOR
29 34 24 Göta älv ← Vänern ← Klarälven system 756 50229 554 Kattegat in Gothenburg   SWE   NOR [27][25]
- - - Klarälven ← Trysilelva ← Femundelva ← Rogen 460 11820 165 Vänern near Karlstad   SWE   NOR [note 8]
- - - Ätran 243 3342 53 Kattegat in Falkenberg   SWE
- - - Lagan 232 6452 82 Kattegat near Laholm   SWE
10 12 14 Elbe ← Vltava ← Teplá Vltava 1329 148268 860 Wadden Sea near Cuxhaven   GER   CZE [note 9] [28][2]
- - - Elbe 1094 148268 860 Wadden Sea near Cuxhaven   GER   CZE [note 10] [29][2]
- - - Havel ← Spree 560 24096 103 Elbe near Havelberg   GER [note 11] [29]
- - - Havel 334 24096 103 Elbe near Havelberg   GER [29]
- - - Spree 382 10110 35 Havel in Berlin-Spandau   GER [29]
- - - Saale 413 24167 117 Elbe in Barby   GER [29]
- - - White Elster 257 5154 26 Saale near Halle (Saale)   GER   CZE [29]
- - - Mulde ← Zwickauer Mulde 290 7400 75 Elbe in Dessau   GER [note 12] [29]
- - - Ohře / Eger 316 5588 38 Elbe in Litoměřice   CZE   GER [29]
- - - Vltava - Teplá Vltava 431 28101 154 Elbe in Mělník   CZE [note 13] [29]
30 35 44 Weser ← Werra 751 46259 365 Wadden Sea near Bremerhaven   GER [note 14] [30][31]
- - - Aller ← Leine 346 15721 120 Weser near Verden   GER [note 15] [30]
- - - Aller 260 15721 120 Weser near Verden   GER 211? [30]
- - - Leine 278 6517 62 Aller near Schwarmstedt   GER [30]
- - - Fulda 220 6947 67 Weser in Hannoversch Münden   GER [30]
- - - Werra 300 5497 50 Weser in Hannoversch Münden   GER [30]
69 64 - Ems 371 17802 89 Wadden Sea near Delfzijl   GER   NED [note 16] [31][2]
- - - Zwarte Water ← Vecht/Vechte 201 5741 50 IJsselmeer near Genemuiden   NED   GER [note 17] [32]
- - 41 IJssel ← Oude IJssel 188 4533 380 IJsselmeer near Kampen   NED   GER [note 18] [33][34]
11 11 6 Rhine 1233 185263 2315 North Sea at Hook of Holland   NED   GER   FRA
  AUT   LIE    SWI		 [note 19]
- - - Waal 82 ? 1500 Rhine delta in Gorinchem   NED [note 20]
- - - Lek 62 ? 429 Rhine delta at Kinderdijk   NED [note 20]
- - - Lippe ← Alme 268 4882 46 Rhine in Wesel   GER [note 21] [32]
- - - Ruhr ← Neger ← Renau 227 4485 82 Rhine in Duisburg   GER [note 22] [32]
- - - Moselle ← Moselotte 549 28153 320 Rhine in Koblenz   GER   LUX   FRA [note 23] [35][2]
- - - Saar 235 7431 78 Moselle near Konz   GER   FRA [35]
- - - Sauer 173 4259 41 Moselle in Wasserbillig   LUX   GER   BEL [35]
- - - Lahn ← Ohm ← Felda 251 5925 51 Rhine in Lahnstein   GER [note 24] [32]
- - - Main ← Regnitz system 583 27208 211 Rhine in Mainz   GER [note 25] [36]
- - - Main 525 27208 211 Rhine in Mainz   GER [note 26] [36]
- - - Regnitz ← Pegnitz ← Fichtenohe 191 7521 57 Main in Bamberg   GER [note 27] [36]
- - - Neckar ← Eschach 380 13934 136 Rhine in Mannheim   GER [37]
- - - Ill 217 4760 54 Rhine near Strasbourg   FRA [38]
- - - Aare 288 17684 559 Rhine in Koblenz    SWI [39]
- - - Limmat ← Lake Zürich ← Linth 140 2417 101 Aare in Brugg    SWI [39]
- - - Reuss 164 3443 140 Aare in Brugg    SWI [39]
20 40 46 Meuse/Maas 950 34364 357 North Sea near Hellevoetsluis   NED   BEL   FRA [note 28] [40][2]
- - - Ourthe 181 3624 55 Meuse in Liège   BEL
- - - Sambre 193 2856 29 Meuse in Namur   BEL   FRA
73 56 - Scheldt 360 21683 129 North Sea near Flushing   NED   BEL   FRA [note 29] [41][42][31]
- - - Leie/Lys 202 4305 28 Scheldt in Ghent   BEL   FRA [41]
73 77 - Thames ← Churn 360 14292 66 North Sea near Southend-on-Sea   UK [note 30] [43]
- - - Great Ouse 230 8172 39 North Sea in King's Lynn   UK [44]
92 96 - Trent 298 10435 100 Humber Estuary near Scunthorpe   UK [note 31] [45]
- 94 - Ouse ← Ure 208 10704 145 Humber Estuary near Scunthorpe   UK [note 32] [46]
- - - Tyne ← North Tyne 118 2936 45 North Sea at South Shields   UK
- - - Tweed 156 4988 90 North Sea in Berwick-upon-Tweed   UK [47][48]
- - 67 Tay 193 6019 220 North Sea near Dundee   UK [note 33] [49]
- - - Spey 173 2944 66 North Sea near Elgin   UK [50]
18 20 12 Mezen 966 78000 890 White Sea (Mezen Bay) near Mezen   RUS [51][25]
- - - Pyoza 363 15100 123 Mezen   RUS [52][53]
- - - Vashka 605 20500 184 Mezen   RUS [54]
78 60 - Kuloy ← Sotka 350 19000 17 White Sea near Dolgoshchelye   RUS [note 8] [55]
7 5 4 Northern Dvina ← Vychegda 1803 357052 3330 Dvina Bay in Severodvinsk   RUS [note 34] [56][25]
- - - Northern Dvina ← Sukhona ← Lake Kubenskoye ← Kubena 1685 357052 3330 Dvina Bay in Severodvinsk   RUS [note 35] [56][25]
- - - Pinega 779 42600 430 Northern Dvina in Ust-Pinega   RUS [57]
- - - - Yula 250 5290 49 Pinega   RUS [58]
- - - Yemtsa ← Mekhrenga 299 14100 70 Northern Dvina near Bolshaya Gora   RUS [note 36] [59]
- - - Vaga ← Ustya 736 44800 384 Northern Dvina near Bereznik   RUS [note 37] [60]
- - - Vaga 575 44800 384 Northern Dvina near Bereznik   RUS [61]
- - - Ustya 477 17500 92 Vaga   RUS [62]
- - - Kokshenga 251 5670 36 Ustya   RUS [63]
- - - Vychegda 1130 121000 1160 Northern Dvina in Kotlas   RUS [64]
- - - Viled 321 5610 43 Vychegda near Koryazhma   RUS [65]
- - - Yarenga 281 5140 49 Vychegda   RUS [66]
- - - Vym 499 25600 260 Vychegda near Ust-Vym   RUS [67]
- - - Yolva [de] 255 3440 31 Vym   RUS [68][69]
- - - Sysola 487 17200 105 Vychegda in Syktyvkar   RUS [70][71]
- - - Lokchim [de; ru] 272 6600 52 Vychegda   RUS [72]
- - - Vishera 247 8780 79 Vychegda   RUS [73]
- - - Nem [de; ru] 260 4230 37 Vychegda   RUS [74]
- - - Lower Yug ← Luza 609 35600 290 Northern Dvina in Veliky Ustyug   RUS [note 38] [75]
- - - Yug 574 35600 290 Northern Dvina in Veliky Ustyug   RUS [76][77]
- - - Luza 574 18300 132 Yug   RUS [78]
- - - Sukhona ← Lake Kubenskoye ← Kubena 941 50300 438 Northern Dvina in Veliki Ustyug   RUS [note 39] [79]
33 28 28 Onega ← Lake Lacha ← Svid ← Lake Vozhe ← Vozhega 680 56900 492 Onega Bay at Onega town   RUS [note 40] [80][81]
- - - Onega 416 56900 492 Onega Bay at Onega town   RUS [82]
- - - Voloshka 260 7100 72 Onega   RUS [83]
55 45 58 Lower Vyg ← Lake Vygozero ← Segezha [de; ru]-system 436 27100 267 White Sea near Belomorsk   RUS [note 41] [84][85]
- - - Vyg ← Umba [ru] 315 27100 267 White Sea near Belomorsk   RUS [note 42] [86]
- - - Segezha [de; ru] ← Lake Segozero ← Vuoloma [de; ru] ← Talviesdegi [ru] 329 9140 74 Lake Vygozero near Segezha   RUS [note 43] [87]
59 44 55 Kem ← Čirka-Kem [de; ru] 422 27700 279 White Sea near Kem   RUS [note 44] [88]
- - - Kem ← Kuyto Lakes ← Pista/Pistojoki [de; fi; ru] 399 27700 279 White Sea near Kem   RUS   FIN [note 45] [89]
82 49 56 Kovda ← Lake Topozero ← Karango [ru] 325 26100 276 Kandalaksha Gulf   RUS   FIN [note 46] [90][91]
- 85 83 Niva 36 12830 164 Kandalaksha Gulf near Kandalaksha   RUS [note 47] [92]
104 - - Varzuga 254 9840 79 White Sea   RUS [93]
58 74 81 Ponoy 426 15500 167 White Sea   RUS [94][95]
96 75 - Motala ström ← Vättern ← Huskvarnaån system 285 15481 100 Baltic Sea in Norrköping   SWE [27]
91 54 82 Norrström ← Mälaren ← Kolbäcksån system 307 22650 166 Baltic Sea in Stockholm   SWE [27]
43 43 47 Dalälven ← Österdalälven 542 28954 353 Bothnian Sea near Gävle   SWE   NOR [96][25]
- - - Västerdalälven ← Fulan 315 8642 124 Dalälven in Djurås   SWE [96]
52 59 66 Ljusnan 443 19828 226 Bothnian Sea in Söderhamn   SWE [96]
64 84 - Ljungan 399 12851 135 Bothnian Sea near Sundsvall   SWE [96]
57 48 30 Indalsälven 430 26726 448 Bothnian Sea near Sundsvall   SWE [96][25]
48 42 29 Ångerman 463 31864 481 Bothnian Sea near Kramfors   SWE [96][25]
- - - Faxälven 399 9037 152 Ångerman near Sollefteå   SWE [96]
- - - Fjällsjöälven 263 8432 139 Ångerman near Näsåker   SWE [96]
47 47 33 Umeälven 467 26815 435 Bothnian Sea in Umeå   SWE [96][25]
- - - Vindelälven 453 12654 188 Umeälven near Umeå   SWE [96]
53 89 86 Skellefteälven 440 11731 157 Bothnian Bay in Skellefteå   SWE [96]
63 92 89 Piteälven 402 11285 156 Bothnian Bay in Piteå   SWE [96]
49 50 26 Luleälven 461 25240 500 Bothnian Bay in Luleå   SWE [96][25]
- - - Lesser Lule 238 9678 180 Luleälven near Vuollerim   SWE [96]
49 63 52 Kalixälven 461 18130 289 Bothnian Bay in Kalix   SWE [96]
40 38 34 Torne ← Torneträsk ← Abiskojokk ← Válfojohka 565 40157 430 Bothnian Bay in Tornio   SWE   FIN   NOR [note 48] [96][2]
- - - Muonio ← Könkämäeno ← Kilpisjärvi 350 14430 162 Torne near Pajala   SWE   FIN   NOR [note 49] [96]
- - - Lainioälven ← Rostoeatnu ← Rostojávri ← Ohmátjohka 290 6002 70 Torne near Junosuando   SWE   NOR [note 50] [96]
42 33 25 Kemijoki 552 51127 553 Bothnian Bay in Kemi   FIN [2][25]
- - - Ounasjoki 300 13968 140 Kemijoki in Rovaniemi   FIN [97]
- - - Kitinen 278 11214 ? Kemijoki near Pelkosenniemi   FIN
86 78 76 Iijoki 310 14191 174 Bothnian Bay in Ii   FIN [note 51]
60 53 60 Oulujoki ← Oulujärvi ← Hyrynsalmi system 420 22841 262 Bothnian Bay in Oulu   FIN [note 52] [2]
- 46 63 Kokemäenjoki 150 27046 238 Bothnian Sea in Pori   FIN [note 53]
41 39 54 Kymi ← Lake Päijänne ←←← Koivujärvi sources 554 37159 282 Gulf of Finland in Kotka   FIN [note 54]
15 7 5 Neva ← Lake Ladoga ← Volkhov-system 1010 281000 2490 Gulf of Finland in Saint Petersburg   RUS [note 55] [98][25]
- - - Neva 74 281000 2490 Gulf of Finland in Saint Petersburg   RUS [98][25]
- - - Vuoksi ← Saimaa ← Pielisjoki-system 806 68501 584 Lake Ladoga at Solovyovo and at Priozersk   RUS   FIN [note 56] [99][2]
- - - Pielisjoki ← Pielinen ← Lieksanjoki ←← Murdoyoki [ru] 390 20000 240 Lake Saimaa in Joensuu   FIN   RUS [note 57]
- - - Svir ← Lake Onega ← Vodla-system 678 88200 790 Lake Ladoga near Lodeynoye Pole   RUS [note 58] [100]
- - - Oyat 266 5220 52 Svir near Lodeynoye Pole   RUS [101]
- - - Shuya 194 10100 130 Lake Onega near Petrozavodsk   RUS [102]
- - - Suna 280 7670 66 Lake Onega near Kondopoga   RUS [103]
- - - Vodla ← Lake Vodlozero ← Ileksa ← Olova [ru] 358 13700 130 Lake Onega near Pudozh   RUS [note 59] [104]
- - - Syas 260 7330 53 Lake Ladoga in Syasstroy   RUS [105]
- - - Volkhov ← Lake Ilmen ← Msta-system 844 80200 580 Lake Ladoga near Volkhov   RUS [note 60] [106]
- - - Msta ← Lake Mstino ← Tsna 620 23300 202 Lake Ilmen near Velikiy Novgorod   RUS [note 61] [107]
- - - Pola 267 7420 63 Lake Ilmen near Staraya Russa   RUS [108]
- - - Lovat 530 21900 105 Lake Ilmen near Staraya Russa   RUS   BLR [109]
- - - Shelon 248 9710 44 Lake Ilmen near Shimsk   RUS [110]
67 83 - Luga ← Oredezh 383 13364 93 Gulf of Finland in Ust-Luga   RUS [note 62] [111]
- - - Luga 353 13364 93 Gulf of Finland in Ust-Luga   RUS [112]
35 29 37 Narva ← Lake Peipus ← Velikaya 647 56229 400 Gulf of Finland near Narva   EST   RUS [2]
- - - Narva 77 56229 400 Gulf of Finland near Narva   EST   RUS [2]
- - - Plyussa 281 6963 50 Narva near Narva   RUS [113]
- - - Velikaya 430 25153 134 Lake Peipus near Pskov   RUS [114]
