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Robert Todd Lincoln

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"Robert Lincoln" redirects here. For other uses, see Robert Lincoln (disambiguation).

Robert Todd Lincoln (August 1, 1843 – July 26, 1926) was an American lawyer and businessman. The eldest son of President Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd Lincoln, he was the only one of their four children to survive past the teenage years and also the only to outlive both parents. Robert Lincoln became a business lawyer and company president, and served as both United States Secretary of War (1881–1885) and the U.S. Ambassador to Great Britain (1889–1893).

Robert Todd Lincoln
photograph
Lincoln c. 1870–1880
30th United States Minister to the United Kingdom
In office
May 25, 1889 – May 4, 1893
President
Preceded byEdward John Phelps
Succeeded byThomas F. Bayard (as Ambassador)
35th United States Secretary of War
In office
March 5, 1881 – March 4, 1885
President
Preceded byAlexander Ramsey
Succeeded byWilliam Crowninshield Endicott
Personal details
Born(1843-08-01)August 1, 1843
Springfield, Illinois, U.S.
DiedJuly 26, 1926(1926-07-26) (aged 82)
Manchester, Vermont, U.S.
Resting placeArlington National Cemetery
Political partyRepublican
Spouse
​
(m. 1868)​
Children
Parents
RelativesLincoln family
Education
Signature
Military service
AllegianceUnited States
Branch/serviceUnion Army
Years of serviceFebruary 11 – June 12, 1865
RankCaptain
Battles/wars

Lincoln was born in Springfield, Illinois, and graduated from Harvard College. He then served on the staff of General Ulysses S. Grant as a captain in the Union Army in the closing days of the American Civil War. After the war was over, he married Mary Eunice Harlan, and they had three children together. Following completion of his law school studies in Chicago, he built a successful law practice, and became wealthy representing corporate clients.

Lincoln was often spoken of as a possible candidate for national office, including the presidency, but never took steps to mount a campaign. He served as Secretary of War in the administration of James A. Garfield, continuing under Chester A. Arthur, and as Minister to Great Britain in the Benjamin Harrison administration.

Lincoln became general counsel of the Pullman Company, and after founder George Pullman died in 1897, Lincoln assumed the company's presidency. After retiring from this position in 1911, Lincoln served as chairman of the board until 1924. In Lincoln's later years, he resided at homes in Washington, D.C., and Manchester, Vermont; the Manchester home, Hildene, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. In 1922, he took part in the dedication ceremonies for the Lincoln Memorial. Lincoln died at Hildene in July 1926, at age 82, and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

Early life

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Robert Todd Lincoln was born in Springfield, Illinois, on August 1, 1843, to Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd Lincoln. He had three younger brothers, Edward, William, and Tad. By the time Lincoln was born, his father had become a well-known member of the Whig political party and had previously served as a member of the Illinois state legislature for four terms. He was named after his maternal grandfather, Robert Smith Todd.[1]

Some commentators believe that Lincoln had a distant relationship with his father, in part because, during his formative years, Abraham Lincoln spent months on the judicial circuit.[2] Lincoln recalled, "During my childhood and early youth he was almost constantly away from home, attending court or making political speeches."[3][a] Abraham apparently realized that his being away had a potential impact on his sons as evidenced by the following quote from his April 16, 1848, letter to his wife: "don't let the blessed fellows forget Father".[7] One such example that gives insight into Robert's childhood in general was related by Joseph Humphreys, who had taken a train to Lexington, Kentucky, in 1847: "there were two lively youngsters on board who kept the whole train in a turmoil, and their long-legged father, instead of spanking the brats, looked pleased as Punch and aided and abetted the older one in mischief".[8]

Lincoln took the Harvard College entrance examination in 1859, but failed fifteen out of the sixteen subjects.[9] Subsequently, Lincoln was enrolled at Phillips Exeter Academy to prepare for college; he graduated Phillips Exeter in 1860.[10] Admitted to Harvard, he graduated in 1864, having been elected vice-president of the Hasty Pudding Club,[11] and was a member of the Delta Kappa Epsilon (Alpha chapter) fraternity.[12] Welsh author Jan Morris wrote that Robert Lincoln, "having failed fifteen out of sixteen subjects in the Harvard entrance examination, got in at last and emerged an unsympathetic bore."[13]

