Ruaidhrí mac Raghnaill (died 1247?) was a leading figure in the Kingdom of the Isles and a member of Clann Somhairle.[note 1] He was a son of Raghnall mac Somhairle and was the eponymous ancestor of Clann Ruaidhrí. Ruaidhrí may have become the principal member of Clann Somhairle following the annihilation of Aonghus mac Somhairle in 1210. At about this time, Ruaidhrí seems to have overseen a marital alliance with the reigning representative of the Crovan dynasty, Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson, King of the Isles, and to have contributed to a reunification of the Kingdom of the Isles between Clann Somhairle and the Crovan dynasty.
Ruaidhrí mac Raghnaill | |
---|---|
Lord of Kintyre | |
![]() Ruaidhrí's name as it appears on folio 63r of Oxford Bodleian Library Rawlinson B 489 (the Annals of Ulster).[1] | |
Died | 1247? |
Noble family | Clann Somhairle |
Issue | Dubhghall, Ailéan, and possibly two daughters |
Father | Raghnall mac Somhairle |
In the first third of thirteenth century, the Scottish Crown faced a series of uprisings from the Meic Uilleim, a discontented branch of the Scottish royal family. Ruaidhrí is recorded to have campaigned with Thomas fitz Roland, Earl of Atholl against the Irish in the second decade of the century. One possibility is that these maritime attacks were conducted in the context of suppressing Irish supporters of Scottish malcontents. In 1221/1222, Alexander II, King of Scotland oversaw a series of invasions into Argyll in which Scottish royal authority penetrated into Kintyre. As a result, Ruaidhrí appears to have been ejected from the peninsula and replaced by his younger brother, Domhnall. Whilst Alexander's campaign appears to have been directed at Ruaidhrí, the precise reasons behind it are uncertain. On one hand, the threat of a unified Kingdom of the Isles may have triggered the invasion. On the other hand, if Ruaidhrí had indeed supported the Meic Uilleim, such support to Alexander's rivals could account for royal retaliation directed at Ruaidhrí.
According to several mediaeval chronicles, a certain Roderick took part in the last Meic Uilleim revolt against Alexander. One possibility is that Ruaidhrí and this Roderick are identical. If correct, Ruaidhrí's alliance with the Meic Uilleim may have originated as a consequence of his expulsion from Kintyre by the Scottish Crown. Whilst Ruaidhrí's later descendants certainly held power in the Hebrides and Garmoran, it is uncertain how and when these territories passed into their possession. In 1230, following Scottish interference in the Isles, Hákon Hákonarson, King of Norway sent Óspakr-Hákon to restore authority in the region as King of the Isles. The fact that Ruaidhrí is not recorded in the subsequent Norwegian campaign could be evidence that he had occupied himself in supporting the near-concurrent Meic Uilleim rebellion, or that he resented the prospect of Óspakr-Hákon's overlordship.
Ruaidhrí seems to be identical to a certain Mac Somhairle who was slain in battle assisting Maol Seachlainn Ó Domhnaill, King of Tír Chonaill resist an English invasion. The following year, Ruaidhrí's son, Dubhghall, and another Clann Somhairle dynast sought the kingship of the Isles from Hákon. There is reason to suspect that Mac Somhairle had previously been recognised by Hákon as King of the Isles, and that the two Clann Somhairle kinsmen sought to succeed Mac Somhairle as king after his death. Whatever the case, Ruaidhrí's sons were certainly active in Ireland afterwards, with his younger son, Ailéan, being one of the earliest gallowglass commanders on record.