- - - Emajõgi ← Võrtsjärv ← Väike Emajõgi 218 10039 70 Lake Peipus   EST [note 63] [115]
- - - Pärnu 144 6887 64 Gulf of Riga in Pärnu   EST [116]
51 - - Gauja 452 9161 71 Gulf of Riga near Riga   LAT   EST [2]
14 18 19 Daugava/Western Dvina 1020 85613 640 Gulf of Riga near Riga   LAT   BLR   RUS [25]
- - - Aiviekste ← Pededze 254 9135 57 Daugava near Pļaviņas   LAT   EST [note 64] [117]
- - - Mezha 259 9525 61 Daugava near Doroshkino   RUS
86 65 - Lielupe ← Mēmele/Nemunėlis 310 17504 106 Gulf of Riga near Jūrmala   LAT   LIT [2]
79 87 - Venta 346 11843 98 Baltic Sea in Ventspils   LAT   LIT [2]
22 17 20 Neman 914 92523 634 Baltic Sea near Šilutė   LIT   RUS   BLR [2]
- - - Šešupė 298 6194 34 Neman near Neman   LIT   RUS   POL
- - - Nevėžis 209 5947 33 Neman near Raudondvaris   LIT
- - - Neris/Viliya 510 25254 182 Neman in Kaunas   LIT   BLR
- - - Šventoji 246 6804 56 Neris in Jonava   LIT
- - - Shchara 325 6724 31 Neman   BLR
80 79 - Pregolya ← Lava/Łyna 336 14117 90 Baltic Sea near Kaliningrad   RUS   POL [note 65] [118]
- - - Pregolya ← Angrapa ← Gołdapa 310 14117 90 Baltic Sea near Kaliningrad   RUS   POL [note 66] [119]
- - - Łyna/Alna/Lava 264 7020 40 Pregolya in Znamensk   RUS   POL [note 67] [120][121]
12 9 10 Vistula ← Bugonarew ← Western Bug 1211 192632 1080 Baltic Sea near Gdańsk   POL   BLR   UKR [note 68] [122][2][25]
- - - Vistula 1047 192632 1080 Baltic Sea near Gdańsk   POL [note 69] [122][2][25]
- - - Bugonarew ← Western Bug 810 74714 328 Vistula in Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki   POL   BLR   UKR [note 70]
- - - Wkra 249 5322 20 Bugonarew near Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki   POL [123]
- - - Narew 446 28645 146 Bugonarew near Serock   POL [note 71] [124]
- - - Western Bug 772 38676 158 Bugonarew near Serock   POL   BLR   UKR [125]
- - - Pilica 319 9138 46 Vistula near Warka   POL [126]
- - - Wieprz 303 10256 43 Vistula in Dęblin   POL [127]
- - - San 443 16769 126 Vistula near Sandomierz   POL   UKR [128]
- - - Dunajec 247 6802 85 Vistula in Opatowiec   POL   SVK [129][2]
13 13 22 Oder ← Warta 1045 118791 574 Baltic Sea in Świnoujście   GER   POL [note 72] [130][2]
- - - Oder 854 118791 574 Baltic Sea in Świnoujście   GER   POL   CZE [note 73] [2][25]
- - - Warta 808 55538 195 Oder in Kostrzyn nad Odrą   POL [130]
- - - Noteć 388 17159 76 Warta in Santok   POL [131]
- - - Lusatian Neisse 255 4403 31 Oder in Neißemünde   GER   POL   CZE [132]
- - - Bóbr 272 5943 39 Oder in Krosno Odrzańskie   POL   CZE [133]
- - - Clyde 176 3045 83 North Channel near Glasgow   UK [134]
- - - Lower Bann ← Lough Neagh ← Ulster Blackwater 186 5775 92 North Channel in Coleraine   UK   IRL [31]
101 88 69 Shannon 258 11773 208 Shannon Estuary near Limerick   IRL [note 74] [31]
- - 86 The Three Sisters 192 9207 157 Celtic Sea near Waterford   IRL [note 75] [135][31]
- - - Mersey ← Tame 160 4312 66 Irish Sea near Liverpool   UK [note 76] [136]
- - - Wye 215 4136 80 Severn Estuary near Chepstow   UK [137]
77 91 - Severn 354 11420 120 Bristol Channel near Weston-super-Mare   UK [138]
- - - Somme 245 6548 37 English Channel near Abbeville   FRA [31][41]
26 21 23 Seine ← Marne 875 75374 560 English Channel in Le Havre   FRA [note 77] [139]
- - - Seine 777 75374 560 English Channel in Le Havre   FRA [note 78]} [139]
- - - Eure 229 6017 26 Seine in Pont-de-l'Arche   FRA [140]
- - - Oise ← Aisne ← Aire 454 16783 110 Seine in Conflans-Sainte-Honorine   FRA [note 79]
- - - Oise 341 16783 110 Seine in Conflans-Sainte-Honorine   FRA   BEL [141]
- - - Aisne 356 7939 65 Oise in Compiègne   FRA [142]
- - - Marne 514 12783 110 Seine in Ivry-sur-Seine   FRA [143]
- - - Yonne 292 10836 93 Seine in Montereau-Fault-Yonne   FRA [144]
- - - Aube 249 4595 41 Seine near Romilly-sur-Seine   FRA [145]
- 95 - Vilaine 218 10459 72 Bay of Biscay in Pénestin   FRA [146]
17 14 13 Loire 1006 117356 889 Bay of Biscay in Saint-Nazaire   FRA [147][148]
- - - Maine ← Sarthe ← Loir 338 22240 127 Loire near Angers   FRA [note 80] [149]
- - - Mayenne 202 5844 50 Maine near Angers   FRA [150]
- - - Sarthe 314 16250 82 Maine near Angers   FRA [151]
- - - Loir 317 8294 32 Sarthe near Angers   FRA [152]
- - - Vienne 363 21161 210 Loire in Candes-Saint-Martin   FRA [153]
- - - Creuse 264 10279 85 Vienne near Châtellerault   FRA [154]
- - - Indre 279 3428 19 Loire near Candes-Saint-Martin   FRA [155]
- - - Cher 368 13718 96 Loire in Villandry   FRA [156]
- - - Allier 421 14350 144 Loire near Nevers   FRA [157]
68 99 - Charente 381 9855 49 Bay of Biscay near Rochefort   FRA [158]
46 52 41 Dordogne 483 23957 380 Gironde estuary near Bordeaux   FRA [159]
- - - Isle 255 7558 63 Dordogne in Libourne   FRA [160]
- - - Vézère 211 3715 58 Dordogne near Le Bugue   FRA [161]
39 30 17 Garonne ← Tarn 610 55846 650 Gironde estuary near Bordeaux   FRA [note 81] [162]
- - - Garonne 575 55846 650 Gironde estuary near Bordeaux   FRA   ESP [note 82] [162]
- - - Lot 485 11538 155 Garonne near Aiguillon   FRA [163]
- - - Tarn 380 15586 233 Garonne near Castelsarrasin   FRA [164]
- - - Aveyron 291 5176 57 Tarn near Montauban   FRA [165]
- - - Ariège 163 4135 76 Garonne in Toulouse   FRA [166]
89 67 45 Adour 308 16912 360 Bay of Biscay in Bayonne   FRA [167][25]
- - - Gaves réunis ← Gave de Pau 193 5464 82 Adour near Peyrehorade   FRA [168]
71 70 48 Minho ← Sil 361 16651 340 Atlantic Ocean near Caminha   POR   ESP [note 83] [2]
- - - Minho 309 16651 340 Atlantic Ocean near Caminha   POR   ESP [2]
- - - Sil 226 7969 100 Minho near Ourense   ESP
25 16 17 Douro 897 97290 650 Atlantic Ocean in Porto   POR   ESP [2][25]
- - - Tormes 247 7054 42 Douro near Bemposta [de; pt] / Villarino   ESP
- - - Esla 275 16018 182 Douro near Muelas del Pan   ESP
- - - Pisuerga 276 15665 82 Douro near Valladolid   ESP
- - - Mondego 234 6656 108 Atlantic Ocean in Figueira da Foz   POR
16 24 26 Tagus 1007 70756 500 Atlantic Ocean near Lisbon   POR   ESP [note 84] [169][2][25]
- - - Jarama 194 11532 32 Tagus in Aranjuez   ESP
- - - Sado 180 6186 40 Atlantic Ocean in Setúbal   POR
21 25 - Guadiana (← Cigüela) ← Záncara 922 67027 79 Gulf of Cadiz near Ayamonte   POR   ESP [note 85] [170][2]
- - - Guadiana ← Guadiana Alto [es]. 852 67027 79 Gulf of Cadiz near Ayamonte   POR   ESP [note 86] [170][2]
31 27 83 Guadalquivir ← Guadiana Menor [es; fr] ← Guardal [es; fr] 722 57053 164 Gulf of Cadiz in Sanlúcar de Barrameda   ESP [note 87] [171]
- - - Genil 358 8257 9.3 Guadalquivir in Palma del Río   ESP
82 71 - Segura 325 16599 26 Mediterranean Sea in Guardamar del Segura   ESP
45 57 - Júcar 498 21430 49 Balearic Sea in Cullera   ESP
98 - - Turia 280 6674 14 Balearic Sea in Valencia   ESP
23 19 21 Ebro 910 84763 577 Balearic Sea near Tortosa   ESP [25]
- - - Segre 265 22719 100 Ebro in Mequinenza   ESP
- - - Cinca 170 9720 82 Segre near Mequinenza   ESP
- - - Jalón ← Jiloca 224 9658 21 Ebro near Torres de Berrellén   ESP
- - - Aragón 195 8529 41 Ebro near Tudela   ESP
- - - Llobregat 170 4948 21 Balearic Sea near Barcelona   ESP
- - - Aude 224 5327 44 Gulf of Lion near Narbonne   FRA [172]
19 15 7 Rhône ← Saône ← Doubs 957 98131 1900 Gulf of Lion in Port-Saint-Louis-du-Rhône   FRA    SWI [note 88] [173][25]
- - - Rhône 812 98131 1900 Gulf of Lion in Port-Saint-Louis-du-Rhône   FRA    SWI [174][25]
- - - Durance 323 14342 180 Rhône in Avignon   FRA [175]
- - - Isère 286 11890 333 Rhône near Valence   FRA [176]
- - - Saône 480 29321 473 Rhône in Lyon   FRA [177]
- - - Doubs 453 7874 176 Saône in Verdun-sur-le-Doubs   FRA    SWI [178]
- - - Ain 190 3765 123 Rhône near Pont-de-Chéruy   FRA [179]
- - - Arno 241 8852 110 Ligurian Sea near Pisa   ITA [note 89]
62 69 62 Tiber 405 16668 239 Tyrrhenian Sea in Ostia   ITA
- - - Nera 116 4163 168 Tiber near Orte   ITA
- - - Garigliano ← Liri 158 4059 120 Tyrrhenian Sea near Minturno   ITA
- - - Volturno 175 5784 82 Tyrrhenian Sea in Castel Volturno   ITA
- - - Reno 212 5615 95 Adriatic Sea near Comacchio   ITA
32 22 9 Po ← Tanaro 702 73746 1460 Adriatic Sea near Porto Tolle   ITA [note 90] [25]
- - - Po 652 73746 1460 Adriatic Sea near Porto Tolle   ITA [180][25]
- - - Mincio ← Lake Garda ← Sarca 203 2977 60 Po near Mantua   ITA
- - - Oglio ← Lake Iseo ← Oglio 280 6598 130 Po near Mantua   ITA
- - - Adda ← Lake Como ← Adda 313 7842 187 Po in Cremona   ITA
- - - Ticino ← Lake Maggiore ← Ticino 248 8061 348 Po in Pavia   ITA    SWI
- - - Tanaro ← Negrone 285 8182 116 Po near Alessandria   ITA [note 91]
- - - Dora Baltea 168 3921 96 Po in Crescentino   ITA
- - 68 Tartaro-Canalbianco-Po di Levante 147 2885 218 Adriatic Sea near Porto Viro   ITA
55 76 64 Adige ← Eisack ← Rienz ← Ahr 436 14543 235 Adriatic Sea near Chioggia   ITA [note 92] [181]
- - - Adige ← Etsch ← Karlinbach 421 14543 235 Adriatic Sea near Chioggia   ITA [note 93] [181]
- - - Brenta 174 4811 93 Adriatic Sea near Chioggia   ITA
- - - Piave 231 4420 137 Adriatic Sea near Venice   ITA
- - - Tagliamento 170 2939 92 Adriatic Sea near Lignano   ITA
- - 77 Isonzo/Soča 138 3327 173 Adriatic Sea near Monfalcone   ITA   SVN [2]
- 97 43 Neretva 240 10380 378 Adriatic Sea near Ploče   CRO   BIH [2][25]
- - - Trebišnjica 187 4926 114 Neretva in Neum   BIH [note 94]
66 61 16 Bojana/Buna ← Drin 384 18620 672 Adriatic Sea near Ulcinj   ALB   MNE   KOS
  MKD		 [note 95] [182]
- - - Drin ← Black Drin ← Sateska 343 14351 352 Buna near Lezhë   ALB   MKD [note 96] [2]
- - - White Drin 136 5005 66 Drin in Kukës   ALB   KOS [2]
- - - Morača 100 2820 156 Lake Skadar (Bojana) near Žabljak Crnojevića   MNE [183]
- - - Shkumbin 181 2922 62 Adriatic Sea near Lushnjë   ALB [182]
97 - - Seman ← Devoll 281 6124 96 Adriatic Sea near Fier   ALB [182]
100 - 72 Aoös/Vjosë 272 6777 204 Adriatic Sea near Vlorë   ALB   GRE [2]
- - - Achelous 220 5662 137 Ionian Sea near Astakos   GRE
- - - Pineios (Thessaly) 216 9301 81 Aegean Sea near Larissa   GRE
93 - - Haliacmon 297 8664 80 Aegean Sea near Thessaloniki   GRE
65 51 79 Vardar/Axios ← Treska 393 24503 170 Aegean Sea near Thessaloniki   GRE   MKD [note 97] [2]
- - - Vardar/Axios 388 24503 170 Aegean Sea near Thessaloniki   GRE   MKD [2]
61 68 - Struma/Strymon 415 16801 76 Thracian Sea in Amphipolis   GRE   BUL [2]
- - - Nestos/Mesta 243 5864 45 Thracian Sea near Thasos   GRE   BUL [2]
44 31 40 Maritsa/Meriç/Evros 515 53475 383 Thracian Sea near Alexandroupoli   GRE   TUR   BUL [2]
- - - Ergene 281 11016 28 Maritsa near İpsala   TUR [note 98] [2][184][185]
- - - Tundzha 380 8583 32 Maritsa in Edirne   TUR   BUL
- - - Arda 290 5623 77 Maritsa near Edirne   GRE   BUL