Civil War years

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After graduating from Harvard, Robert Lincoln enrolled at Harvard Law School.[11] Lincoln attended Harvard Law School from September 1864 to January 1865, but left after four months in order to join the Union Army.[11] In 1893, Harvard awarded Lincoln the honorary degree of LL.D.[14]

Mary Todd Lincoln prevented Robert Lincoln from joining the Army until shortly before the war's conclusion.[15] President Lincoln argued "our son is not more dear to us than the sons of other people are to their mothers." In January 1865, the First Lady gave in and President Lincoln wrote Ulysses Grant, asking if Robert could be placed on his staff.[16][17]

 
Robert Todd Lincoln (c. 1865)

On February 11, 1865, Lincoln was commissioned as an assistant adjutant with a captain's rank. He served in the last weeks of the American Civil War on General Grant's staff, a status which meant, in all likelihood, he would not be involved in actual combat.[18] He was present at Appomattox when Robert E. Lee surrendered.[15] He resigned his commission on June 12, 1865, and returned to civilian life.[19]

Lincoln was once saved from possible serious injury or death by Edwin Booth, whose brother, John Wilkes Booth, assassinated Robert's father. This event took place on a train platform in Jersey City, New Jersey. The exact date is uncertain, but it is believed to have taken place in late 1863 or early 1864, before John Wilkes Booth's assassination of President Lincoln. In a letter written in 1909 to the editor of The Century Magazine, Robert Lincoln recalled what had happened that day:[20]

The incident occurred while a group of passengers were late at night purchasing their sleeping car places from the conductor who stood on the station platform at the entrance of the car. The platform was about the height of the car floor, and there was of course a narrow space between the platform and the car body. There was some crowding, and I happened to be pressed by it against the car body while waiting my turn. In this situation the train began to move, and by the motion I was twisted off my feet, and had dropped somewhat, with feet downward, into the open space, and was personally helpless, when my coat collar was vigorously seized and I was quickly pulled up and out to a secure footing on the platform. Upon turning to thank my rescuer I saw it was Edwin Booth, whose face was of course well known to me, and I expressed my gratitude to him, and in doing so, called him by name.

Months afterwards, while serving on Grant's US Army staff, Robert Lincoln recalled the occurrence to Colonel Adam Badeau, a fellow officer who happened to be a friend of Edwin Booth's. Badeau sent a letter to Booth, complimenting the actor for his heroism. Before receiving the letter, Booth had been unaware that the man whose life he had saved on the train platform was the president's son. The knowledge of whom he had saved that day was said to have been of some comfort to Booth following his brother's assassination of the president.[21][22] Grant also sent Booth a letter of gratitude for his action.[23]

On the night his father was assassinated, Robert had turned down an invitation to accompany the Lincolns to Ford's Theatre due to fatigue after spending much of his recent time in a covered wagon at the battlefront.[24][25] Ten days later, Robert Lincoln wrote President Andrew Johnson requesting that he and his family be allowed to stay in the Executive mansion for two and a half weeks because his mother had told him that "she can not possibly be ready to leave here".[26] Lincoln also acknowledged that he was aware of the "great inconvenience" this would be to Johnson since he had become president of the United States only a short time earlier.[27]

In late April, 1865, Robert moved to the city of Chicago with his remaining family.[28] He attended law classes at the Old University of Chicago and studied law at the Chicago firm of Scammon, McCagg & Fuller.[29] On January 1, 1866, Lincoln moved out of the apartment he shared with his mother and brother. He rented his own rooms in downtown Chicago to "begin to live with some degree of comfort" which he had not known when living in cramped conditions with his family.[30] Lincoln graduated from Northwestern University with an LL.B. in 1866 and became licensed as an attorney in Chicago on February 22, 1867. He was certified to practice law four days later on February 26, 1867.[31]