Familial background
editRuaidhrí seems to have been the senior[25] son of Raghnall mac Somhairle.[26] Raghnall was in turn a son of Somhairle mac Giolla Brighde, King of the Isles,[27] the common ancestor of Clann Somhairle.[28] Another son of Somhairle was Dubhghall,[29] eponymous ancestor of Clann Dubhghaill.[30] Ruaidhrí was in turn the eponymous ancestor of Clann Ruaidhrí,[31] whilst his brother, Domhnall, was the eponym of Clann Domhnaill.[32]
There is uncertainty regarding the succession of the Clann Somhairle leadership following Somhairle's death in 1164. Although the thirteenth- to fourteenth-century Chronicle of Mann reports that Dubhghall was the senior dynast in the 1150s, this man's next and last attestation, preserved by the Durham Liber vitae, fails to accord him a royal title.[33] One possibility is that Dubhghall had been succeeded or supplanted by Raghnall,[34] whose recorded title of rex insularum, dominus de Ergile et Kyntyre ("king of the Isles, lord of Argyll and Kintyre")[35] could indicate that Raghnall claimed control over the Clann Somhairle territories.[36] Like Dubhghall, the year and circumstances of Raghnall's death are uncertain as surviving contemporary sources fail to mark his demise.[37]
Clann Somhairle and the Crovan dynasty
editThe first specific record of Ruaidhrí dates to 1213/1214.[39] About five years beforehand, however, the sons of Raghnall are recorded by the fifteenth- to sixteenth-century Annals of Ulster to have attacked the men of Skye,[40] in an entry that may be evidence that Raghnall's sons were attempting to extend their authority over the island.[41] The following year, the Chronicle of Mann reports that the three sons of Aonghus mac Somhairle, as well as Aonghus himself, were slain in battle on Skye.[42] The record of this bloody encounter seems to indicate that Aonghus had succeeded Raghnall as the representative of Clann Somhairle by this date, and that Raghnall's sons responded by eliminating their uncle and his line. If so, it is possible that Ruaidhrí seized the succession of Clann Somhairle after the annihilation of Aonghus' branch of the kindred.[39] These accounts of Hebridean warfare may, therefore, signify a radical redistribution of the Clann Somhairle imperium.[43]
Although the context of the conflict of 1209 is uncertain, one possibility is that it was connected to the clash of 1210.[45] Another possibility is that it related to friction between Clann Somhairle and the Crovan dynasty.[46] The Clann Somhairle claim to the kingship of the Isles seems to have stemmed from its descent from Somhairle's wife, Ragnhildr Óláfsdóttir,[47] granddaughter[48] of the Crovan dynasty's common ancestor.[49] In the mid twelfth century, Somhairle confronted Ragnhildr's brother, Guðrøðr Óláfsson, King of the Isles, and wrested the kingship from him. Somhairle's coup resulted in the division of the Kingdom of the Isles between his descendants and Guðrøðr's.[50]
In the second decade of the century, the Chronicle of Mann reveals that the wife of the reigning representative of the Crovan dynasty, Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson, King of the Isles, was the sister of the bride of Rǫgnvaldr's rival half-brother, Óláfr Guðrøðarson.[53] Although the precise identity of the half-brothers' shared father-in-law is uncertain,[54] the chronicle describes him as a nobleman from Kintyre,[55] which suggests that he was a member of Clann Somhairle,[56] as sources concerning this kindred associate it with Kintyre more than any other region.[57] The half-brother's father-in-law, therefore, may well have been either Raghnall,[58] or Ruaidhrí[52]—both of whom appear to have been styled "Lord of Kintyre" in contemporary sources[59]—or possibly even Domhnall.[60][note 2]
It is conceivable that Rǫgnvaldr's union dates before 1210,[57] perhaps not long after 1200 considering the age of his son, Guðrøðr Dond, who was active in about 1223.[63] The marital alliance appears to have been orchestrated in an effort to patch up relations between Clann Somhairle and the Crovan dynasty.[64] It is possible that Rǫgnvaldr's kingship was formally recognised by Ruaidhrí as the principal member of Clann Somhairle, and that Ruaidhrí thereby established himself as a leading magnate within a reunified Kingdom of the Isles.[65] Such a development may have taken place at about the time of Aonghus' elimination.[57]
Ruaidhrí is likely one of the unnamed sons of Raghnall who is recorded by various Irish annals to have campaigned with Thomas fitz Roland, Earl of Atholl in a fleet of over seventy ships against the Irish in 1211/1212.[67] Ruaidhrí is certainly reported by the same sources to have assisted Thomas in ravaging Derry and the surrounding countryside again in 1213/1214.[68] On one hand, these seaborne operations may have been undertaken in the context of supporting the Irish interests of Rǫgnvaldr, who seems to have been under pressure at about this period.[69] The attacks could indicate that Thomas and his Clann Somhairle allies were supporting the cause of the English Crown in Ireland, and were coordinated with the campaigning of the English justiciar, John de Grey, Bishop of Norwich.[70] Like his kinsman Rǫgnvaldr,[71] Thomas was the recipient of an English grant of Irish lands at about this time.[72] It is also possible that the raids were conducted in specific regard to the interests of both the Scottish and English Crowns, and particularly aimed at limiting Irish support of the Meic Uilleim,[73] a disaffected rival branch of the Scottish royal family.[74][note 3]