- - - Veleka 147 995 9.4 Black Sea near Sinemorets   BUL   TUR
104 - - Kamchiya ← Luda Kamchiya 254 5373 26 Black Sea near Varna   BUL [186]
2 2 2 Danube 2857 801463 6450 Black Sea near Sulina   ROM   UKR   MDA
  BUL   SRB   CRO
  HUN   SVK   AUT
  GER		 [note 99] [2][25]
- - - Prut 953 27820 105 Danube at Giurgiulești   MDA   ROM   UKR [note 100] [187][2]
- - - Jijia 275 5757 14 Prut near Huși   ROM   UKR
- - - Siret 559 45857 240 Danube in Galați   ROM   UKR [note 101] [2]
- - - Buzău 325 5537 29 Siret near Galați   ROM
- - - Bistrița 283 7018 66 Siret near Bacău   ROM
- - - Ialomița 417 11116 40 Danube near Hârșova   ROM
- - - Argeș 350 12652 73 Danube in Oltenița   ROM
- - - Dâmbovița 245 2837 26 Argeș near Budești   ROM [note 102] [188]
- - - Yantra 285 7897 47 Danube near Svishtov   BUL
- - - Osam 314 2866 16 Danube near Nikopol   BUL
- - - Olt 615 24130 174 Danube near Turnu Măgurele   ROM
- - - Iskar 368 8511 54 Danube near Gigen   BUL
- - - Jiu 339 10157 86 Danube near Bechet   ROM
- - - Great Morava ← West Morava ← Ibar 550 37709 232 Danube near Smederevo   SRB [note 103] [2]
- - - South Morava 295 15550 100 Great Morava near Kruševac   SRB   KOS
- - - West Morava 308 15710 120 Great Morava near Kruševac   SRB
- - - Ibar 276 7914 60 West Morava in Kraljevo   SRB   KOS   MNE
- - - Timiš/Tamis 359 10495 47 Danube in Pančevo   SRB   ROM
- - - Sava ← Sava Dolinka 945 94613 1609 Danube in Belgrade   SRB   BIH   CRO
  SVN		 [note 104] [2][189][190]
- - - Drina ← Tara 486 19650 370 Sava near Bijeljina   BIH   SRB   MNE [note 105] [191][190]
- - - Lim 220 6797 96 Drina near Višegrad   BIH   SRB   MNE [192]
- - - Bosna 271 10490 174 Sava in Bosanski Šamac   BIH [2][191]
- - - Vrbas 235 6501 132 Sava in Srbac   BIH [191]
- - - Una 214 9657 220 Sava in Jasenovac   BIH   CRO [note 106] [2][190]
- - - Kupa/Kolpa 297 10194 201 Sava in Sisak   CRO   SVN [2]
- - - Tisza ← Someș 1111 154073 863 Danube near Titel   SRB   HUN   ROM [note 107] [2]
- - - Tisza 966 154073 863 Danube near Titel   SRB   HUN   ROM
  UKR		 [note 108] [2]
- - - Bega 256 6250 13 Tisza near Titel   SRB   ROM
- - - Mureș/Maros 789 30190 190 Tisza in Szeged   HUN   ROM [note 109] [2]
- - - Târnava ← Târnava Mare 249 6236 15 Mureș near Teiuș   ROM
- - - Körös ← Crișul Alb 365 27123 100 Tisza near Csongrád   HUN   ROM
- - - Sajó / Slaná ← Hornád 314 12870 70 Tisza in Tiszaújváros   HUN   SVK [note 110]
- - - Hernád / Hornád 286 5414 31 Sajó near Miskolc   HUN   SVK
- - - Bodrog ← Latorica 255 13579 115 Tisza in Tokaj   HUN   SVK   UKR [note 111] [2]
- - - Szamos / Someș 415 16046 132 Tisza near Vásárosnamény   HUN   ROM [2]
- - - Drava/Drau ← Isel ← Schwarzach [de; it] 728 40154 577 Danube near Osijek   CRO   HUN   SVN
  AUT		 [note 112] [193]
- - - Mur 453 14108 166 Drava near Legrad   CRO   HUN   SVN
  AUT		 [193][194][190]
- - - Sió ← Lake Balaton ← Zala system 330 14890 39 Danube near Szekszárd   HUN [note 113]
- - - Hron 298 5441 54 Danube near Esztergom   SVK
- - - Váh 398 19484 194 Danube in Komárno   SVK [2]
- - - Rába/Raab 311 10401 80 Danube near Győr   HUN   AUT [194][2]
- - - Leitha ← Schwarza 258 2138 8.2 Danube near Mosonmagyaróvár   HUN   AUT [note 114] [194]
- - - Morava ← Thaya ← Austrian Thaya 402 26734 110 Danube in Bratislava-Devin   AUT   SVK   CZE [note 115] [194][2]
- - - Morava 352 26734 110 Danube in Bratislava-Devin   AUT   SVK   CZE [194][2]
- - - Thaya ← Austrian Thaya 311 13419 44 Morava near Hohenau   AUT   CZE [note 116] [194]
- - - Enns 254 6084 200 Danube in Enns   AUT [194]
- - - Traun 153 4277 150 Danube in Linz   AUT [194]
- - - Inn ← Aua da Fedoz 522 26053 735 Danube in Passau   GER   AUT    SWI [195][2]
- - - Salzach ← Krimmler Ache 232 6829 252 Inn in Haiming   GER   AUT [36]
- - - Isar ← Leutascher Ache 295 8962 175 Danube near Deggendorf   GER   AUT [note 117] [36]
- - - Lech 264 4125 115 Danube near Donauwörth   GER   AUT [36][2]
- - - Iller ← Breitach ← Turabach 170 2147 70 Danube in Ulm   GER   AUT [note 118] [36]
- - - Cogâlnic 243 5388 6.5 Black Sea near Tatarbunary   UKR   MDA [2]
9 23 50 Dniester/Nistru 1362 73158 313 Black Sea near Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi   MDA   UKR [196][2]
- - - Răut 286 7761 5.7 Dniester near Dubăsari   MDA
- - - Zbruch 247 3365 7 Dniester near Khotyn   UKR
27 26 85 Southern Bug 806 63569 160 Dnieper-Bug Estuary near Mykolaiv   UKR [note 119] [197]
- - - Inhul 354 9773 8.8 Southern Bug in Mykolayiv   UKR [198]
- - - Syniukha ← Hnylyi Tikych ← Hirskyi Tikych 283 16640 29 Southern Bug in Pervomaisk   UKR [199][200]
4 3 8 Dnieper 2201 509824 1700 Dnieper-Bug Estuary near Kherson   UKR   BLR   RUS [2][25]
- - - Inhulets 549 14487 0.3? Dnieper near Kropyvnytskyi   UKR [201]
- - - Samara ← Vovcha 421 22734 20 Dnieper near Dnipro   UKR [note 120]
- - - Samara 320 22734 20 Dnieper near Dnipro   UKR [202]
- - - - Vovcha 323 13035 5.3 Samara near Pavlohrad   UKR [203]
- - - Oril 346 10093 13 Dnieper near Dnipro   UKR
- - - Vorskla 452 14511 36 Dnieper near Verkhn'odniprovs'k   UKR   RUS [204]
- - - Psel 717 22782 55 Dnieper in Kremenchuk   UKR   RUS [205]
- - - Khorol 308 4039 3.6 Psel   UKR [206]
- - - Sula ← Uday 447 19218 29 Dnieper near Kremenchuk   UKR [note 121] [207][208]
- - - Sula 363 19218 29 Dnieper near Kremenchuk   UKR [207]
- - - Uday 327 6995 9.4 Sula near Lubny   UKR [208]
- - - Ros 346 12581 27 Dnieper near Kaniv   UKR [209]
- - - Desna 1130 88490 360 Dnieper in Kyiv   UKR   RUS [210]
- - - Snov 253 8265 24 Desna   UKR   RUS [211]
- - - Seym 748 27895 100 Desna in Sosnytsia   UKR   RUS [212]
- - - Teteriv 385 15213 18 Dnieper near Chernobyl   UKR [213]
- - - Pripyat ← Horyn 1052 119911 460 Dnieper near Chernobyl   UKR   BLR [note 122] [2]
- - - Pripyat 761 119911 460 Dnieper near Chernobyl   UKR   BLR [214][2]
- - - Uzh 256 8129 25 Pripyat near Chernobyl   UKR [215]
- - - Ptsich 421 9516 48 Pripyat near Mazyr   BLR [216]
- - - Ubort 292 5504 23 Pripyat near Pyetrykaw   BLR   UKR [217]
- - - Horyn 659 27065 90 Pripyat near Davyd-Haradok   BLR   UKR [218]
- - - Southern Sluch 451 13675 45 Horyn near Zviahel   UKR [219]
- - - Styr 494 12999 45 Pripyat near Pinsk   BLR   UKR [220]
- - - Sozh 648 42199 207 Dnieper in Loyew   BLR   UKR   RUS [221]
- - - Iput 437 10789 83 Sozh near Gomel   BLR   RUS [222]
- - - Besed 261 5537 28 Sozh   BLR   RUS [223]
- - - Ostyor 274 3382 21 Sozh near Krychaw   BLR   RUS [224]
- - - Berezina 613 24895 145 Dnieper near Rechytsa   BLR [225]
- - - Svislach 327 5190 30 Berezina near Asipovichy   BLR
- - - Drut 295 4952 30 Dnieper in Rahachow   BLR [226]
101 - - Mius 258 7059 12 Sea of Azov near Taganrog   RUS   UKR [2]
5 4 11 Don ← Voronezh ← Polnoy Voronezh 1923 437308 890 Sea of Azov near Azov   RUS [note 123] [227][25]
- - - Don 1870 437308 890 Sea of Azov near Azov   RUS [227][25]
- - - Manych ← Kalaus ← Bolshoy Yankul 863 49977 16 Don near Rostov-on-Don   RUS [note 124] [228]
- - - Yegorlyk 448 14972 38 Manych near Salsk   RUS [229]
- - - Sal 798 20932 15 Don in Semikarakorsk   RUS [230]
- - - Donets 1053 98720 159 Don near Semikarakorsk   UKR   RUS [231][2]
- - - Kalitva [de; ru] 308 10543 ? Donets in Belaya Kalitva   RUS [232]
- - - Aidar 264 7390 15 Donets near Shchastia   UKR   RUS [233]
- - - Oskil/Oskol 472 14818 44 Donets near Izium   UKR   RUS [234][2]
- - - Chir 317 10580 13 Don   RUS [235]
- - - Ilovlya 358 9377 9.8 Don   RUS [236]
- - - Medveditsa ← Malaya Medveditsa 748 34914 69 Don near Serafimovitch   RUS [237]
- - - Tersa [de; ru] ← Yelan [ru] 326 8807 5.6 Medveditsa   RUS [note 125] [238]
- - - Khopyor ← Serdoba [ru] 1011 61052 150 Don near Bukanovskaya   RUS [note 126] [239]
- - - Buzuluk 314 9465 13 Khopyor   RUS [240]
- - - Savala 285 7585 20 Khopyor near Novokhopyorsk   RUS [241]
- - - Vorona ← Chembar 511 13229 42 Khopyor near Borisoglebsk   RUS [note 127] [242]
- - - Bityug 379 8818 18 Don near Pavlovsk   RUS [243]
- - - Voronezh ← Polnoy Voronezh 520 21286 71 Don near Voronezh   RUS [note 128] [244]
- - - Bystraya Sosna 296 13012 74 Don near Yelets   RUS [245]
85 - - Yeya 313 9191 2.5 Sea of Azov near Yeysk   RUS
95 - - Chelbas [es; ru] 288 4911 2.4 Sea of Azov near Primorsko-Akhtarsk   RUS
24 32 34 Kuban 906 52399 430 Sea of Azov near Temryuk   RUS [note 129] [246][25]
- - - Pshish ← Bolshoy Pshish 270 1927 25 Kuban near Ryazanskaya   RUS [note 130] [247]
- - - Belaya 265 6054 ? Kuban   RUS [248]
- - - Laba ← Bolshaya Laba 347 12664 96 Kuban in Ust-Labinsk   RUS
- - - Kodori 105 2087 144 Black Sea near Adzyubzha   GEO
- - 79 Enguri 213 4052 170 Black Sea in Anaklia   GEO [note 131] [246]
81 81 36 Rioni 327 13511 424 Black Sea near Poti   GEO [note 132] [246][25]
54 55 56 Chorokhi/Çoruh 438 22011 278 Black Sea near Batumi   GEO   TUR [246][2]
8 10 30 Kur/Kura/Mtkvari 1364 188378 448 Caspian Sea near Neftçala   AZE   GEO   TUR [note 133] [249][2]
- - - Aras/Araks 1072 102000 141 Kura near Sabirabad   AZE   IRN   ARM
  TUR		 [note 134] [249][2]
- - - Alazani 391 11717 110 Mingachevir reservoir   AZE   GEO [250][251][2]
- - - Iori 320 4897 15 Mingachevir reservoir near Burunqovaq   AZE   GEO [note 135] [251][2]
- - - Samur 213 6777 75 Caspian Sea near Derbent   AZE   RUS
71 80 75 Sulak ← Andi Koysu ← Tushetis Alazani 361 14085 176 Caspian Sea near Makhachkala   RUS   GEO [note 136] [252][2]
37 36 51 Terek 623 42927 305 Caspian Sea near Kizlyar   RUS   GEO [253][2]
- - - Sunzha 278 12153 85 Terek near Gudermes   RUS [254]
- - - Malka 210 10163 98 Terek near Prokhladny   RUS [255]
28 41 - Kuma 802 33500 11 Caspian Sea near Lagan   RUS [256]
1 1 1 Volga ← Oka ← Upa ← Uperta 3790 1432506 8087 Caspian Sea near Astrakhan   RUS [note 137] [257][258][25]
- - - Volga ← Kuybyshev Reservoir ← Kama 3771 1432506 8087 Caspian Sea near Astrakhan   RUS [note 138] [257][260]
- - - Volga 3530 1432506 8087 Caspian Sea near Astrakhan   RUS [257]
- - - Akhtuba 537 ? 153 Volga Delta near Astrakhan   RUS [note 139] [261]
- - - Yeruslan 278 6196 ? Volgograd Reservoir near Kamyshin   RUS [note 140] [262]
- - - Tereshka 273 9864 18 Volga near Saratov   RUS [263]
- - - Bolshoy Irgiz ← Bolshaya Glushitsa 679 24010 23 Volga near Volsk   RUS [note 141] [264]
- - - Maly Irgiz ← Chernava 262 3916 6.4 Volga   RUS [note 142] [265]
- - - Chapayevka/Mocha 298 5126 2.5 Volga near Novokuybyshevsk   RUS [266]
- - - Samara 594 46454 46 Volga in Samara   RUS [267]
- - - Bolshoy Kinel 436 14929 34 Samara in Kinel   RUS [note 143] [268]
- - - Tok [de] - Bitkul 312 5897 13 Samara near Buzuluk   RUS [note 144] [269]
- - - Sok 363 11455 33 Volga near Samara   RUS [270]
- - - Kondurcha 294 4327 9.4 Sok   RUS [271]