Family

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Marriage and children

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On September 24, 1868, Lincoln married Mary Eunice Harlan, daughter of Senator James Harlan and Ann Eliza Peck of Mount Pleasant, Iowa.[32][33] They had three children, two daughters and one son: Mary "Mamie" Lincoln, Abraham "Jack" Lincoln II,[34] and Jessie Harlan Lincoln.[35]

Robert, Mary, and the children would often leave their hot city life behind for the cooler climate of Mount Pleasant, during the 1880s the family would summer at the Harlan home there. The Harlan-Lincoln home, built in 1876, still stands today. Donated by Mary Harlan Lincoln to Iowa Wesleyan College in 1907, it now serves as a museum containing a collection of artifacts from the Lincoln family and from Abraham Lincoln's presidency.[36]

Of Robert's children, Jessie Harlan Lincoln Beckwith had two children, but neither Mary Lincoln Beckwith ("Peggy") nor Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith had children of their own. Robert's other daughter, Mary Todd Lincoln ("Mamie") married Charles Bradford Isham in 1891. They had one son, Lincoln Isham,[37] who married Leahalma Correa in 1919,[38] but died without children.[39] The last person acknowledged and known to be of Lincoln lineage, Robert's grandson Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith, died in 1985.[40]

Relationship with Mary Todd Lincoln

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In 1871, Lincoln's only surviving brother, Tad, died at age 18, leaving his mother devastated. Lincoln was already concerned about what he thought were his mother's compulsive and extravagant spending, hallucinations, and eccentric behaviors.[41] Fearing that she was a danger to herself, he arranged to have her committed to a psychiatric hospital in Batavia, Illinois, in 1875. With his mother in the hospital, he was left with control of her finances, although he used his own money to pay for her care. As the head of the family, he felt that it was his duty to protect her, although he did wish that she would have "every liberty and privilege" restored to her as soon as she was better.[42] On May 20, 1875, she arrived at Bellevue Place, a private, upscale sanitarium in the Fox River Valley.[43]

Three months after she started living there, Mary Lincoln was able to escape from Bellevue Place. She smuggled letters to her lawyer, James B. Bradwell, and his wife, Myra. Mary also wrote to the editor of the Chicago Times and shortly, the embarrassment Robert had hoped to avoid came to the forefront, with his motives and character being publicly questioned. Bellevue's director, who at Mary's commitment trial assured the jury she would benefit from treatment at his facility, now declared her well enough to go to Springfield to live with her sister.[44] Her commitment and subsequent events alienated Lincoln from his mother, and they did not possibly reconcile until shortly before her unexpected death.[45]

Politics

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Secretary of War (1881–1885)

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From 1876 to 1877 Lincoln served as Town Supervisor of South Chicago, a town which was later absorbed into the city of Chicago.[46] In 1877 he rejected President Rutherford B. Hayes' offer to appoint him Assistant Secretary of State. He was appointed by President James Garfield as Secretary of War and served from 1881 to 1885 under Garfield and then Chester A. Arthur.[47]

During his term in office, the Cincinnati Riots of 1884 broke out over a case in which a jury gave a verdict of manslaughter rather than murder in a case that many suspected was rigged. Forty-five people died during three days of rioting before U.S. troops dispatched by Lincoln reestablished calm.[48]

Subsequent to serving as Secretary of War, Lincoln assisted Oscar Dudley to establish the Illinois Industrial Training School for Boys (now known as Glenwood Academy) in Norwood Park in 1887, after Dudley (a Humane Society employee) "discovered more homeless, neglected and abused boys than dogs on the city streets."[49][50]

Republican politics

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Presidential Possibilities Card

From 1884 to 1912, Lincoln's name was mentioned in varying degrees of seriousness as a candidate for the Republican presidential or vice-presidential nomination. He repeatedly disavowed any interest in running and stated he would not accept nomination for either position.[51] His likeness was included in an 1888 set of "Presidential Possibilities" cards.[52]

