Vajradhatu was the name of the umbrella organization of Chögyam Trungpa Rinpoche, one of the first Tibetan Buddhist lamas to visit and teach in the West. It served as the vehicle for the promulgation of his teachings, and was also the name by which his community was known from 1973 until 1990. Starting in 1976 it was paralleled by a governmental structure for establishing the non-denominational enlightened society of Shambhala Kingdom, which included Shambhala Training among many other activities. In February 2000, the Vajradhatu organization was renamed Shambhala International by Sakyong Mipham Rinpoche.
| Successor | Shambhala International |
|---|---|
| Formation | 1973 |
| Founder | Chögyam Trungpa Rinpoche |
| Dissolved | February 2000 |
History
editFoundation by Chögyam Trungpa Rinpoche
editThe community of Chögyam Trungpa originated in 1970 with his arrival in North America from Scotland. The first established center of his teachings was "Tail of the Tiger" in Barnet, Vermont (now Karmê Chöling). When he began teaching at University of Colorado Boulder in 1971, a second branch of the community began to form there. When Vajradhatu was incorporated in Colorado in 1973, it consolidated Tail of the Tiger, Rocky Mountain Dharma Center, a retreat facility in the Rocky Mountains in Colorado; and Karma Dzong, an urban meditation center in Boulder. The organization grew to include Gampo Abbey in Nova Scotia and dozens of smaller meditation centers called Dharmadhatus in cities around the US, Canada and later in Europe.
In the early 1970s the community grew rapidly and attracted the involvement of such notables as Allen Ginsberg, Anne Waldman, and many others. As the decade wore on, the hippies and sixties counterculture members who comprised the large part of the membership were asked by Trungpa to experiment with more formal modes of behavior, attire, address, and societal expressions in general.
In 1972 Trungpa had identified Thomas F. Rich, an American with Buddhist name Ösel Tendzin, as his dharma heir, and in a formal ceremony on August 22, 1976, Trungpa appointed Rich as Dorje Gyaltsap, Vajra Regent and Director of the First Class of Vajradhatu. As described in the 1977 article in "Garuda V", which also reproduces the proclamation (signed by Trungpa XI and the 16th Karmapa, Trungpa empowered Thomas Rich "as his regent and as a holder of the Kagyu and Nyingma lineages". Trungpa further stated "There is the possibility that members of the sangha, Western people, can take over from the Tibetans".
Vajradhatu hosted visits by Rangjung Rigpe Dorje, 16th Karmapa, head of the Kagyu, in 1974, Khyentse Norbu, head of the Nyingma, in 1976, and the 14th Dalai Lama in 1981. In 1976 Trungpa Rinpoche began his cycle of Shambhala teachings and, with his students, manifesting forms of Shambhala society. In 1986 he moved the international headquarters of Vajradhatu to Halifax, Nova Scotia, where he died the following year. A large number of his disciples emigrated from the United States to Nova Scotia along with him.
Leadership by Ösel Tendzin
editIn 1987, one year after moving the organization to Nova Scotia, Trungpa Rinpoche died of illnesses related to long-term alcohol abuse.[1] He was 47. Following Trungpa's death, senior Kagyu lineage holder Tai Situpa recommended that he himself take over leadership of Vajradhatu in conjunction with Trungpa's half brother, Damchu Tenphel, who resided in Tibet.[2] Tendzin, Trungpa's appointed successor, declined the offer and assumed leadership of the organization.
In December 1988, the community learned Tendzin had passed HIV to a male partner in the Colorado congregation, who in turn unknowingly infected his female partner.[3] Tendzin, who was HIV-positive, knowingly had sex with students for three years without disclosing his infection, believing that his spiritual practice protected himself and others from AIDS.[4]
Tendzin acted as spiritual head of Vajradhatu until his own death in 1990 of HIV/AIDS, amid controversy over admissions that he had unprotected sex with students while knowing he was HIV+. Ösel Tendzin infected at least one male student with HIV; the young man later died of AIDS.[5][4] It eventually came out that the Vajradhatu board of directors had known of the problem for more than two years and had done nothing about it.[6]
Transition to Shambhala International
editFollowing Tendzin's death, Trungpa's eldest son Ösel Rangdröl Mukpo, now known as Sakyong Mipham Rinpoche, assumed spiritual and executive leadership of Vajradhatu. The community had been deeply divided and in distress over the events surrounding Ösel Tendzin's death, and repeatedly turned to the elder statesmen of the Kagyu and Nyingma lineages for guidance.[7] The succession of Ösel Rangdröl was approved by the heads of both the Kagyu and Nyingma lineages, who encouraged the community to persevere. Jamgön Kongtrül the third, one of the four regents of the Karma Kagyu lineage in the period when the Karmapa had yet to be recognized, issued a statement that "His Holiness [Dilgo Khenstse Rinpoche, head of the Nyingma lineage and the Sawang's teacher] and the Kagyu lineage holders are all in agreement that the Sawang Ösel Rangdröl Mukpo should become the lineage holder of Vajradhatu."[8]
In February 2000, restated articles of incorporation were signed, officially changing the name from Vajradhatu to Shambhala International. The change of name, which began informally with the Sakyong Mipham's assumption of leadership in 1990, reflected his approach of integrating the Shambhala teachings within Buddhism and making them the unifying principle of a Shambhala Buddhist sangha.[9] This transition enabled the organization to avoid lawsuits and consequent financial ruin.[10]
Associated centers
editKarmê Chöling
editIn 1970, Karmê Chöling was founded in Barnet, Vermont by the Vidyadhara, (literally meaning “awareness holder;” a spiritual leader of Buddhism)[11] Chögyam Trungpa Rinpoche. Karmê Chöling is the first teaching seat in North America of Chögyam Trungpa Rinpoche, a 20th-century Buddhist meditation master that was credited with bringing Buddhism to the western world.[12] Originally a dairy farm, the building was purchased by Chögyam Trungpa Rinpoche’s students and was converted under his supervision into a Shambhala Buddhist retreat center. It was called “Tail of the Tiger”, but in 1974 the name was changed to Karmê Chöling, which remains its name today.[12]
Rocky Mountain Dharma Center
editThe Rocky Mountain Dharma Center was founded by Chögyam Trungpa Rinpoche in 1971 at Red Feather Lakes, Colorado.[13] It was located on 600 acres in a valley in the northern Colorado Rockies.