- - - Bolshoy Cheremshan 336 11806 35 Kuybyshev Reservoir near Dimitrovgrad   RUS [note 145] [272]
- - - Kama 1967 523324 3800 Kuybyshev Reservoir south of Kazan   RUS [note 146] [260]
- - - Sheshma ← Lesnaya Sheshma 268 6196 11 Kama near Starosheshminsk   RUS [note 147] [273]
- - - Vyatka ← Belaya 1318 128713 890 Kama near Nizhnekamsk   RUS [note 148] [274]
- - - Kilmez ← Ut [ru] 295 17160 85 Vyatka near Ust-Kilmez   RUS [note 149] [275]
- - - Pizhma 305 14981 90 Vyatka near Sovetsk   RUS [276]
- - - Moloma ← Palomka 435 12399 48 Vyatka near Kotelnich   RUS [note 150] [277]
- - - Cheptsa ← Loza 526 20230 130 Vyatka in Kirovo-Chepetsk   RUS [note 151] [278]
- - - Letka 260 3633 21 Vyatka   RUS [279]
- - - Kobra [de] 324 7824 55 Vyatka near Nagorsk   RUS [280]
- - - Ik 571 17934 46 Kama near Menzelinsk   RUS [281]
- - - Izh 259 8469 34 Kama   RUS [282]
- - - Belaya 1430 141609 858 Kama near Neftekamsk   RUS [283]
- - - Bystry Tanyp 345 7700 45 Belaya   RUS [284]
- - - Dyoma ← Tyatep 556 13022 35 Belaya in Ufa   RUS [note 152] [285]
- - - Ufa ← Ay 931 52747 388 Belaya in Ufa   RUS [note 153] [286]
- - - Ufa 918 52747 388 Belaya in Ufa   RUS [287]
- - - Yuryuzan 404 7850 55 Ufa near Karaidel   RUS [288]
- - - Ay 549 14825 84 Ufa near Krasnoufimsk   RUS [289]
- - - Sim ← Inzer [de; ru] 313 11629 110 Belaya   RUS [note 154] [290]
- - - Chusovaya 592 46812 222 Kama Reservoir near Perm   RUS [note 155] [291]
- - - Sylva 493 22188 139 Chusovaya near Perm   RUS [292]
- - - Usva 266 6125 31 Chusovaya in Chusovoy   RUS [293]
- - - Kosva ← Typyl 298 7322 90 Kama Reservoir near Perermskoye   RUS [note 156] [294]
- - - Inva 257 6304 29 Kama Reservoir near Maykor   RUS [note 157] [295]
- - - Yayva 304 6530 88 Kama Reservoir near Berezniki   RUS [note 157] [296]
- - - Vishera ← Kolva 494 31286 457 Kama near Solikamsk   RUS [note 158] [297][298]
- - - Vishera 415 31286 457 Kama near Solikamsk   RUS [297]
- - - Kolva 460 13311 200 Vishera at Cherdyn, Perm Krai   RUS [note 159] [299]
- - - Yazva ← Glukhaya Vilva 272 5855 70 Vishera near Cherdyn   RUS [note 160] [300]
- - - Kosa 267 9851 40 Kama near Ust-Kosa   RUS [301]
- - - Veslyana 266 7253 68 Kama near Ust-Veslyana   RUS [302]
- - - Sviyaga ← Malaya Sviyaga 379 16944 57 Kuybyshev Reservoir west of Kazan   RUS [note 161] [303]
- - - Bolshaya Kokshaga 297 6481 40 Volga near Kokshaysk   RUS [304]
- - - Vetluga ← Vokhma [de; ru] 901 39438 255 Volga near Kozmodemyansk   RUS [note 162] [305]
- - - Usta 253 6019 28 Vetluga near Voskresenskoye   RUS [306]
- - - Sura ← Kadada [ru] 867 67240 260 Volga in Vasilsursk   RUS [note 163] [307]
- - - Pyana ← Cheka 453 7991 25 Sura near Sergach   RUS [note 164] [308]
- - - Alatyr 304 11171 43 Sura at Alatyr   RUS [note 165] [309]
- - - Kerzhenets 290 6207 20 Volga near Lyskovo   RUS [310]
- - - Oka ← Upa ← Uperta 1559 244308 1258 Volga in Nizhny Novgorod   RUS [note 166] [258][311]
- - - Oka 1504 244308 1258 Volga in Nizhny Novgorod   RUS [258]
- - - Klyazma 686 42421 147 Oka in Gorbatov   RUS [312]
- - - Nerl 284 6766 26 Klyazma near Bogolyubovo   RUS [313]
- - - Tyosha 311 7781 4 Oka near Murom   RUS [314]
- - - Moksha ← Azyas 660 50379 95 Oka near Yelatma   RUS [note 167] [315]
- - - Tsna ← Osinovka 457 21437 46 Moksha near Sasovo   RUS [note 168] [316]
- - - Pronya 336 10180 50 Oka near Spassk-Ryazansky   RUS [317]
- - - Moskva ← Ruza 487 17618 150 Oka in Kolomna   RUS [note 169] [318]
- - - Protva 282 4602 25 Oka near Serpukhov   RUS [319]
- - - Ugra ← Demina [ru] 436 15699 90 Oka near Kaluga   RUS [note 170] [320]
- - - Upa ← Uperta [ru] 356 9529 40 Oka near Suvorov   RUS [note 171] [311]
- - - Unzha ← Kema [ru] 531 29156 158 Volga near Yuryevets   RUS [note 172] [321]
- - - Neya 253 6286 46 Unzha near Makaryev   RUS [322]
- - - Kostroma 354 19838 85 Gorky Reservoir in Kostroma   RUS [note 157] [323]
- - - Sheksna ← Lake Beloye ← Kema 441 21419 172 Rybinsk Reservoir near Rybinsk   RUS [note 173] [324]
- - - Suda ← Nozhema [ru] 261 13469 134 Rybinsk Reservoir near Cherepovets   RUS [note 174] [325]
- - - Mologa 456 30074 172 Rybinsk Reservoir near Rybinsk   RUS [note 175] [326]
- - - Chagodoshcha ← Lid [ru] 286 9333 58 Mologa near Ustyuzhna   RUS [note 176] [327]
- - - Medveditsa 259 6384 41 Volga near Sknyatino   RUS [328]
36 90 - Maly Uzen 638 11600 8 Kamysh-Samarskiye Lakes   KAZ   RUS [note 177] [2]
34 73 - Bolshoy Uzen 650 15795 11 Kamysh-Samarskiye Lakes   KAZ   RUS [2]
3 8 37 Ural 2428 210581 400 Caspian Sea in Atyrau   KAZ   RUS [329][2]
- - - Chagan 264 7530 7.7 Ural in Oral   KAZ   RUS [330]
- - - Utva 290 6952 3.8 Ural   KAZ
- - - Ilek 623 41875 40 Ural near Ilek   RUS   KAZ [331]
- - - Bolshaya Khobda [de] - Karakhobda 363 14666 14 Ilek   RUS   KAZ [note 178] [332]
- - - Sakmara 798 31040 144 Ural in Orenburg   RUS [333]
- - - Bolshoy Ik 341 7651 61 Sakmara near Saraktash   RUS [334]
- - - Or 332 18533 21 Ural near Orsk   RUS   KAZ [335]

Rivers of Europe by length

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The Volga, the longest river in Europe, in Oktyabrsk, Russia.
 
The Danube, Europe's second-longest river, in Budapest, Hungary.

The longest rivers in Europe with their approximate lengths (incomplete list):[336][337]

  1. Volga -   3,690 km (2,290 mi)
  2. Danube - 2,860 km (1,780 mi)
  3. Ural   -    2,428 km (1,509 mi)
  4. Dnieper - 2,290 km (1,420 mi)
  5. Don   -     1,950 km (1,210 mi)
  6. Pechora - 1,809 km (1,124 mi)
  7. - Kama -  1,805 km (1,122 mi) (the longest left tributary of the Volga and the largest one in discharge)
  8. - Oka   -   1,500 km (930 mi) (the longest right tributary of Volga)
  9. - Belaya - 1,430 km (890 mi) (tributary of Kama)
  10. Dniester - 1,352 km (840 mi)
  11. Rhine   -   1,236 km (768 mi)
  12. - Desna - 1,130 km (700 mi) (major left tributary of Dnieper)
  13. Elbe   -   1,091 km (678 mi)
  14. - Donets   -   1,053 km (654 mi) (major right tributary of Don River)
  15. Vistula - 1,047 km (651 mi)
  16. Tagus   - 1,038 km (645 mi)
  17. Daugava - 1,020 km (630 mi)
  18. Loire - 1,012 km (629 mi)
  19. - Tisza   -   966 km (600 mi) (1,358 km (844 mi) before 1880)[338] (tributary of the Danube)
  20. Ebro - 960 km (600 mi)
  21. - Prut - 953 km (592 mi) (tributary of the Danube)
  22. Neman - 937 km (582 mi)
  23. - Sava - 933 km (580 mi) (tributary of the Danube)
  24. Meuse - 925 km (575 mi)
  25. Kuban - 906 km (563 mi)
  26. Douro - 897 km (557 mi)
  27. Mezen - 857 km (533 mi)[339]
  28. Oder - 854 km (531 mi)
  29. Guadiana - 829 km (515 mi)
  30. Rhône - 815 km (506 mi)
  31. Southern Bug - 806 km (501 mi)
  32. Kuma - 802 km (498 mi)
  33. - Warta - 795 km (494 mi) (major tributary of Oder)
  34. Seine  - 776 km (482 mi)
  35. Mureș - 761 km (473 mi)
  36. Northern Dvina - 744 km (462 mi)
  37. - Vychegda - 744 km (462 mi) (major left tributary of Northern Dvina)
  38. - Drava - 710[193] km (440 mi) (tributary of the Danube)
  39. Po - 682 km (424 mi)
  40. Guadalquivir - 657 km (408 mi)
  41. Bolshoy Uzen - 650 km (400 mi)
  42. - Siret - 647 km (402 mi) (tributary of the Danube)
  43. - Maly Uzen - 638 km (396 mi) (tributary of Bolshoy Uzen)
  44. Terek - 623 km (387 mi)
  45. - Olt - 615 km (382 mi) (tributary of the Danube)
  46. - Vashka - 605 km (376 mi) (major tributary of Mezen)
  47. Glomma - 604 km (375 mi)(Norway's longest and most voluminous river)
  48. Garonne - 602 km (374 mi)
  49. - Usa - 565 km (351 mi) (major tributary of Pechora)
  50. Kemijoki - 550 km (340 mi)
  51. - Great Morava - 550 km (340 mi) (tributary of the Danube)
  52. - Moselle 546 km (339 mi)(longest left tributary of Rhine)
  53. - Main 525 km (326 mi) (longest right tributary of Rhine)
  54. Torne - 522 km (324 mi)
  55. Dalälven - 520 km (320 mi)
  56. - Inn 518 km (322 mi)(tributary of the Danube)
  57. Maritsa - 515 km (320 mi)
  58. Marne - 514 km (319 mi) (major tributary of Seine)
  59. Neris - 510 km (320 mi)
  60. Júcar - 509 km (316 mi)
  61. Dordogne - 483 km (300 mi)
  62. - Saône - 480 km (300 mi) (major tributary of Rhône)
  63. Ume - 470 km (290 mi)
  64. -- Mur - 464 km (288 mi) (tributary of Drava)
  65. Ångerman - 460 km (290 mi)
  66. - Klarälven - 460 km (290 mi) (major tributary of the Göta älv)
  67. Lule - 460 km (290 mi)
  68. Doubs - 453 km (281 mi)
  69. Gauja - 452 km (281 mi)
  70. Weser - 452 km (281 mi)
  71. Kalix - 450 km (280 mi)
  72. - Vindel River - 445 km (277 mi) (major tributary of the Ume River)
  73. Ljusnan - 430 km (270 mi)
  74. Indalsälven - 430 km (270 mi)
  75. - Vltava - 430 km (270 mi) (major tributary of the Elbe)
  76. Ponoy - 426 km (265 mi)
  77. Ialomița - 417 km (259 mi)
  78. Onega- 416 km (258 mi)
  79. -- Someș - 415 km (258 mi) (tributary of Tisza)
  80. Struma - 415 km (258 mi)
  81. Adige - 410 km (250 mi)
  82. Skellefte - 410 km (250 mi)
  83. Tiber - 406 km (252 mi)
  84. - Vah - 406 km (252 mi) (tributary of the Danube)
  85. Pite - 400 km (250 mi)
  86. - Faxälven - 399 km (248 mi) (major tributary of the Ångerman)
  87. Vardar - 388 km (241 mi)
  88. Shannon - 386 km (240 mi)
  89. Charente - 381 km (237 mi)
  90. - Iskar - 368 km (229 mi) (tributary of the Danube)
  91. - Tundzha - 365 km (227 mi) (major tributary of Maritsa)
  92. Ems - 362 km (225 mi)
  93. Tana - 361 km (224 mi)
  94. Scheldt - 360 km (220 mi)
  95. - Timiș - 359 km (223 mi) (tributary of the Danube)
  96. - Genil - 358 km (222 mi)
  97. Severn - 354 km (220 mi)
  98. - Morava - 353 km (219 mi) (tributary of the Danube)
  99. Luga - 353 km (219 mi)
  100. - Argeș - 350 km (220 mi) (tributary of the Danube)
  101. Ljungan - 350 km (220 mi)
  102. Minho - 350 km (220 mi)
  103. Venta - 346 km (215 mi)
  104. Thames - 346 km (215 mi)
  105. - Drina - 346 km (215 mi) (major tributary of Sava, Danube)
  106. - Jiu - 339 km (211 mi) (tributary of the Danube)
  107. Drin - 335 km (208 mi)
  108. Segura - 325 km (202 mi)
  109. - Osam - 314 km (195 mi) (tributary of the Danube)
  110. - Haliakmon - 297 km (185 mi)
  111. - Arda - 290 km (180 mi) (tributary of Maritsa)
  112. - Yantra - 285 km (177 mi) (tributary of the Danube)
  113. - Bosna - 271 km (168 mi) (major tributary of Sava, Danube)
  114. Kamchiya - 254 km (158 mi)
  115. Mesta - 243 km (151 mi)

Rivers of Europe by discharge

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This is an incomplete list of the largest rivers of Europe by discharge:

  1. Volga - 8,087 m3/s (285,600 cu ft/s)
  2. Danube - 6,450 m3/s (228,000 cu ft/s)
  3. Pechora - 4,380 m3/s (155,000 cu ft/s)