Minister to the Court of St James's

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Lincoln served as the U.S. minister to Great Britain, formally to the Court of St James's, from 1889 to 1893 under President Benjamin Harrison. Lincoln's teenage son, Abraham II "Jack", died during this time in Europe.[34] After serving as minister, Lincoln returned to private business as a lawyer.[53]

Later life and career

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Chief Justice Taft, President Harding and Lincoln at the Lincoln Memorial dedication in 1922

Robert fought to preserve and protect his father's legacy, clashing with Abraham Lincoln biographer William Herndon over Herndon's statements about his father.[54] As a result of their confrontations over his Lincoln biography, in 1890 Herndon wrote to Jesse Weik, his Lincoln biography collaborator, that Robert was "a Todd and not a Lincoln ... a little bitter fellow of the pig-headed kind, silly and cold and selfish."[55]

Lincoln was general counsel of the Pullman Palace Car Company under George Pullman, and was named president after Pullman's death in 1897. According to Almont Lindsey's 1942 book, The Pullman Strike, Lincoln arranged to have Pullman quietly excused from the subpoena issued for him to testify in the 1895 conspiracy trials of the American Railway Union's leaders (during the 1894 Pullman Strike). Pullman hid from the deputy marshal sent to his office with the subpoena and then appeared with Lincoln to meet privately with Judge Grosscup after the jury had been dismissed.[56] In 1911, Lincoln became chairman of the Pullman Company board, a position he held until 1924.[57]

A serious nonprofessional astronomer, Lincoln had an observatory built at Hildene, and a 1909 Warner & Swasey refracting telescope with a six-inch John A. Brashear objective lens was installed. Lincoln's telescope and observatory have been restored and it was used by a local astronomy club in the early 2000s.[58][59] Lincoln was also a dedicated golfer, and served as president of the Ekwanok Country Club in Manchester.[60][61] His last public appearance was on May 30, 1922, at the dedication ceremony for his father's memorial in Washington, D.C.[62][63]

Presence at assassinations

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Robert Lincoln was coincidentally either present or nearby when three presidential assassinations occurred.[64]

Lincoln himself recognized these coincidences. He is said to have refused a later presidential invitation with the comment, "No, I'm not going, and they'd better not ask me, because there is a certain fatality about presidential functions when I am present."[70]

Death

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Robert Todd Lincoln died in his sleep at Hildene, his Vermont home, on July 26, 1926, at age 82. The cause of death was given by his physician as a "cerebral hemorrhage induced by arteriosclerosis".[71][72] His body was stored in the receiving vault at Dellwood Cemetery from July 1926 until March 1928 when arrangements were made to inter his remains at Arlington National Cemetery.[73]

Robert had long expressed his intention to be buried in the Lincoln Tomb with his family at the Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield. Two weeks after his death, his widow Mary Harlan Lincoln wrote to her husband's niece of an inspired thought: "...[O]ur darling was a personage, made his own history, independently of his great father, and should have his own place 'in the sun'".[74]

Lincoln's body was buried at Arlington National Cemetery[75][76] in a sarcophagus designed by the sculptor James Earle Fraser. He is buried together with his wife, Mary, and their son, Abraham II ("Jack"), who had died in London, England, of sepsis[34] in 1890 at the age of 16. Weeks after Jack's death, Robert wrote to his cousin Charles Edwards, "We had a long & most anxious struggle and at times had hopes of saving our boy. It would have been done if it had depended only on his own marvelous pluck & patience now that the end has come, there is a great blank in our future lives & an affliction not to be measured."[34]

  •  
    Lincoln's sarcophagus at Arlington National Cemetery
  •  
    Robert Todd Lincoln's mansion Hildene in Manchester, Vermont

Legacy

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Lincoln in 1915

Historian Michael Burlingame considered Robert Todd Lincoln to be "a particularly unfortunate, even tragic figure."[77] Lincoln himself once said, "No one wanted me for Secretary of War... For minister to England... For president of the Pullman Company; they wanted Abraham Lincoln's son."[78] Nevertheless, he accepted the appointments and was very well-paid, becoming a millionaire lawyer and businessman, fond of the pleasures of the wealthy conservative Victorian gentlemen of his social circle.