Confrontation with the Scottish Crown
editExpulsion from Kintyre
editIn 1221/1222, Alexander II, King of Scotland seems to have overseen a series of invasions into Argyll,[79] as evidenced by sources such as the thirteenth-century Gesta Annalia I,[80] the fifteenth-century Scotichronicon,[81] and the fifteenth-century Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland.[82] According to the former source, the king personally led the first of two incursions in 1221. Although this operation is stated to have been curtailed by adverse weather, it is said to have been followed by a resoundingly successful offensive the year after.[83] The campaign itself marks the earliest point at which the region was drawn into the Scottish realm.[84] In fact, there is reason to suspect that the inhabitants of Argyll were unlikely to have regarded themselves as Scots until the midpoint of the century.[85] As a result of this aggressive projection of royal authority, Alexander seems to have gained the pacification of Kintyre,[86] Knapdale,[87] Cowal,[86] and the islands of the Firth of Clyde.[88] Such success may account for the commencement of the royal castle of Tarbert,[89] the conferment of burghal status on Dumbarton shortly afterwards,[90][note 4] and the notice of a royal constable at Dunoon—a record that appears to reveal the construction of a castle onsite and the transfer of Cowal to Walter fitz Alan II, Steward of Scotland.[92] It is evident that the amicable cooperation between Ruaidhrí and Thomas had ended by the early 1220s.[93] As the king's principal adherents in the maritime west, Thomas[94] and his brother, Alan fitz Roland, Lord of Galloway, likely played a leading role in the king's operations.[95] The former was certainly active in naval operations between the Hebrides and Ireland in 1221/1222, when he defeated a Hebridean fleet en route to Ireland.[96] One possibility is that this particular action concerned the disruption of Clann Somhairle assistance to Irish kindreds opposed to English interests in Ireland.[97]
There is reason to suspect that Alexander's campaign resulted in a local regime change, with Ruaidhrí being replaced by Domhnall in Kintyre.[99] For example, whilst Ruaidhrí is recorded to have held lands in Kintyre during the thirteenth century,[100] a later charter of Domhnall's son, Aonghus Mór, specifically locates one of the latter's ecclesiastical possessions "in my land which is called Kintyre".[101] Although Clann Domhnall is well attested in Kintyre later in the century, there is no further evidence of Ruaidhrí or his Clann Ruaidhrí descendants on the peninsula.[102] If Domhnall indeed replaced Ruaidhrí in the region it does not necessarily mean that he sided with the Scots against his brother: for example, although submission to the Scottish Crown seems to have been unpalatable to Ruaidhrí, Domhnall may have been more willing to endure Scottish overlordship.[63] According to Gesta Annalia I, upon the conclusion of the Scottish campaign, some of the men of Argyll offered Alexander money and hostages for a grant of peace. Other men of the region are said to have fled the region, whereafter the same source states that Alexander granted away their lands and possessions to his own followers.[103]
Another beneficiary of Ruaidhrí's apparent ousting may have been Donnchadh mac Dubhghaill,[105] who seems to have become the principal member of Clann Somhairle at about this time. Donnchadh may have capitalised on the resulting power vacuum in Argyll,[63] and seems to have been entrusted with the Lordship of Argyll as a vassal of Alexander.[105] Ruaidhrí's expulsion may have also been connected to the apparent marriage alliance between his kindred and the Crovan dynasty.[106] Since the majority of Ruaidhrí's territories appear to have been mainland possessions, it is very likely that Alexander regarded this alliance and apparent reunification of the Isles as a threat to his own claims of overlordship of Argyll.[63] Apprehension of this rejuvenated island realm may have been one of the factors that led to the Scots' invasion and Ruaidhrí's expulsion.[107] In fact, the Chronicle of Mann reveals that, also in about 1221/1222, Óláfr was freed from his marriage by his apparent adherent, Reginaldus, Bishop of the Isles, after which Óláfr married a daughter of Fearchar mac an tSagairt, Earl of Ross. The latter was an emerging magnate closely linked to the Scottish Crown,[108] and it is likely that Óláfr's realignment with such a figure was influenced by the concurrent campaign against Ruaidhrí,[109] and was perhaps intended by the Scots to further destabilise the Isles.[60]
According to the thirteenth-century Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar, Hákon Hákonarson, King of Norway was visited by a certain Gillikristr, Óttar Snækollsson, and many Islesmen, who presented the king with letters concerning certain needs of their lands.[110] Although it is possible that these men visited Norway with news regarding the kin-strife between Rǫgnvaldr and Óláfr,[111] another possibility is that the delegation was concerned with the threat of Scottish aggression in the Isles, following the Scottish Crown's conquest of Kintyre in 1221/1222.[112]