  4. - Kama - 3,800 m3/s (130,000 cu ft/s) (the longest left tributary of the Volga and the largest one in discharge)
  5. Northern Dvina - 3,330 m3/s (118,000 cu ft/s)
  6. Neva - 2,490 m3/s (88,000 cu ft/s)
  7. Rhine - 2,315 m3/s (81,800 cu ft/s) (Aare - 560 m3/s (20,000 cu ft/s) as major tributary of the Rhine, even larger than Rhine's contribution of 440 m3/s (16,000 cu ft/s) at their confluence in Koblenz; Waal - 1,500 m3/s (53,000 cu ft/s) as its main distributary)
  8. Rhône - 1,900 m3/s (67,000 cu ft/s)
  9. Dnieper - 1,700 m3/s (60,000 cu ft/s)
  10. - Sava - 1,609 m3/s (56,800 cu ft/s) (tributary of the Danube)
  11. Po - 1,460 m3/s (52,000 cu ft/s) (largest river in Italy)
  12. - Usa - 1,310 m3/s (46,000 cu ft/s) (major tributary of Pechora)
  13. - Oka - 1,258 m3/s (44,400 cu ft/s) (the longest right tributary of the Volga)
  14. - Vychegda - 1,160 m3/s (41,000 cu ft/s) (major left tributary of Northern Dvina)
  15. Vistula - 1,080 m3/s (38,000 cu ft/s)
  16. Don - 890 m3/s (31,000 cu ft/s)
  17. Mezen - 890 m3/s (31,000 cu ft/s)
  18. - Vyatka - 890 m3/s (31,000 cu ft/s) (tributary of the Kama, Volga)
  19. Loire - 889 m3/s (31,400 cu ft/s)
  20. - Tisza - 863 m3/s (30,500 cu ft/s) (tributary of the Danube)
  21. Elbe - 860 m3/s (30,000 cu ft/s)
  22. - Belaya - 858 m3/s (30,300 cu ft/s) (tributary of the Kama, Volga)
  23. - Svir - 790 m3/s (28,000 cu ft/s) (tributary of Neva, through Lake Onega)
  24. - Inn - 735 m3/s (26,000 cu ft/s) (tributary of the Danube)
  25. Douro - 720 m3/s (25,000 cu ft/s) (Most voluminous river in Iberian Peninsula)
  26. Glomma - 709 m3/s (25,000 cu ft/s) (Norway's longest and most voluminous river)
  27. Neman - 678 m3/s (23,900 cu ft/s)
  28. Göta älv - 575 m3/s (20,300 cu ft/s)
  29. Lule älv - 505 m3/s (17,800 cu ft/s)
  30. Ångermanälven - 500 m3/s (18,000 cu ft/s)
  31. Indalsälven - 445 m3/s (15,700 cu ft/s)
  32. Umeälven - 443 m3/s (15,600 cu ft/s)
  33. Kuban River - 430 m3/s (15,000 cu ft/s)
  34. Maritsa - 383 m3/s (13,500 cu ft/s)
  35. Meuse - 357 m3/s (12,600 cu ft/s)
  36. Dniester - 313 m3/s (11,100 cu ft/s)
  37. - Neretva - 240 m3/s (8,500 cu ft/s)
  38. - Una - 240 m3/s (8,500 cu ft/s) (tributary of Sava, which is a tributary of the Danube)
  39. - Great Morava - 232 m3/s (8,200 cu ft/s) (tributary of the Danube)
  40. Vardar - 170 m3/s (6,000 cu ft/s)
  41. - Bosna - 163 m3/s (5,800 cu ft/s) (tributary of Sava, which is a tributary of the Danube)
  42. - Vrbas - 132 m3/s (4,700 cu ft/s) (tributary of Sava, which is a tributary of the Danube)
  43. - Drina - 124 m3/s (4,400 cu ft/s) (tributary of Sava, which is a tributary of the Danube)
  44. - Arda - 77 m3/s (2,700 cu ft/s) (tributary of Maritsa)
  45. Struma - 76 m3/s (2,700 cu ft/s)
  46. - Iskar - 54 m3/s (1,900 cu ft/s) (tributary of the Danube)
  47. - Yantra - 47 m3/s (1,700 cu ft/s) (tributary of the Danube)
  48. Mesta - 45 m3/s (1,600 cu ft/s)
  49. - Tundzha - 32 m3/s (1,100 cu ft/s) (tributary of Maritsa)
  50. Kamchiya - 26 m3/s (920 cu ft/s)

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Countries through which the river flows. Like the tributaries, these are ordered from mouth to source. The river's basin may cover more countries than listed here.
  2. ^ The 32 km Bolhshaya Kara is the longer of the two source rivers of the 257 km Kara proper
  3. ^ The 111 km Syadey-Yu is the longest source river of the 199 km Korotaikha.
  4. ^ Voronya (155 km) drains Lake Lovozero, which is fed by the Kurga (81 km) 15 km across. The systems starting with Maryok [ru]-Afanasiya [ru] (62 km, with a 30 km crossing) and Tsaga [ru] (45 km, with a 48 km crossing) are nearly the same length.
  5. ^ The Lutto (Lotta in Russian; 190 km) flows into Lake Onozero, which, after a 66 km minimal crossing, is drained by Tuloma (64 km).
  6. ^ Karashoka (166 km) and Inarijoki (153 km) join to form the 200 km long Tana River.
  7. ^ Discharge reduced to 95 m3/s since the building of a reservoir
  8. ^ a b A single river with different names along its stretch.
  9. ^ The Vltava (431 km) joins the Elbe 833 km above its mouth in the North Sea. The length and catchment area of the river include the estuary until Cuxhaven, where the estuary is 15 km wide, but the nautical channel only 400 m.
  10. ^ The length and catchment area of the Elbe includes the estuary until Cuxhaven, where the estuary is 15 km wide, but the nautical channel only 400 m.
  11. ^ The Spree (382 km) joins the Havel (334 km) 178 km before that reaches the Elbe.
  12. ^ The "Vereinigte Mulde" (124 km) originates from the confluence of the Zwickauer Mulde (166 km) and Freiberger Mulde (124 km).
  13. ^ The Vltava proper (377 km) is formed by the confluence of the Studená (Cold) Vltava (8.3 km) and the Warm Vltava (54.3 km)
  14. ^ The 451 km Weser originates at the confluence of the 300 km Werra and the 220 km Fulda. The Weser and Werra originally had the same name (Wesera). The length and basin area include the Innere Außenweser, a channel through the estuary that is exposed at low tide.
  15. ^ The Leine (281 km) joins the Aller (260 km) 52 km before that reaches the Weser.
  16. ^ The length and catchment area include the river channel through the Dollard and Ems estuary, both mostly dry at low tide, up to Eemshaven.
  17. ^ With Zwarte Meer and Ramsgeul, which lead to the Ketelmeer, the length would be 214 km and the basin 5,867 km2
  18. ^ The Oude IJssel (82 km, same length when starting from the larger Bocholter Aa or smaller Issel source rivers) flows into the 125-km IJssel 19 km below the IJssel's origin from the Nederrijn. The 106 km lower IJssel drains in the Ketelmeer, which is connected to the North Sea via the IJsselmeer and Wadden Sea. The upper IJssel was formed between the 600 and 900 CE as a distributary of the Rhine and provides 75% of the volume.
  19. ^ Basin area excludes the Meuse basin, which could be considered a tributary of the Rhine. The discharge is that for the Rhine just across the border in the Netherlands before it breaks up in its distributaries. The total discharge to the North Sea is considerably higher.
  20. ^ a b Distributary branch of the Rhine
  21. ^ The Alme (59 km) flows into the 220 km long Lippe 11 km below Lippe's source.
  22. ^ The Neger (20.5 km from both its Renau and Namenlose tributaries) flows into the Ruhr (219.3 km) 202.5 km before it runs into the Rhine.
  23. ^ 48 km Moselotte flows into the 544 km Moselle 43 km below Moselle's source.
  24. ^ The 63.1 km long Ohm, measured from the source of the Felda tributary, joins the 245.6 km long Lahn 58.7 km below the source of the Lahn
  25. ^ Regnitz (191.1 km from its most distant source) flows into the Main, 133.2 km below its most distant source, and 391.8 km before its mouth.
  26. ^ The White Main (51.7 km) and the longer but smaller Red Main (71.8 km) are the headwaters of the Main (473.2 km). This course has the highest volume at each following junction.
  27. ^ The Pegnitz, for the first 15 km known as Fichtenhohe, joins after 127.3 km with the Rednitz, itself 123.7 km long from its most distant source, to form the Regnitz. After a further 63.7 km the Regnitz flows into the Main.
  28. ^ Until 1904, when the Bergse Maas was created, the Meuse was a tributary of the Rhine. Because of further canalization in 1970 the Meuse could be considered a tributary of the Rhine again. The catchment area and length include the Haringvliet and Hollands Diep estuaries, which are riverine at low tide.
  29. ^ The length of the Scheldt traditionally includes the Westerschelde estuary, which is riverine at low tide [1]. The catchment area includes the complete delta (i.e. including the Oosterschelde), while the discharge is for that near Antwerp. Without the Westerschelde the length would be about 295 km. The source of the Leie may be a few km further upstream than the source of the Scheldt itself.
  30. ^ The traditional length of the Thames is 346 km measured from Thames Head to the very end of the Thames estuary at Foulness Point, past the Medway. The traditional catchment area of 12,935 km2 however is for a region above Gravesend and the Medway catchment area is not considered part of the Thames watershed. As a compromise, the given catchment area and length ends at the Medway (338 from Thames Head). The 25 km Churn joins the newborn Thames 3 km below its source to make the total length 360 km.
  31. ^ The catchment area and length exclude the Humber estuary and the River Don basin (1857 km2), which in 1628 was artificially diverted to Rivers Aire (and eventually Ouse) via the Dutch River, but in 1802 was reconnected to the Trent via the Stainforth and Keadby Canal. Discharge is 89.5 m3/s for 80% of the catchment area.
  32. ^ The catchment area and length exclude the Humber estuary, but the catchment area includes the River Don basin (1857 km2) (see River Trent).
  33. ^ Catchment area and discharge include that of River Earn but exclude the Firth of Tay. It's unclear if the Firth is included in the length.
  34. ^ The 1130 km long Vychegda joins the Northern Dvina 673 km from its mouth in the White Sea.
  35. ^ The Northern Dvina (744 km) originates at the confluence of the Sukhona (558 km) and the Yug (574 km). The Sukhona starts at the small lake Kubenskoye (a ≈15 km course), which is fed by the 368 km Kubena.
  36. ^ The 231 km long Mekhrenga joins the 188 km Yemtsa, 68 km before it reaches the Dvina.
  37. ^ The 477 km Ustya joins the 575 km Vaga 259 km before the Vaga flows into the Dvina.
  38. ^ The 574 km long Luza joins the Yug 35 km before the Yug merges with the Sukhona to form the Northern Dvina.
  39. ^ The name of this river changes from Kubena (368 km) to Sukhona (558 km) after the relatively small Lake Kubenskoye (a ≈15 km crossing).
  40. ^ Vozhega (140 km) runs into Lake Vozhe (<30 km straight crossing inflow to outflow), which is drained by the Svid (64 km), which flows into Lake Lacha (33 km long), where 416 km Onega originates.
  41. ^ The Segezha, 329 km from its most distant source, flows into Lake Vygozero 18 km away from where the Lower Vyg (88 km) drains it.
  42. ^ The 33 km long Umba flows in the 135 km Upper Vyg, 112 km before that flows into Lake Vegozero. This 80 km long lake is drained by the 88 km long Lower Vyg.
  43. ^ Talgiesdegi (48 km) joins Voloma (138 km) 113 km before that flows into Lake Segozero (mean flow 20 m3/s). This lake, crossed in a straight line in 35 km, is drained by the Segezha (59 km), which flows into Lake Vygozero (mean flow 74 m3/s).