Lincoln is considered to have had little in common with his father personally or politically, not being humorous or unpretentious, but rather cold, stuffy, and aloof.[77] Fanny Seward, daughter of secretary of state William H. Seward, described him, however, as "ready and easy in conversation having, I fancy, considerable humor in his disposition...agreeable, good-natured, and intelligent".[79]

Lincoln was the last surviving member of the Garfield and Arthur Cabinets,[80] and the last-surviving witness of Lee's surrender at Appomattox.[81] The Lincoln Sea, a body of water in the Arctic Ocean between Canada and Greenland, was named after then Secretary of War Lincoln on Adolphus Greely's 1881–1884 Arctic expedition.[82]

Lincoln's last surviving descendant, Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith, died December 24, 1985. With him, Abraham Lincoln's family died out.[83]

Cultural depictions

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Robert Todd Lincoln as a character has appeared multiple times on film, in television programs, and in dramatic productions.

Films

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Television

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Stage plays

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ David Herbert Donald quoted Robert as saying that his most vivid image of his father was of packing saddlebags to prepare for his travels through Illinois.[4] From the footnoting in his Lincoln biography, Donald's statement about this being such a large part of Lincoln's childhood is based on the writings of Lincoln biographer Frederick Trevor Hill and scholar Wayne C. Temple. In 1906 Hill related that "The Hon. Robert Lincoln told the writer that he distinctly remembers seeing his father start out on horseback, with his saddle-bags, to accompany the judge on the circuit." Temple in 1960 then states the saddlebags were Lincoln's first memory. Finally in 1995 it becomes "the principal memory" of Lincoln's childhood in Donald's historical biography of Robert, Lincoln.[5][6]

