Robert Sandifer (March 12, 1983[1] – September 1, 1994) (also known as Yummy) was an African-American boy from Chicago, Illinois. His murder by fellow gang members in Chicago garnered national attention because of his age,[2][3][4][5] resulting in his appearance on the cover of Time magazine in September 1994.[4] His nickname originates from his love for cookies.[6] Standing 4 ft 6 in (137 cm), Sandifer was a young member of the Chicago street gang the Black Disciples (BD).
Robert Sandifer | |
|---|---|
 Mugshot of Sandifer | |
| Born | March 12, 1983 |
| Died | September 1, 1994 (aged 11) Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Cause of death | Gunshot wounds |
| Other names | "Yummy" |
| Occupation(s) | Street gang member (Black Disciples) |
| Criminal status | Deceased |
| Criminal charge | Arson, armed robbery, drug possession |
| Penalty | Probation |
After committing murder, theft, and armed robbery, he was murdered by his own fellow gang members who feared Sandifer could become a “snitch” and expose their criminal activities to authorities if he were arrested. Coverage of Sandifer's death and retrospectives on his short, violent life were widely published in the American media. Sandifer became a symbol of the gang problem in American inner cities, the failure of social safety nets, and the shortcomings of the juvenile justice system.
Early life
editRobert Sandifer was born in Chicago, Illinois, on March 12, 1983. Sandifer's mother, Lorina Sandifer, had over 30 arrests while prostituting,[7] many of which were drug-related. Sandifer's father, Robert Akins, was absent throughout Sandifer's life due to incarceration for a felony gun charge. Sandifer was physically abused from the time he was an infant.[6]
Before he was three years old, Sandifer was already known to the Illinois Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS). Physical examinations showed that Sandifer was alleged to have had cigarette burns on his arms and neck as well as linear bruising consistent with physical beatings. Lorina initially blamed the abuse on Sandifer's father, although she later recanted.[8]
In 1987, Sandifer and his siblings were removed from his mother's home by DCFS and were sent to live with their grandmother in the Roseland neighborhood of Chicago. His grandmother's residence contained as many as 19 children on some occasions. By most accounts, his grandmother's home was not much better than Sandifer's previous home.[8]
Sandifer by the age of eight quit attending school and began to roam the streets stealing cars and breaking into houses. At the age of ten, Sandifer was arrested on charges of armed robbery. A psychological examiner at the time reported that "Robert is a child growing up without any encouragement and support," and that he "has a sense of failure that has infiltrated almost every aspect of his inner self."[8]
In 1993, Sandifer and his siblings were removed from his grandmother's home and were sent to the Lawrence Hall DCFS shelter on Chicago's North Side, from which Sandifer ran away and never returned. From 1993 until his death, Sandifer's whereabouts and living arrangements remain unclear, although he continued to be arrested by the authorities.[3]
Murder of Shavon Dean
editOn August 28, 1994, Sandifer was ordered to do a favor for his gang. He opened fire several times with a 9-millimeter semiautomatic pistol, striking several youths. Sandifer quickly fled the scene. Among his victims was a 14-year-old girl, Shavon Dean, who was fatally hit by a stray bullet.[9]
Death
editAfter the shooting, the police were looking for Sandifer, who was hiding with gang members in his neighborhood.[9] On August 31, 1994, while standing on a neighbor's porch after asking to call his grandmother and asking for prayers as he was going to turn himself in,[10] Sandifer was met by brothers Cragg Hardaway, 16, and Derrick Hardaway, 14, who were both members of the Black Disciples street gang. Sandifer was told he was being taken to a safe location out of town and ordered into a waiting car.[9]
Instead, he was taken to a railroad underpass at East 108th Street and South Dauphin Avenue and told to get on his knees. While kneeling, Sandifer was shot twice in the back of the head by the two Hardaway brothers.[9] Sandifer's body was discovered by the Chicago Police Department in the early morning hours of September 1, 1994.[11][12]
Around 400 people attended Sandifer's funeral, which was held at the Youth Center of the Church of God in Christ on Chicago's Northwest Side.[13]
The two Hardaway brothers were later convicted of Robert Sandifer's murder.[11][12] Derrick received a 45-year sentence and Cragg received a 60-year sentence. Derrick was released from prison in December 2016. Cragg was released from prison in December 2020.[14]
In popular media
edit- Yummy: the Last Days of a Southside Shorty, a graphic novel
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "The Sad Chicago Story of Yummy Sandifer". July 16, 2017.
- ^ Long, Elizabeth Valk (September 19, 1994). "To Our Readers". Time. Archived from the original on January 22, 2011. Retrieved March 30, 2011.
- ^ a b Gibbs, Nancy R.; Grace, Julie; Hull, Jon D. (September 19, 1994). "Murder in Miniature". Time. Archived from the original on April 28, 2007. Retrieved March 30, 2011.
- ^ a b Grace, Julie (September 12, 1994). "There Are No Children Here". Time. Archived from the original on January 22, 2008. Retrieved March 30, 2011.
- ^ Hewitt, Bill (September 19, 1994). "Death at an Early Age". People. pp. 52–54. Retrieved March 30, 2011.
- ^ a b Powers, Mike (Winter 1995). "Stop the Violence". Human Ecology Forum. 23 (1).
- ^ "Too Young to Kill, Too Young to Die – Robert "Yummy" Sandifer • Morbidology". January 19, 2018.
- ^ a b c Papajohn, George (September 2, 1994). "Robert: Executed At 11". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved June 10, 2019.
- ^ a b c d "Two fellow gang members charged in execution of 11-year-old". Daily Herald. Associated Press. September 3, 1994. p. 6. Archived from the original on September 19, 2023. Retrieved September 18, 2023 – via NewspaperArchive.
- ^ Buckley, William Lee, Madeline (August 30, 2019). "11-year-old 'Yummy' Sandifer was on the run for killing a teenage girl. Then he was killed by his own gang in a Chicago story that shocked the nation 25 years ago". chicagotribune.com.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Sharon Cohen (December 18, 2007). "Locked up at 14 for an infamous murder, living with regrets and dreaming of a future". Star-News. Archived from the original on December 14, 2013. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
- ^ a b Lee, William; Buckley, Madeline (August 30, 2019). "11-year-old 'Yummy' Sandifer was on the run for killing a teenage girl. Then he was killed by his own gang in a Chicago story that shocked the nation 25 years ago". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved August 31, 2019.
- ^ Terry, Don (September 8, 1994). "In an 11-Year-Old's Funeral, a Grim Lesson". The New York Times. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
- ^ Bogert, Carroll (November 20, 2020). "I Wasn't a Superpredator. I Was a Kid Who Made a Terrible Decision". The Marshall Project. Retrieved April 6, 2021.