  44. ^ Kem (18 km) and Čirka (16 km) form the headwaters of 220 km Čirka-Kem, which, confusingly, joins another much larger river named Kem 7 km below its origin from Kuyto Lake and 184 km before it streams into the White Sea.
  45. ^ Pistojoki (Pista in Russian; 110 km) feeds the ca. 98 km Kuyto Lakes chain, which, on the other side, is drained by the Kem (191 km).
  46. ^ River Kovda, flowing through many large lakes, has a given length of 233 km.[90] Kovda drains Lake Topozero from the northwest; at the very southeast of the lake, 76 and 79 km via a straight course, the small rivers Karango (16 km) and Kondoya (13 km) run in the lake and form the most distant sources of the river Kovda.
  47. ^ Niva drains Lake Imandra, the longest distance over the complex network of lakes and rivers above it is unclear, though it is over 200 km.
  48. ^ Abiskojokk (40 km) feeds lake Torneträsk, which is drained after a 55 km crossing by the Torne (470 km).
  49. ^ Lake Kilpisjärvi is drained, about 30 km from its headwater's most distant source, by Könkämäeno. The Gobmeatnu tributary, which joins just below the lake, perhaps has a slightly more distant source. Könkämäeno (90 km) and Lätäseno (60 km) join to form Muonio (230 km).
  50. ^ The southeastern end of the lake Rostojávri, some 26 km from its most distant source is drained by the 266 km long Rostoeatnu- Lainio river.
  51. ^ Peranganjoki [sv] → Alajoki [sv] (together well over 80 km) → Lake Kiantajärvi (50 km crossing) → Emäjoki [fi; sv] → Iijärvi →Kiehimänjoki (these three 103 km together) → Oulujärvi (75 km course) → Oulujoki (107 km). The entire system above the lake Oulujärvi is also referred to as Hyrynsalmi.
  52. ^ The length of this system is a rough estimate. The Peranganjoki-Alajoki system (>> 80 km) feeds Kiantajärvi. After a 50 km course, this lake is drained by the 105 km long Emäjoki-Kiehimäjnoki watercourse, which feeds Oulujärvi. The entire system above this lake is also referred to as Hyrynsalmi. After a 75 km course through Oulujärvi, Oulujoki (107 km) takes the water to the Bothnian Bay.
  53. ^ Kokemäenjoki drains Kulovesi, the last of a large chain of lakes. The system starting with Keurusselkä, via Kuorevesi, Ruovesi, Palovesi, Näsijärvi, Tammerkoski, Pyhäjärvi, and Nokianvirta to Kulovesi is the central course, but its total length is tricky to define.
  54. ^ The 204 km Kymi river drains Lake Päijänne, which 120 km further north near Jyväskylä is fed from a network of lakes further north. The sources that feed the lake Koivujärvi are the most distant for Kymi. From there, the shortest route over the so called Rautalampi route [fi] (including lakes Pielavesi, Nilakka, Iisvesi, Kiesimä, Konnevesi, Kynsivesi, and Kuusvesi) and via Saraavesi and Leppävesi to Päijänne is 230 km.
  55. ^ The 844 km Volkhov system flows into Lake Ladoga ≈92 km (shortest course) from where the Neva (74 km) drains it.
  56. ^ The 806 km long Pielisjoki system flows into the northeastern end of lake Saimaa. A ≈260 km course through this complex lake leads to the 156 km Vuoksi exit.
  57. ^ Murdoyoki [ru] (41 km) → Roukkulanjärvi [fi; ru] (27 km) → Omelianjoki [ru] (7 km) → Torosozero [ru]-Leksozero (44 km) → Sula River [ru] (21 km) → Sula lake (7 km) → Lieksanjoki (132 km) → Pielinen Lake (44 km) → Pielisjoki (67 km) → Saimaa. The watershed area is a rough guess.
  58. ^ The 358 km-long Vodla system feeds into Lake Onega. After a 96 km crossing, 224 km-long Svir drains this lake into Lake Ladoga.
  59. ^ Olova (42 km) joins Ileksa (155 km) 135 km before that flows into Lake Vodlozero. After a 32 km direct crossing, this lake is drained by the Vodla (149 km).
  60. ^ The Volkov river (224 km) drains Lake Ilmen from the delta of the 620-km Msta-Tsna system.
  61. ^ Tsna (160 km) flows into Lake Mstino, which after 15 km is drained by 445 km Msta.
  62. ^ The 192 km Oredezh joins the Luga 191 km upstream from the sea
  63. ^ Väike Emajõgi (82 km) feeds the lake Võrtsjärv. After a 35 km crossing, Võrtsjärv is drained by Suur Emajõgi (101 km)
  64. ^ The Pededze (159 km) flows into the Alviekste 22 km below Alviekste's source in Lake Lubāns and 95 km before it drains into the Daugava.
  65. ^ The 264 km long Lyna/Lava joins the Pregolya 72 km before it reaches the sea
  66. ^ The Angrapa (ca 170 km) is the longest source river of the Pregolya (123 km). The 89 km Gołdapa joins the Angrapa ca 100 km before the formation of Pregolya.
  67. ^ HydroBasins data support the 264 km estimate by the Polish source over the 289 km estimate by the Russian source.
  68. ^ The 772 km long Western Bug merges with the Narew and after a further 38 km flows into the Vistula 401 km above that river's discharge in the Baltic Sea. Though shorter, the Vistula has twice as high a volume at the meeting point.
  69. ^ The commonly quoted 194,424 km2 catchment area probably includes coastal waters.
  70. ^ The 772 km Bug joins the Narew 38 km before its confluence with the Vistula. The 38 km joined stretch used to be and locally still is known as Bugo-Narew.
  71. ^ Hydrologically and historically, the Narew is a tributary of the Bug, but by a decree of the Polish regime in 1962 the roles were reversed.
  72. ^ The 808 km Warta joins the 854 km Oder 237 km above the Oder's mouth.
  73. ^ Canalization reduced the length of the Oder from ca 1040 km to the current 854 km.
  74. ^ A 102 km long estuary is excluded from the length and catchment area; this estuary has a basin of 15,700-16,800 km2.
  75. ^ The Three Sisters are the rivers Suir (184 km), Barrow (192 km) and Nore (140 km). Nore flows into Barrow, which 20 km later joins the Suir to form the estuary named Waterford Harbour
  76. ^ Length and catchment area include the Mersey estuary, which constricts to 1 km width before entering the Irish Sea. River Mersey originates at the confluence of the 30 mile (ca 48 km) long River Tame and River Goyt
  77. ^ The 516 km long Marne flows into the larger Seine 361 km before it drains in the English Channel.
  78. ^ Seine's catchment area (75,374 km2)[139] excludes the Crique de Rouen estuary; this would add another ≈2800 km2, including the Risle river basin
  79. ^ The Aire (125 km) flows into the larger Aisne (356 km) 121 km below its source. The Aisne joins the smaller Oise about 94 km before it drains in the Seine.
  80. ^ The Loir (317.4 km) flows in the Sarthe (314 km). 9.2 km later the Sarthe joins the Mayenne to form the short Maine river, which flows into the Loire after just 11.5 km.
  81. ^ The 380 km Tarn flows into the Garonne about 230 km before it meets the ocean. As both its volume and catchment area are larger, the Tarn is hydrologically the upper part of the Garonne river.
  82. ^ Starting from the Ruda-Garona, the longest headwater of the Garonne. Length (54 km in Spain, 521 km in France) and catchment area exclude the Gironde estuary.
  83. ^ The 226 km Sil flows into the Minho about 135 km above the Minho reaches the ocean.
  84. ^ The commonly given 80,000+ km2 for the drainage area includes the 7740 km2 basin of the Sorraia, here treated as a primary river.
  85. ^ The 167 km Záncara joins the 155 km Cigüela (or Gigüela) and the 76 km Guadiana Alto in a trifurcation some 755 km before the Guadiana reaches the ocean. On some maps, the following 77 km are still called Cigüela. See the Spanish Guadiana article on the confusion in this river system.
  86. ^ The Guadiana Alto/Viejo source river is 76 km long.
  87. ^ Hydrologically the Guardiana Menor and its longest source river the Guardal (a.k.a. Barbata) form the true upper course of the Guadalquivir, which has a nominal length of 657 km. Barbata/Guardal - Guardiana Menor (206 km) meets the nominal Guadalquivir 138 km below its source.
  88. ^ The 453 km long Doubs joins the upper Saône to form the 171 km long Grand Saône, which flows into the Rhône 333 km above its mouth in the Mediterranean.
  89. ^ The furthest headstream of the Arno could be considered the 19th-century, 62 km Canale Maestro della Chiana [fr; it] that drains part of Valdichiana into the Arno about 30 km below its source for a total length of over 270 km. 306 km2 has been subtracted from the HydroBasins area for the endorheic Lake Trasimeno.
  90. ^ The Tanaro (285 km including its Negrone source river) joins the Po 234 km below its source. A competing longest stretch is 691 km starting from the Maira. (see Po (river) for references and discussion)
  91. ^ The 9 km Negrino is the longer source stream of the 276 km Tanaro.
  92. ^ Hydrologically, this is one river with the upper courses of the Rienz, Eisack and Adige/Etsch as tributaries, as it forms the longest course and has the largest discharge at each junction. The ca 130 km long Ahr->Rienz->Eisack originating under the Dreiherrnspitze joins the 409 km long Adige/Etch 103 km below the latter's nominal source.
  93. ^ The 17 km long Karlinbach, originating under the Weißkugel, flows into the Reschensee, about 5 km below the official source under the Reschen Pass of the 409 km long Adige/Etsch.
  94. ^ The Trebišnjica enters the Hutovo Blato marshland in Bosnia through a complex underground karst system. From here a portion of its waters continues the 9 km long Krupa to join the Neretva. Other portions appear as outlets on the coast, e.g. in Neum in Bosnia, in Slano and most significantly near Dubrovnik in Croatia as the 30 m short Ombla river into the Rijeka Dubrovačka ria.
  95. ^ The Drin (343 km from its most distant source) drains partly in the Adriatic, but the main channel, called Drinasa, joins the 44 km Bojana 3 km after that emerges from Lake Skadar.
  96. ^ The Sateska (38 km) flows into the Black Drin (149 km) less than 4 km after Black Drin's emergence from Lake Ohrid. Black Drin meets White Drin 145 km later to form the Drin proper (160 km). The drainage area (but not the length) includes the 1394 km2 Lake Prespa basin, which drains underground through very porous karst mountains into Lake Ohrid.
  97. ^ The 132 km long Treska flows into the Vardar about 261 km above its mouth in the Aegean Sea.
  98. ^ The often-mentioned 17,323 km2 drainage area is much too large, as the total area drained by the Meriç (including Ergene) in Turkey is only 14,560 km2.
  99. ^ Including the 46 km Breg headstream
  100. ^ The most distant source for the Prut may be via the 167 km Cheremosh tributary.
  101. ^ Siret length estimates range from 559 km to 726 km. The shorter length is supported by HydroBasins data.
  102. ^ The 237 km-long Dâmbovița forms at the confluence of 8 km Valea Vladului and 6.5 km Valea Otic .
  103. ^ Hydrologically, this is a single river, as it follows at both junctions the river with the greatest length, drainage area and average discharge. The Great Morava (185 km) is formed by the merger of the West and South Morava. The 276 km Ibar joins the West Morava 89 km before it becomes the Great Morava.
  104. ^ Drainage area is hard to estimate due to the connectivity of the karst system. The most detailed level of HydroBasins data gives a lower drainage area (87197 km2) as it excludes local basins connected as such.
  105. ^ The 140 km Tara is the larger and longer of the two source rivers of the 346 km Drina. The most detailed level of HydroBasins data gives a lower drainage area (18820 km2) as it excludes local basins connected underground via the karst system.
  106. ^ Drainage area is hard to estimate due to the connectivity of the karst system. The most detailed level of HydroBasins data gives a lower drainage area (8076 km2) as it excludes local basins connected underground as such.
  107. ^ The 415 km Someș joins the Tisza 696 km before its mouth in the Danube.[2] The average discharge is that measured at Szeged, which is higher than at places downstream.
  108. ^ The Tisza used to be 1,419 km long, but through canalization between 1846 and 1880 was reduced to its current length of 966 km. The average discharge is for that at Szeged, where it is higher than at places downstream.
  109. ^ Average discharge as measured at Arad, where it is higher than at places downstream.
  110. ^ The 286 km Hornád river joins the 229 km Sajó 32 km before the latter streams into the Tisza.
  111. ^ Latorica (188 km) and Ondava (147 km) join to form the Bodrog (67 km)
  112. ^ At the junction 47 km from its nominal source, the upper Drau is in every hydrological aspect a tributary of the Isel. The longer Isel, 65 km from the Schwarzach source under the Rötspitze, continues straight, is on average almost 3x larger in volume, and drains twice as large a basin. Below the junction the Drau/Drava is 663 km long.
  113. ^ Zala (139 km) is the longest and primary inflow of Lake Balaton. 70 km across, Balaton is drained by the 121 km Sió, a water course created in the 3rd century CE.
  114. ^ The 78 km Schwarza is the longest source river of the 180 km Leitha.
  115. ^ The 311 km Thaya flows into the Morava 91 km before it joins the Danube
  116. ^ The Austrian a.k.a. German Thaya (76 km) joins the Moravian Thaya (68 km) to form Thaya proper (235 km). The catchment area of 12,772 km2 given in the source[194] accidentally excludes the Kyjovka tributary.
  117. ^ Leutascher Ache (30 km) joins the Isar (291.5 km) 26.1 km below its source.
  118. ^ The Breitach (24.3 km from Turabach source) joins with the Trettach (15.6 km) to form the Iller (146 km).
  119. ^ The Southern Bug is 857 km long when including its liman; the given drainage area does include the Inhul, which empties in this liman.
  120. ^ Vovcha (323 km) joins the Samara 222 km below its source and 98 km before their discharge in the Dnieper.
  121. ^ 327 km Uday flows into the Sula (363 km) about 120 km above Sula merges into the Dnieper.
  122. ^ The 659 km Horyn joins the Pripyat 395 km above its confluence with the Dnieper
  123. ^ The 520 km Voronezh (starting from the Polnoy Voronezh source) flows into the Don 1403 above its mouth in the Sea of Azov
  124. ^ Kalaus (436 km) is the upstream section of Manych (nominally 420 km); Kalaus used to split up into the (West) Manych and East Kanych, but the east branch has been dammed off. The 78 km long Yankul joins the Kalaus 365 km before it changes its name to Manych.