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ Emerson, pp. 6–7.
  2. ^ Roberts, pp. 87–88.
  3. ^ Emerson, p. 10.
  4. ^ Donald, David Herbert (1995). Lincoln. Simon & Schuster. p. 109. ISBN 0-684-80846-3.
  5. ^ Hill, Frederick Trevor (1913) [1906]. Lincoln the Lawyer. The Century Company. p. 164. Retrieved December 30, 2022.
  6. ^ Wayne C. Temple, Lincoln Rides the Circuit, Lincoln Herald 62 (Winter 1960), 140
  7. ^ Lincoln, Abraham (April 16, 1848) [1930]. New Letters and papers of Lincoln, compiled by Paul M. Angle. – To MARY LINCOLN 1 April 16, 1848. Houghton Mifflin. p. 42. Retrieved July 9, 2023 – via University of Michigan Library – Digital Collection.
  8. ^ Helm, pp. 101–102.
  9. ^ Luthin, Reinhard Henry (1960). The Real Abraham Lincoln: A Complete One Volume History of His Life and Times. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall. p. 141.
  10. ^ Stevens, Walter Barlow (1998). A Reporter's Lincoln. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. p. 261. ISBN 978-0-8032-9253-6.
  11. ^ a b c King, Moses (1881). The Harvard Register, Volume. Cambridge, MA: Harvard College. p. 378.
  12. ^ Emerson, p. 79.
  13. ^ Morris, p. 128.
  14. ^ Sobel, Robert (1990). Biographical Directory of the United States Executive Branch, 1774–1989. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 234. ISBN 978-0-313-26593-8.
  15. ^ a b Goff, p. 68.
  16. ^ Burlingame, pp. 738–739.
  17. ^ Charnwood, p. 444.
  18. ^ Staff (July 27, 1926). "Chicago Friend Relates Anecdotes of Robert Lincoln". Chicago Tribune. p. 6. Retrieved January 4, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  19. ^ Reece, Jasper N. (1900). Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Illinois. Vol. I. Springfield, Illinois: Phillips Bros. p. 180.
  20. ^ Letters of Note: Volume 1: An Eclectic Collection of Correspondence Deserving of a Wider Audience. Chronicle Books. 2014. p. 282. ISBN 978-1452140865.
  21. ^ Goff, pp. 70–71.
  22. ^ "Edwin Booth Saved Robert Todd Lincoln's Life". HistoryNet. June 12, 2006. Retrieved August 6, 2011.
  23. ^ Bloom, Arthur W. (2013). Edwin Booth: A Biography and Performance History. McFarland. p. 82. ISBN 978-1476601465.
  24. ^ Ralph Gary, The Presidents Were Here: A State-by-State Historical Guide, 2008, p. 43
  25. ^ Emerson, p. 100.
  26. ^ Goff, p. 74.
  27. ^ Graf, p. 639.
  28. ^ Emerson, pp. 114–115.
  29. ^ Emerson, pp. 116–117.
  30. ^ Emerson, p. 121.
  31. ^ Emerson, p. 124.
  32. ^ King, C. J. (2005). Four Marys and a Jessie: The Story of the Lincoln Women. Friends of Hildene, Incorporated. pp. 70, 78. ISBN 978-0-9754917-2-0.
  33. ^ Goff, p. 88.
  34. ^ a b c d Schwartz, Thomas F. (Autumn 2007). "A Death in the Family : Abraham Lincoln II "Jack" (1873–1890)" (PDF). For the People. Vol. 9, no. 3. Abraham Lincoln Association. pp. 1, 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 17, 2013. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  35. ^ Burkhimer, Michael (2003). 100 Essential Lincoln Books. Cumberland House Publishing. p. 214. ISBN 978-1-58182-369-1.
  36. ^ Allt, Kate (February 12, 2013). "Mt. Pleasant; the second Land of Lincoln". KTVO-TV via website. Archived from the original on October 18, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  37. ^ "Lincoln Isham Dead at 79; Great-Grandson of Lincoln" (PDF). The New York Times. September 3, 1971. Retrieved April 30, 2019.
  38. ^ "Lincoln Isham Married; His Wedding to Miss Leaholma Carrea Last Saturday Just Told" (PDF). The New York Times. September 3, 1919. Retrieved April 30, 2019.
  39. ^ Winkler, H. Donald (2004). Lincoln's Ladies: The Women in the Life of the Sixteenth President. Cumberland House Publishing. p. 215. ISBN 978-1581824254. Retrieved April 30, 2019.
  40. ^ Neely, Mark E. Jr. (1982). The Abraham Lincoln Encyclopedia. McGraw-Hill Book Co. ISBN 0-07-046145-7.
  41. ^ Emerson, Jason (2012). Mary Lincoln's Insanity Case: A Documentary History. University of Illinois Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0252094170. Retrieved July 9, 2023.
  42. ^ Lincoln, Robert Todd. "Letter from Robert Todd Lincoln to Ninian W. Edwards". www.lincolncollection.org. Lincoln Financial Foundation Collection. Retrieved December 25, 2022. as anxious as you can be to have every liberty & privilege restored
