The rsmX gene is part of the Rsm/Csr family of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Members of the Rsm/Csr family are present in a diverse range of bacteria, including Escherichia coli,[2] Erwinia,[3] Salmonella,[4] Vibrio[5] and Pseudomonas.[6] These ncRNAs act by sequestering translational repressor proteins, called RsmA, activating expression of downstream genes that would normally be blocked by the repressors. Sequestering of target proteins is dependent upon exposed GGA motifs in the stem loops of the ncRNAs.[7] Typically, the activated genes are involved in secondary metabolism, biofilm formation and motility.[8]
In Pseudomonas spp., three rsm ncRNAs have been identified. These are RsmX (approximately 115 nt), RsmY (approximately 120 nt) and RsmZ (approximately 145 nt). Expression of all three ncRNAs is population density dependent, with maximal expression occurring at the end of exponential phase.[9] Further, expression of all three ncRNAs is dependent upon the response regulator, GacA, which activates transcription of the ncRNAs by binding a conserved upstream activating sequence (UAS) in the promoter region.[10] Typically, pseudomonads contain a single copy of each of RsmY and RsmZ, however the copy number of RsmX is more variable. For example, P. aeruginosa contains no copies of RsmX and P. syringae pathovars contain five copies.[1]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Moll et al. (2010) "Construction of an rsmX co-variance model and identification of five rsmX-like ncRNAs in Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000." RNA Biology 7(5):
- ^ Romeo T, Gong M, Liu MY, Brun-Zinkernagel AM (August 1993). "Identification and molecular characterization of csrA, a pleiotropic gene from Escherichia coli that affects glycogen biosynthesis, gluconeogenesis, cell size, and surface properties". J. Bacteriol. 175 (15): 4744–4755. doi:10.1128/jb.175.15.4744-4755.1993. PMC 204926. PMID 8393005.
- ^ Liu et al. (1998) "Characterization of a novel RNA regulator of Erwinia caratovora ssp. caratovora that controls production of extracellular enzymes and secondary metabolites." Molecular Microbiology 29: 219–234
- ^ Fortune DR, Suyemoto M, Altier C (January 2006). "Identification of CsrC and characterization of its role in epithelial cell invasion in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium". Infect. Immun. 74 (1): 331–339. doi:10.1128/IAI.74.1.331-339.2006. PMC 1346597. PMID 16368988.
- ^ Lenz DH, Miller MB, Zhu J, Kulkarni RV, Bassler BL (November 2005). "CsrA and three redundant small RNAs regulate quorum sensing in Vibrio cholerae". Mol. Microbiol. 58 (4): 1186–1202. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04902.x. PMID 16262799.
- ^ Heeb S, Blumer C, Haas D (February 2002). "Regulatory RNA as mediator in GacA/RsmA-dependent global control of exoproduct formation in Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0". J. Bacteriol. 184 (4): 1046–1056. doi:10.1128/jb.184.4.1046-1056.2002. PMC 134805. PMID 11807065.
- ^ Valverde C, Lindell M, Wagner EG, Haas D (June 2004). "A repeated GGA motif is critical for the activity and stability of the riboregulator RsmY of Pseudomonas fluorescens". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (24): 25066–25074. doi:10.1074/jbc.M401870200. PMID 15031281.
- ^ Lapouge K, Schubert M, Allain FH, Haas D (January 2008). "Gac/Rsm signal transduction pathway of gamma-proteobacteria: from RNA recognition to regulation of social behaviour". Mol. Microbiol. 67 (2): 241–253. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.06042.x. PMID 18047567.
- ^ Kay E, Dubuis C, Haas D (November 2005). "Three small RNAs jointly ensure secondary metabolism and biocontrol in Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (47): 17136–17141. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10217136K. doi:10.1073/pnas.0505673102. PMC 1287983. PMID 16286659.
- ^ Humair B, Wackwitz B, Haas D (March 2010). "GacA-controlled activation of promoters for small RNA genes in Pseudomonas fluorescens". Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76 (5): 1497–1506. Bibcode:2010ApEnM..76.1497H. doi:10.1128/AEM.02014-09. PMC 2832403. PMID 20048056.