  125. ^ The 218 km long Yelan joins the 249 km Tersa 108 km before Tersa flows into the Medveditsa
  126. ^ The Serdoba (160 km) joins the Khopyor (979 km) 128 km after Khopyor's source
  127. ^ The Chembar (119 km including the upper Chembar) joins the Vorona (454 km) 392 km before the Vorona flows into the Khopyor.
  128. ^ The 178 km Polnoy Voronezh joins the 164 km Lesnoy Voronezh to form the 342 km Voronezh proper
  129. ^ Length includes the Ullukam source river, which at its confluence with Uchkulan forms the Kuban.
  130. ^ The 22 km Bolshoy Pshish is the longer source river of the 258 km Pshish proper
  131. ^ The discharge below the reservoir is reduced to 40 m3/s
  132. ^ Discharge is that for the north and south arm of the delta combined.
  133. ^ Many other sources, e.g. [2], give a 1515 km length, but this is not supported by the HydroBasins data.
  134. ^ Many other sources, e.g. [3], give a 1264 km length, but this is not supported by the HydroBasins data. The combined length of the Araks-lower Kura system is nearly as long as the Kura itself.
  135. ^ The discharge is for the middle part of the river; at the mouth it is only 9.8 m3/s due to agricultural use and divergence of water towards the Tbilisi reservoir. Before the completion of the Mingachevir reservoir it was a tributary of the Alazani.
  136. ^ In Georgia, the Pirikiti Alazani (44 km) and Tushetis Alazani (48 km) form the Andi Koysu, which 144 km later joins the Avar Koysu (178 km) to form the 169 km long Sulak River.
  137. ^ The Oka River, 1559 km starting from the Uperta source river, joins the Volga 1299 km below its source and 2231 km before its discharge in the Caspian Sea.
  138. ^ The 1967 km Kama (1805 km river and 162 km fairway through a full Kuybyshev Reservoir) joins the Volga 1804 km above the mouth. The Kama has a nearly identical mean discharge and length as the Volga (it may have been significantly longer before the reservoirs were created),[259] while unlike the Volga it doesn't change direction at the meeting point, so that hydrologically the Volga could be considered a tributary of the Kama.
  139. ^ Akhtuba is a distributary of Volga that flows parallel to it, joining at multiple places.
  140. ^ Before the filling of the Volgograd Reservoir in 1961, the Yeruslan was at least 400 km long and had a catchment area of more than 12,000 km2.
  141. ^ Bolshaya Glushitsa (65 km) joins Bolshoy Irgiz (675 km) 61 km below its source
  142. ^ Chernava (75 km) joins Maly Irgiz (235 km) 48km below its source.
  143. ^ Includes the 14 km Su-Elga source stream
  144. ^ Bitkul (34 km) joins Tok (306 km) 28 km below its source.
  145. ^ Before the filling of the Kuybyshev Reservoir in 1957, the Cheremshan was at least 440 km long and had a catchment area of more than 15,300 km2.
  146. ^ The catchment area and length include the Kama-derived part of the Kuybyshev Reservoir. At full capacity, the reservoir extends to the junction with the Vyatka, shortening Kama as a river to 1805 km. Before the creation of the four large reservoirs in its course, the Kama was 2030 km long up to the junction with the Volga.[259]
  147. ^ 56 km Lesnaya Sheshma joins 259 km Sheshma proper 47 km below Sheshma's source
  148. ^ The 96 km Belaya source river joins the 1314 km Vyatka 92 km below Vyatka's source.
  149. ^ 107 km Ut joins the 270 km Kilmez 188 km before Kilmez flows into Vyatka
  150. ^ Palomka (44 km) joins the Moloma (419 km) 28 km below Moloma's source
  151. ^ 127 km Loza joins the 501 km Cheptsa 102 km below Cheptsa's source
  152. ^ The 91 km Tyatep joins the 535 km Dyoma 70 km below Dyoma's source.
  153. ^ The 549 km long Ay joins the Ufa 382 km before that flows in to the Belaya.
  154. ^ The 307 km Inzer joins the 239 km Sim just 6 km before that flows into the Belaya. Before their junction, Sim's discharge is >48 m3/s and Inzer's is 51 to 67 m3/s, but the 6 km joined stretch is named Sim.
  155. ^ Includes the catchment area of the Sylva tributary. Since the building of the Kama Hydroelectric Station both rivers now feed into an arm of the Kama Reservoir.
  156. ^ Typyl (68 km) joins Kosva (238 km), 53 km below the source of the Kosva.
  157. ^ a b c Drainage area but not the length includes the reservoir arm derived from the river.
  158. ^ Kolva (460 km) joins the Vishera (415 km) just 34 km before the Vishera streams into the Kama.
  159. ^ Discharge unknown; calculated from the fraction of the Vishera basin comprised by the Kolva basin.
  160. ^ The 234 km Glukhaya Vilva joins the 176 km Yazva 38 km before that flows into the Vishera.
  161. ^ The 41 km Malaya Sviyaga joins the 375 km Sviyaga 37 km after the latter's source.
  162. ^ The 219 km Vokhma joins the 889 km Vetluga, 207 km below Veluga's source
  163. ^ The Kadada (153 km from its Tahtala source) joins the 841 km Sura 137 km below the source of the Sura itself.
  164. ^ The 70 km Cheka joins the 436 km Pyana 53 km below its source.
  165. ^ The 168 km Cheka joins the 296 km Alatyr 160 km below the source of the Alatyr itself.
  166. ^ The 63 km long Uperta joins the 345 km Upa 52 km below its source. Upa then flows into the 1504 km-long Oka 1203 km before the Oka joins the Volga.
  167. ^ Azyas (40 km) joins Moksha (656 km) 36 km below Moksha's source
  168. ^ Osinovka (37 km) joins Tsna (451 km) 31 km below Tsna's source.
  169. ^ The 145 km Ruza joins the 473 km long Moskva 342 km before the Moskva flows into the Oka. Before canalization, the Moskva itself was 502 km long
  170. ^ The 64 km Demina joins the 399 km Ugra 27 km below its source.
  171. ^ The 63 km Uperta joins the 345 km Upa 293 km before that joins the Oka.
  172. ^ The 426 km long Unzha originates at the confluence of the 105 km long Kema and 89 km long Lyndonga rivers.
  173. ^ The Sheksna was about 700 km long and had a catchment area of ca 39,000 km2 before the creation of the Rybinsk Reservoir in 1947.
  174. ^ The 184 km long Suda originates from the confluence of the Noshema (77 km) and the Koloshma (68 km)
  175. ^ The Mologa was about 700 km long and had a catchment area of over 37,000 km2 before the creation of the Rybinsk Reservoir in 1947.
  176. ^ The 146 km long Lid joins the 242 km Chagodoshcha 140 km before it flows into the Mologa.
  177. ^ The average discharge is measured at stations in the upper part of the river.
  178. ^ Discharge unknown; calculated from the fraction of the Ilek basin comprised by the Khobda basin.

References

edit
  1. ^ Planul de management al spațiului hidrografic Siret, Administrația Națională Apele Române
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca United Nations. Economic Commission for Europe, Our Waters: Joining Hands Across Borders : First Assessment of Transboundary Rivers, Lakes and Groundwaters [permanent dead link], United Nations Publications, 2007] and "ECE Second Assessment" (PDF). Economic Commission for Europe. (note: large pdf file)
  3. ^ HydroBASINS at the HydroSHEDs website
  4. ^ "Kara". SWRR.
  5. ^ "Korotaikha". SWRR.
  6. ^ "Pechora". SWRR.
  7. ^ "Pechora At Oksino". R-ArcticNet.
  8. ^ "Sula (Pechora)". SWRR.
  9. ^ "Shapkina". SWRR.
  10. ^ "Tsilma". SWRR.
  11. ^ "Pizhma (Komi Republic)". SWRR.
  12. ^ "Izhma". SWRR.
  13. ^ "Izhma At Izhma". R-ArcticNet.
  14. ^ "Laya". SWRR.
  15. ^ "Usa (Komi Republic)". SWRR.
  16. ^ "Kolva (Usa)". SWRR.
  17. ^ "Adzva". SWRR.
  18. ^ "Kosyu". SWRR.
  19. ^ "Bolshaya Rogovaya". SWRR.
  20. ^ "Shchugor". SWRR.
  21. ^ "Ilych". SWRR.
  22. ^ "Voronya"., "Lake Lovozero". and "Kurga". SWRR.
  23. ^ "Tuloma". SWRR.
  24. ^ "Patso-Yoky At GES Rayakosky". R-ArcticNet.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj Nilsson, Reidy, Dynesius and Revenga (2005). "Fragmentation and Flow Regulation of the World's Large River Systems" (PDF). Science. 308 (5720): 405–408. Bibcode:2005Sci...308..405N. doi:10.1126/science.1107887. PMID 15831757. S2CID 34820022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-30. Retrieved 2017-11-21.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Provides the "Virgin mean annual discharge[, which] refers to the most water-rich river channel section, in most cases close to the estuary, before any significant direct human manipulation" for a number of primary rivers.
  26. ^ a b c d e "Icelandic Statistics". National Land Survey of Iceland. Archived from the original on 2016-09-13. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
  27. ^ a b c "Län och huvudavrinnings- områden i Sverige" (PDF). Sveriges meteorologiska och hydrologiska institut. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-09-28. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
  28. ^ Jacobus Hofstede. "Elbe Estuary" (PDF). Eurosion.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h i Michael Bergemann (2015). "Gesamtliste der Fließgewässer im Elbeeinzugsgebiet" (PDF). Behörde für Umwelt und Energie. (802 kb PDF)
  30. ^ a b c d e f Flusssystem der Weser (German wikipedia article with many official sources)[circular reference]
  31. ^ a b c d e f g "Riverine Inputs and Direct Discharges to Convention Waters"., OSPAR Contracting Parties’ RID 2011 Data Report. Long-Term Average discharge (in 1000m3/day) and some catchment area data are in Annex 5, pp 68-76 (PDF file)
  32. ^ a b c d Basin area from Nordrhein-Westfalen Flussgebietsverzeichnis (MS Excel; 2,3 MB)
  33. ^ Hydrological trends IJsselmeer (in Dutch)
  34. ^ Beheersgebied Oude Ijssel Archived 2022-05-24 at the Wayback Machine (in Dutch)
  35. ^ a b c See the references in the German wikipedia article de:Flusssystem der Mosel[circular reference]
  36. ^ a b c d e f g "Bach- und Flussgebiete in Bayern". Bayerisches Landesamt für Umwelt.
  37. ^ See the references in the German wikipedia article de:Flusssystem des Neckar[circular reference]
  38. ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Ill (A---0030)".
  39. ^ a b c "Hydrological Atlas of Switzerland - Characteristics of Basins". 1992.
  40. ^ H.E.J. Berger, A.L. Mugie, Hydrologische systeembeschrijving Maas, Den Haag 1994
  41. ^ a b c "International Scheldt river basin district" (PDF).
  42. ^ References in nl:Stroomgebied van de Schelde[circular reference]
  43. ^ Bailey, David (15 May 2012). "Could the River Thames be longer than the River Severn?". BBC News.
  44. ^ Discharge extrapolated from Ely Ouse at Denver Complex gauging station.
  45. ^ Trent at North Muskham gaugin station
  46. ^ Discharge extrapolated from Aire at Beal Weir, Ouse at Skelton, Derwent at Stamford Bridge, and Wharfe at Tadcaster gauge stations
  47. ^ "Tweed Forum Catchment Facts". Archived from the original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
  48. ^ Discharge extrapolated from Tweed at Norham and Whiteadder Water at Hutton Castle gauging stations.
  49. ^ Discharge extrapolated from Tay at Ballathie, Earn at Forteviot Bridge, and Almond at Almondbank gauging stations.
  50. ^ Spey at Boat o Brig gauging station
  51. ^ "Mezen". SWRR.
  52. ^ "Pyoza". SWRR.
  53. ^ "Peza At Igumnovo". R-ArcticNet. (at 80% of drainage area)
  54. ^ "Vashka". SWRR.
  55. ^ "Kuloy (White Sea)". SWRR.
  56. ^ a b "Northern Dvina". SWRR.
  57. ^ "Pinega". SWRR.
  58. ^ "Yula". SWRR.
  59. ^ "Yemtsa". SWRR.
  60. ^ "Vaga". and "Ustya". SWRR.
  61. ^ "Vaga". SWRR.
  62. ^ "Ustya". SWRR.
  63. ^ "Kokshenga". SWRR.
  64. ^ "Vychegda". SWRR.
  65. ^ "Viled". SWRR.
  66. ^ "Yarenga". SWRR.
  67. ^ "Vym". SWRR.
  68. ^ "Yolva". SWRR.
  69. ^ "Yelva At Meshura". R-ArcticNet.
  70. ^ "Sysola". SWRR.
  71. ^ "Susola At Pervomaisky". R-ArcticNet.
  72. ^ "Lokchim". SWRR.
  73. ^ "Vishera (Komi Republic)". SWRR.
  74. ^ "Nem". SWRR.
  75. ^ "Yug". and "Luza". SWRR.
  76. ^ "Yug". SWRR.
  77. ^ "Yug At Gavrino". R-ArcticNet.
  78. ^ "Luza". SWRR.
  79. ^ "Sukhona". SWRR.
  80. ^ "Onega"., "Svid". and "Vozhega". SWRR.
  81. ^ "Onega At Porog". R-ArcticNet.
  82. ^ "Onega". SWRR.
  83. ^ "Voloshka". SWRR.
  84. ^ "Lower Vyg".
  85. ^ "Nyzhny Vig (Soroka) At Vigostrov". R-ArcticNet.
  86. ^ "Lower Vyg". and "Upper Vyg". SWRR.
  87. ^ "Segezha". and "Voloma". SWRR.
  88. ^ "Kem". and "Čirka-Kem". SWRR.
  89. ^ "Kem". and "Pista". SWRR.
  90. ^ a b "Kovda". SWRR.
  91. ^ "Valasreka". SWRR.
  92. ^ "Niva". SWRR.
  93. ^ "Varzuga". SWRR.
  94. ^ "Ponoy". SWRR.
  95. ^ "Ponoy At Ponoy". R-ArcticNet.
  96. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Statistik om älvar". Archived from the original on 2007-03-11.