  43. ^ Staff. Rhoda Sneller (ed.). "Mary Lincoln at Bellevue Place". Lowell Sneller. Archived from the original on July 3, 2022. Retrieved December 30, 2022.
  44. ^ "The insanity life". Archived from the original on September 23, 2008. Retrieved September 23, 2008., Wellesley Centers for Women 2008
  45. ^ Goodwin, Doris Kearns (October 25, 2005). Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 1416549838.
  46. ^ Emerson, pp. 207–209.
  47. ^ Nelson, Michael (2013). The Presidency A-Z. Routledge. p. 554. ISBN 978-1135937867.
  48. ^ "Cincinnati Courthouse Riot". Ohio History Central. Ohio Historical Society. Retrieved October 23, 2010.
  49. ^ "About Us". Glenwood Academy. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
  50. ^ "About Us". Glenwood Academy. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
  51. ^ "Robert Todd Lincoln: The Perpetual Non-Candidate". HistoryNet. June 12, 2006. Retrieved August 6, 2011.
  52. ^ Staff. "Robert T. Lincoln of Illinois, from the Presidential Possibilities series (N124) issued by Duke Sons & Co. to promote Honest Long Cut Tobacco". Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved February 28, 2023.
  53. ^ "Lincoln's Son Dies In His Sleep At 82" (PDF). The New York Times. July 27, 1926. p. 1. Retrieved May 31, 2014.
  54. ^ Lincoln, Robert T. (1998) [January 8, 1866]. Wilson, Douglas L.; Davis, Rodney O. (eds.). Herndon's Informants: Letters, Interviews, and Statements About Abraham Lincoln. University of Illinois Press. p. 155. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
  55. ^ Herndon, William H. (1940) [March 7, 1890]. Hertz, Emmanuel (ed.). The hidden Lincoln : from the letters and papers of William H. Herndon. Blue Ribbon Books. p. 249.
  56. ^ Lindsey, The Pullman Strike, p. 301.
  57. ^ Staff. "Pullman Car, Sunbeam". Hildene, The Lincoln Family Home. Upon the death of George Pullman in 1897, Robert Lincoln, son of Abraham and Mary Lincoln, became president of the Pullman Company. He remained in that position until 1911 when he became chairman of the board. He served in that capacity until 1924 but continued to serve on the board until his death in 1926.
  58. ^ Staff (June 19, 2004). "Astronomy club uses Lincoln's telescope". Bennington Banner. p. 2C. Retrieved December 28, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  59. ^ McKeever, Andrew (March 3, 2011). "The Final Frontier". Stratton Magazine. Retrieved December 28, 2022.
  60. ^ "Interesting People: Robert T. Lincoln". The American Magazine. New York, NY: Phillips Publishing Company: 168. December 1, 1909.
  61. ^ Evans, Charles Jr. (July 1, 1921). "From Caddie to Champion". Golfers Magazine. Chicago, IL: Golfers Magazine Company: 26.
  62. ^ Gormly, Kellie B. (May 27, 2022). "A Century Ago, the Lincoln Memorial's Dedication Underscored the Nation's Racial Divide". Smithsonian. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
  63. ^ Staff (February 1, 2022). "The Dedication of the Lincoln Memorial". National Park Service. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
  64. ^ Arrington, Todd. "Robert Todd Lincoln and Presidential Assassinations". National Park Service. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
  65. ^ "Ford's Theatre: Lincoln's Last Day". National Park Service. December 2, 2002. Archived from the original on May 12, 2011. Retrieved August 6, 2011.
  66. ^ Corey, Herbert (December 10, 1921). "Assassin Would Have Failed Had Son Been at Theater with Abraham Lincoln". Lincoln Financial Foundation Collection. Retrieved November 12, 2013.
  67. ^ Franscell, Ron (2012). The Crime Buff's Guide to Outlaw Washington, DC. Globe Pequot. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-7627-8870-5. Retrieved November 12, 2013.
  68. ^ "Robert Todd Lincoln on Presidential Assassinations, 1881". Shapell Primary Sources. Shapell Manuscript Foundation.
  69. ^ O'Reilly, Bill; Zimmerman, Dwight Jon (2012). "Afterword". Lincoln's Last Days: The Shocking Assassination that Changed America Forever. Macmillan. p. 245. ISBN 978-0-8050-9676-7.
  70. ^ Peters, James Edward (2000). Arlington National Cemetery: Shrine to America's Heroes (2nd ed.). Woodbine House. p. 126. ISBN 978-1-890627-14-0.