After the death of Ösel Tendzin in 1990, Trungpa's son, Ösel Rangdröl Mukpo became head of the organization. In 1995, Ösel Rangdröl Mukpo was enthroned as Sakyong Mipham Rinpoche, a chögyal, or "dharma king," who holds and propagates the teachings of Shambhala. The name of Rocky Mountain Dharma center was changed to Rocky Mountain Shambhala Center sometime[when?] in the 1990s.[citation needed]
In 2000, after Sakyong Mipham started the process of enclosing the previously secular teachings of Shambhala within the container of a new Buddhist lineage, Shambhala Buddhism, the retreat center was incorporated separately from Shambhala International as a 501c3 educational non-profit named Shambhala Mountain Center. The new center was independent of Shambhala International with limited oversight from the Sakyong Potrang, an organization representing Sakyong Mipham.[14]
In September 2020, an investigative report detailed several incidents of sexual harm that had taken place at Rocky Mountain Dharma Center.[1]
References
edit- ^ a b Remski 2021.
- ^ Eldershaw 2004, p. 229.
- ^ "A Church's Turmoil". The New York Times. February 26, 1989. Retrieved July 15, 2015.
- ^ a b Dart 1989.
- ^ Butterfield 1994, p. [page needed].
- ^ Coleman 2001, p. 170.
- ^ "The Chronicles of Chögyam Trungpa Rinpoche". Archived from the original on 2016-05-12.
- ^ "Statement of His Eminence Jamgon Kongtrul Rinpoche to the Vajradhatu Sangha". August 26, 1990. Archived from the original on 2016-05-10.
- ^ Sakyong Mipham 2005.
- ^ Eldershaw 2007, p. 80.
- ^ "Vidyadhara, 1 Definition(s) - Wisdom Library". Wisdomlib.org. 2 October 2011. Retrieved 2013-03-19.
- ^ a b "Karmê Chöling - Shambhala Meditation Center". Karmecholing.org. Archived from the original on 2013-03-17. Retrieved 2013-03-19.
- ^ Wilson 2004.
- ^ "Drala Mountain Center Full Filing". ProPublica NonProfit Explorer. 9 May 2013. Retrieved 2024-02-24.
Works cited
edit- Butterfield, Stephen T. (1994). The Double Mirror: A Skeptical Journey into Buddhist Tantra. North Atlantic Books. ISBN 1-55643-176-7.
- Coleman, James William (2001). The New Buddhism: The Western Transformation of an Ancient Tradition. Oxford University Press.
- Dart, John (March 3, 1989). "Buddhist Sect Alarmed by Reports that Leader Kept his AIDS a Secret". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 1999-08-19.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Eldershaw, Lynn P. (2004). Collective Identity and the Post-Charismatic Fate of Shambhala International (PhD dissertation). University of Waterloo.
- Eldershaw, Lynn P. (2007). "Collective Identity and the Postcharismatic Fate of Shambhala International". Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 10 (4): 72–102. doi:10.1525/nr.2007.10.4.72. ISSN 1092-6690.
- Remski, Matthew (April 13, 2021) [September 28, 2020]. "Survivors of an International Buddhist Cult Share Their Stories". The Walrus. Retrieved 2022-01-10.
- Sakyong Mipham (23 January 2005). "To the Noble Sangha" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-07-18.
- Wilson, Jeff (Fall 2004). "Shambala Mountain Center". Tricycle: The Buddhist Review. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
Further reading
edit- Bell, Sandra (2002). "Scandals in Emerging Western Buddhism". In Prebish, Charles S.; Baumann, Martin (eds.). Westward Dharma: Buddhism Beyond Asia. University of California Press. pp. 230–242. ISBN 978-0-520-23490-1.
- Butler, Katy (1991). "Encountering the Shadow in Buddhist America". In Zweig, Connie; Abrams, Jeremiah (eds.). Meeting the Shadow: The Hidden Power of the Dark Side of Human Nature. Penguin Publishing Group. pp. 137–147. ISBN 978-0-87477-618-8.
- Fields, Rick (2022). How the Swans Came to the Lake: A Narrative History of Buddhism in America. Shambhala. ISBN 978-0-8348-4390-5.
- Goss, Robert E. (2013). "Buddhist Studies at Naropa: Sectarian or Academic?". In Queen, C.; Williams, D. R. (eds.). American Buddhism: Methods and Findings in Recent Scholarship. Taylor & Francis. pp. 215–237. ISBN 978-1-136-83033-4.
- McLeod, M. (2001). The Best of the Vajradhatu Sun: Chögyam Trungpa Rinpoche & the Vajradhatu Community, 1978-1987. Shambhala Sun. ISBN 978-0-9689041-0-7.
- Prebish, Charles S. (1999). Luminous Passage: The Practice and Study of Buddhism in America. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-21697-6.
- Trungpa, Chögyam (2009). The Mishap Lineage: Transforming Confusion Into Wisdom. Shambhala. ISBN 978-0-8348-2124-8.