  97. ^ "Hydropower Hotspots in the Baltic Sea Catchment Area" (PDF). Coalition Clean Baltic. March 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-07. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
  98. ^ a b "Neva". SWRR.
  99. ^ "Vuoksi". SWRR.
  100. ^ "Svir".
  101. ^ "Oyat". SWRR.
  102. ^ "Shuya (Karelia)". SWRR.
  103. ^ "Suna". SWRR.
  104. ^ "Vodla"., "Ileksa". SWRR. and "Олова". SWRR.
  105. ^ "Syas". SWRR.
  106. ^ "Volkhov". SWRR.
  107. ^ "Msta". and "Tsna". SWRR.
  108. ^ "Pola". SWRR.
  109. ^ "Lovat". SWRR.
  110. ^ "Shelon". SWRR.
  111. ^ "Luga". and "Oredezh". SWRR.
  112. ^ "Luga". SWRR.
  113. ^ "Plyussa". SWRR.
  114. ^ "Velikaya". SWRR.
  115. ^ "Эмайыги". GSE.
  116. ^ "River Pärnu, Estonia" (PDF). Partnership for European Environmental Research. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-02-25. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
  117. ^ Alviekste basin (in Latvian)
  118. ^ "Pregolya". and "Lava". SWRR.
  119. ^ "Pregolya". and "Angrapa". SWRR.
  120. ^ "Łyna". Rzeki Polski.
  121. ^ "Laba". SWRR.
  122. ^ a b "Vistula". Rzeki Polski.
  123. ^ "Wkra". Rzeki Polski.
  124. ^ "Narew". Rzeki Polski.
  125. ^ "Western Bug". Rzeki Polski.
  126. ^ "Pilica". Rzeki Polski.
  127. ^ "Wieprz". Rzeki Polski. & mean flow of Wieprz
  128. ^ "San". Rzeki Polski.
  129. ^ "Dunajec". Rzeki Polski.
  130. ^ a b Piotr Kowalczak (2006). "Flood Risk Management in the Odra Basin" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
  131. ^ "Noteć". Rzeki Polski.
  132. ^ "Transnational Pilot River Basin: Lusatian Neisse" (PDF).
  133. ^ "Bóbr". Rzeki Polski.
  134. ^ Discharge extrapolated from Clyde at Daldowie, Kelvin at Killermont, White Cart Water at Hawkhead, and Black Cart Water at Milliken Park gauge stations
  135. ^ South Eastern River Basin District Management System Physical Description Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
  136. ^ "The Mersey Gateway Project - Hydrodynamics and Estuarine Processes" (PDF).
  137. ^ "Wye". UK Environmental Change Network. Archived from the original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
  138. ^ Discharge extrapolated from Severn at Haw Bridge, Leadon at Wedderburn Bridge, and Frome at Ebley Mill gauge stations
  139. ^ a b c Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Seine (----0010)".
  140. ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Eure (H4--0200)".
  141. ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Oise (H---0100)".
  142. ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - L'Aisne (H1--0200)". and Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - L'Aire (H11-0400)".
  143. ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Marne (F---0100)".
  144. ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Yonne (F3--0200)".
  145. ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Aube (F1--0200)".
  146. ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Vilaine (J---0060)".
  147. ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Loire (----0000)".
  148. ^ "La Loire à Saint-Nazaire". Archived from the original on 2021-12-26. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
  149. ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Maine (M4--0190)".
  150. ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Mayenne (M---0090)".
  151. ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Sarthe (M---0060)".
  152. ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Loir (M1--0160)".
  153. ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Vienne (L---0060)".
  154. ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Creuse (L---0070)".
  155. ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Indre (K7--0260)".
  156. ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Cher (K---0090)".
  157. ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Allier (K---0080)".
  158. ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Charente (R---0000)".
  159. ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Dordogne (P---0000)".
  160. ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Isle (P---0150)".
  161. ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Vézère (P---0100)".
  162. ^ a b Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Garonne (O---0000)".
  163. ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Lot (O---0150)".
  164. ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Tarn (O---0100)".
  165. ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Aveyron (O5--0250)".
  166. ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Ariège (O1--0250)".
  167. ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Adour (Q---0000)".
  168. ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Gave de Pau (Q---0100)".
  169. ^ "Tagus Watershed". Rivers Network. Archived from the original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
  170. ^ a b "Ríos y Arroyos importantes". Confederacion Hidrografica del Guadiana.
  171. ^ Delgado, F., Raya, E. y Nania, L. (2015): Determinación del cauce principal de un río mediante herramientas SIG y análisis multicriterio: aplicación al río Guadalquivir. En Simposio del Agua en Andalucía (SIAGA). Málaga.
  172. ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Aude (Y1--0200)".
  173. ^ "Rhône Watershed". Rivers Network. Archived from the original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
  174. ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Rhône (V---0000)".
  175. ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Durance (X---0000)".
  176. ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Isère (W---0000)".
  177. ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Saône (U---0000)".
  178. ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Doubs (U2--0200)".
  179. ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Ain (V2--0200)".
  180. ^ "Po Watershed". Rivers Network. Archived from the original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
  181. ^ a b "Zustand der Südtiroler Fließgewässer" (PDF). Südtiroler Landesverwaltung.
  182. ^ a b c "The coastline of Albania : morphology, evolution and coastal management issues" (PDF). ciesm.org. p. 8.
  183. ^ Georgi Zhelezov, Sustainable Development in Mountain Regions: Southeastern Europe, Springer, 2015
  184. ^ "Maritsa Watershed". Rivers Network. Archived from the original on 2018-05-28. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
  185. ^ "Ergene river basin protection plan" (PDF). Turkish Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs.
  186. ^ Biogeography and Ecology of Bulgaria. Springer Science & Business Media. 2007. ISBN 9781402044175.
  187. ^ "Prut". IEU.
  188. ^ "Ecological state assessment of the Upper Dambovita River basin" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2017-11-24.
  189. ^ Danube Basin station Sremska Mitrovica
  190. ^ a b c d "Danube Watershed". Rivers Network. Archived from the original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
  191. ^ a b c "Sava River Basin Flood Study: HEC-HMS Technical Documentation Report" (PDF). 2017.
  192. ^ "Serbian part of the Sava river basin" (PDF).
  193. ^ a b c Joint Drava River Corridor Analysis Report Archived 2016-06-10 at the Wayback Machine, 27 November 2014
  194. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Das Flächenverzeichnis - die Ordnung unserer Gewässer". Bundesministerium für Land - und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft.
  195. ^ "Der Inn und sein Einzugsgebiet" (PDF).
  196. ^ "Dniester". IEU.
  197. ^ "Southern Bug". IEU.
  198. ^ "Inhul". IEU.
  199. ^ "Synyukha". IEU.
  200. ^ "Synyukha". GSE.
  201. ^ "Inhulets". GSE.
  202. ^ "Samara". GSE.
  203. ^ "Vovcha". GSE.
  204. ^ "Vorskla". IEU.
  205. ^ "Psel". IEU.
  206. ^ "Khorol". IEU.
  207. ^ a b "Sula". IEU. & "Сула (река, приток Днепра)". GSE.
  208. ^ a b "Udai". IEU. & "Удай)". GSE.
  209. ^ "Ros". IEU.
  210. ^ "Desna". IEU.
  211. ^ "Snov". GSE.
  212. ^ "Seim". IEU.
  213. ^ "Teteriv". IEU.
  214. ^ "Pripyat". GSE.
  215. ^ "Uzh". IEU.
  216. ^ "Ptsich". GSE.
  217. ^ "Ubort". GSE.
  218. ^ "Horyn". IEU.
  219. ^ "Southern Sluch". IEU. Archived from the original on 2019-09-28. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
  220. ^ "Styr". GSE.
  221. ^ "Sozh". GSE.
  222. ^ "Iput". GSE.
  223. ^ "Besed". GSE.
  224. ^ "Ostyor". GSE.
  225. ^ "Berezina". GSE.
  226. ^ "Drut". GSE.
  227. ^ a b "Don". SWRR.
  228. ^ "Manych". and "Kalaus". SWRR.
  229. ^ "Yegorlyk". SWRR.
  230. ^ "Sal (Russia)". SWRR.
  231. ^ "Donets". SWRR.
  232. ^ "Kalitva". SWRR.
  233. ^ "Aidar". SWRR.
  234. ^ "Oskol". SWRR.
  235. ^ "Chir". SWRR.
  236. ^ "Ilovlya". SWRR.
  237. ^ "Medveditsa (Don basin)". SWRR.
  238. ^ "Tersa (Medveditsa)". SWRR.
  239. ^ "Khopyor". and "Serdoba". SWRR.
  240. ^ "Buzuluk (Volgograd Oblast)". SWRR.
  241. ^ "Savala". SWRR.
  242. ^ "Vorona (Russia)". and "Chembar". SWRR.
  243. ^ "Bityug". SWRR.
  244. ^ "Voronezh". SWRR.
  245. ^ "Bystraya Sosna". SWRR.
  246. ^ a b c d Shalva Jaoshvili. "The rivers of the Black Sea" (PDF). European Environment Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-07. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
  247. ^ "Pshish". SWRR.
  248. ^ "Belaya (Kuban)". SWRR.
  249. ^ a b "Water quality in the Kura-Ara basin". UNDP. 2006. Archived from the original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
  250. ^ "Alazani/Ganikh River Basin" (PDF). Swedish Royal Institute of Technology.
  251. ^ a b Rapid Assessment of the Rioni and Alazani-Iori River Basins of Georgia, 2011
  252. ^ "Sulak". SWRR.
  253. ^ "Terek". SWRR.
  254. ^ "Sunzha". SWRR.
  255. ^ "Malka". SWRR.
  256. ^ "Kuma (Russia)". SWRR.
  257. ^ a b c "Volga". SWRR.
    Volgograd gauging station data Archived 2011-11-12 at the Wayback Machine
  258. ^ a b c "Oka". SWRR.
  259. ^ a b Rivers of Europe, p. 61
  260. ^ a b "Kama". SWRR.
  261. ^ "Akhtuba (river)". SWRR.
  262. ^ "Yeruslan". SWRR.
  263. ^ "Tereshka". SWRR.
  264. ^ "Bolshoy Irgiz". SWRR.
  265. ^ "Maly Irgiz". and "ЧЕРНАВА". SWRR.
  266. ^ "Chapayevka". SWRR.
  267. ^ "Samara". SWRR.
  268. ^ "Bolshoy Kinel". SWRR.
  269. ^ "Tok". and "Bitkul". SWRR.
  270. ^ "Sok". SWRR.
  271. ^ "Kondurcha". SWRR.
  272. ^ "Bolshoy Cheremshan". SWRR.
  273. ^ "Sheshma". and "Lesnaya Sheshma". SWRR.
  274. ^ "Vyatka". SWRR.
  275. ^ "Kilmez". and "Ut River". SWRR.
  276. ^ "Pizhma (Vyatka basin)". SWRR.
  277. ^ "Moloma". SWRR.
  278. ^ "Чепца". and "Лоза". SWRR.
  279. ^ "Letka". SWRR.
  280. ^ "Kobra (Viatka)". SWRR.
  281. ^ "Ik". SWRR.
  282. ^ "Izh". SWRR.
  283. ^ "Belaya". SWRR.
  284. ^ "Bystry Tanyp". SWRR.
  285. ^ "Dyoma". SWRR.
  286. ^ "Ufa". and "Ay River". SWRR.
  287. ^ "Ufa". SWRR.
  288. ^ "Yuryuzan". SWRR.
  289. ^ "Ay". SWRR.
  290. ^ "Sim". and "Inzer". SWRR.
  291. ^ "Chusovaya". SWRR.
  292. ^ "Sylva". SWRR.
  293. ^ "Usva". SWRR.
  294. ^ "Kosva". and "Typyl". SWRR.
  295. ^ "Inva". SWRR.
  296. ^ "Yayva". SWRR.
  297. ^ a b "Vishera (Perm Krai)". SWRR.
  298. ^ "Kolva". SWRR.
  299. ^ "Kolva (Perm Krai)". SWRR.
  300. ^ "Yazva". and "Glukhaya Vilva". SWRR.
  301. ^ "Kosa". SWRR.
  302. ^ "Veslyana". SWRR.
  303. ^ "Sviyaga". SWRR.
  304. ^ "Bolshaya Kokshaga". SWRR.
  305. ^ "Vetluga". SWRR.
  306. ^ "Usta (Russia)". SWRR.
  307. ^ "Sura". and "Kadada". SWRR.
  308. ^ "Pyana". and "Cheka". SWRR.
  309. ^ "Alatyr". SWRR.
  310. ^ "Kerzhenets". SWRR.
  311. ^ a b "Upa". SWRR.
  312. ^ "Klyazma". SWRR.
  313. ^ "Nerl (Klyazma)". SWRR.
  314. ^ "Tyosha". SWRR.
  315. ^ "Moksha". and "АЗЯСЬ". SWRR.
  316. ^ "Tsna (Moksha basin)". and "Osinovka". SWRR.
  317. ^ "Pronya (Russia)". SWRR.
  318. ^ "Moskva". and "Ruza". SWRR.
  319. ^ "Protva". SWRR.
  320. ^ "Ugra (Oka)". and "Demina". SWRR.
  321. ^ "Unzha". SWRR.
  322. ^ "Neya". SWRR.
  323. ^ "Kostroma". SWRR.
  324. ^ "Sheksna". SWRR.
  325. ^ "Suda". and "Nozhema". SWRR.
  326. ^ "Mologa". SWRR.
  327. ^ "Chagodoshcha". and "Lid". SWRR.
  328. ^ "Medveditsa (Volga basin)". SWRR.
  329. ^ "Ural". SWRR.
  330. ^ "Chagan". SWRR.
  331. ^ "Ilek". SWRR.
  332. ^ "Bolshaya Khobda". SWRR.
  333. ^ "Sakmara". SWRR.
  334. ^ "Bolshoy Ik". SWRR.
  335. ^ "Or". SWRR.
  336. ^ "European Rivers". worldatlas.com. 29 April 2021.
  337. ^ "River Systems of the World". Archived from the original on 2009-09-19.
  338. ^ danube.panda.org/wwf/web/search/details.jsp?pid=139
  339. ^ Мезень (река). Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on September 19, 2012.
SWRR = State Water Register of Russia; GSE = Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969–1978 edition; IEU = Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine.
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