  71. ^ "Robert Lincoln". Abraham Lincoln Research Site. Retrieved November 18, 2009.
  72. ^ "Lincoln's Son Dies In His Sleep At 82. Robert, Last Survivor of the Emancipator's Family, Found Lifeless in Vermont Home. His Health Had Been Poor. He Left Father's Papers to the Nation, but Not to Be Examined for 21 Years". New York Times. July 27, 1926. Retrieved March 18, 2015. Robert Todd Lincoln, son and the last survivor of the family of President Lincoln, died peacefully at Hildene, his Summer home, last night. His death was discovered by a servant, who went as usual to call Mr. Lincoln to breakfast. Dr. C.M. Campbell of Manchester Centre, the family physician, declared death due to cerebral hemorrhage induced by arterio-sclerosis.
  73. ^ Rafael, Anita (September 8, 2017). "Deep in the Dell". Stratton Magazine. Old Mill Road Media LLC. Retrieved May 17, 2024.
  74. ^ Swick, Gerald D.; McCreary, Donna (Summer 1998). "His Own Place In The Sun" (PDF). Lincoln Lore. 1853: 3–6. Retrieved December 23, 2022. Undated letter from Mary Harlan Lincoln to Katherine Helm, either held in the "Mary G. Townsend Collection" (Giant in the Shadows: The Life of Robert T. Lincoln by Jason Emerson), or in an unnamed private collection (Swick & McCreary).
  75. ^ "Burial Detail: Lincoln, Robert Todd (section 32, grave S-13)". Army Cemeteries Explorer – Arlington National Cemetery. Retrieved December 30, 2022.
  76. ^ Staff. Rhoda Sneller (ed.). "Robert Todd Lincoln Tomb, Arlington National Cemetery". abrahamlincolnonline.org. Lowell Sneller. Archived from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved December 31, 2022.
  77. ^ a b Burlingame, Michael (1974). "Lincoln, Robert Todd". In Garraty, John A. (ed.). Encyclopedia of American Biography. pp. 667–668.
  78. ^ Fred Rosen (2016). Murdering the President. U of Nebraska Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-1612348636.
  79. ^ Papers of William Seward; Frances (Fanny) Seward diary entry February 12, 1863
  80. ^ "Robert Lincoln". Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Foundation. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
  81. ^ Emerson, p. 98.
  82. ^ Tamba, Irène (2021). "Chapter 10 – A Geographic and Lexical Puzzle:colors in Names of Seas". In Kupchik, John (ed.). Studies in Asian Historical Linguistics, Philology and Beyond. BRILL. p. 146. ISBN 978-9004448568. Retrieved February 28, 2023.
  83. ^ Joe Akins, "Abraham Lincoln's Last Living Descendant Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith Ended the Family Line in 1985", July 18, 2019; accessed 2023.07.20.
  84. ^ "Abe Lincoln in Illinois (1940)". BFI.
  85. ^ "Lincoln (2012)". BFI.
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  89. ^ "Joss Whedon's S.H.I.E.L.D. Pilot Adds Killing Lincoln's Brett Dalton". CinemaBlend.
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  • Burlingame, Michael (2009). Abraham Lincoln: A Life. Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Charnwood, Lord (2009). Abraham Lincoln. Cosimo Classics. ISBN 978-1605207254.
  • Cooper, Dan. "President Lincoln of the Pullman Company," Financial History (Fall 2013), Issue 108, pp 10–39.
  • Emerson, Jason (2012). Giant in the Shadows: The Life of Robert T. Lincoln. Southern Illinois University Press.
  • Goff, John S. (1968). Robert Todd Lincoln: A Man in His Own Right. University of Oklahoma Press – via Internet Archive.
  • Graf, Leroy P. (1986). The Papers of Andrew Johnson, Volume 7: 1864–1865. Univ Tennessee Press. ISBN 978-0870494888.
  • Helm, Katherine (2012) [1928]. Mary, Wife of Lincoln. Harper and Brothers – via Internet Archive.
  • Morris, Jan (2001). Lincoln: A Foreigner's Quest. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0306810329.
  • Roberts, Jeremy (2004). Abraham Lincoln. Presidential Leaders. Lerner Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0822508175.
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Robert Todd Lincoln.
Political offices
Preceded by U.S. Secretary of War
Served under: James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur
1881–1885 		Succeeded by
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by U.S. Minister to Great Britain
1889–1893 		Succeeded byas Ambassador
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