Adherent of the Meic Uilleim insurgency
editAccording to Gesta Annalia I, at some point in the 1220s the Meic Uilleim again rose in revolt, with the source identifying the participating Meic Uilleim faction members as: Giolla Easpaig, his unnamed sons, and a certain Roderick.[115] Whilst this source is echoed by Scotichronicon,[116] the wording of the version of events preserved by the fourteenth-century Chronicle of Lanercost seems to isolate Roderick from being a member of the Meic Uilleim.[117]
The fact that Gesta Annalia I is a more contemporary source suggests that it's identification of Roderick as a member of the Meic Uilleim may be more accurate than the less than unambiguous wording of the Chronicle of Lanercost.[118] Nevertheless, if the latter source is to be believed, it could be evidence that this man is identical to Ruaidhrí himself.[119] Although the sources that note Roderick's participation in the last Meic Uilleim revolt reveal that the kindred was utterly overcome and apparently extirpated, the fate of Roderick is not recorded.[120] If Ruaidhrí is indeed identifical to Roderick, it is uncertain when he may have initiated such assistance to the insurgency. One possibility is that Ruaidhrí had supported the uprisings of the Meic Uilleim in the 1210s,[121] which in turn could account for his dispossession from Kintyre.[122] Evidence against such an early alliance may be the annalistic evidence of Ruaidhrí's attacks in Ireland in 1211/1212 and 1213/1214, if these operations were indeed conducted on behalf of the Scottish Crown against Irish associates of the Meic Uilleim.[123] In fact, it may have only been after his expulsion that Ruaidhrí was compelled to align himself with Alexander's Meic Uilleim enemies.[124]
Although it is possible that Ruaidhrí controlled the lands that made up Garmoran[127] and various islands in the Hebrides,[128] there is uncertainty as to how and when these territories entered into the possession of his family.[129] Later leading members of Clann Ruaidhrí certainly possessed these lands, but evidence of custody before the mid thirteenth century is lacking.[130][note 5]
Seemingly as a consequence of the Comyn family's part in the suppression of the Meic Uilleim revolt, Walter Comyn acquired the Highland lordships of Badenoch and Lochaber in 1229×1234.[135] If Ruaidhrí and Roderick are indeed one and the same—and Ruaidhrí indeed possessed Garmoran—the proximity between this province to Badenoch and Lochaber could indicate that these territories had been centres of the Meic Uilleim insurrection.[136] As such, Ruaidhrí would have been well placed to harbour the Meic Uilleim in Garmoran.[137] Ruaidhrí's possession of Garmoran would also mean that the king's grant to the Comyn kindred placed Walter Comyn upon the borders of both Donnchadh and Ruaidhrí. Alexander, therefore, may have intended for the Comyns to exert pressure upon their Clann Somhairle neighbours. The fact that no disturbances are recorded in the region after 1230 could be evidence that the king was successful in such machinations.[138]
Óspakr-Hákon's invasion of the Isles
editMeanwhile, in the Isles, the struggle between Rǫgnvaldr and Óláfr for the kingship continued on. Although Rǫgnvaldr had enlisted Alan fitz Roland's support by way of a marital alliance,[140] Óláfr seized the kingship of the Isles in 1226, and slew Rǫgnvaldr three years later.[141] The death of Alan fitz Roland's ally did not deter Gallovidian interests in the Isles. In fact, it is apparent that Alan fitz Roland and members of Clann Dubhghaill upheld pressure upon the recently inaugurated Óláfr.[142] Reports of open warfare in the Isles reached the royal court of Hákon in the summer of 1229.[143] Although Óláfr arrived at the Norwegian court early the next year, having been forced from the Isles by Alan fitz Roland and his allies, it is evident that Hákon had already decided upon a course of action.[144] As a matter of fact, the Norwegian king is recorded to have handed over the kingship of the Isles to an apparent member of Clann Dubhghaill named Óspakr, and further bestowed upon this man the royal name Hákon, giving him command of the Norwegian fleet tasked with restoring peace in the Isles.[145]
Having arrived in the Isles not long afterwards, Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar reports that Óspakr-Hákon's fleet linked forces with other leading members of Clann Dubhghaill at Islay.[149] The reason why Ruaidhrí and Domhnall are unrecorded in the context of the campaign is uncertain. Not only had Ruaidhrí suffered from Alexander's encroachment, but his maternal kinsman, Guðrøðr Dond, played a prominent part in the campaign.[63] If Ruaidhrí indeed partook in the final Meic Uilleim rebellion, his apparent absence from Óspakr-Hákon's campaign could be evidence that his desire for requital against the Scots was temporarily sated,[150] or that he had perished with the Meic Uilleim.[63]
The fact that Óláfr's previous struggle against Alan fitz Roland and Clann Somhairle is acclaimed by Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar suggests that Hákon did not intend to replace Óláfr with Óspakr-Hákon. Instead, Hákon seems to have planned for Óspakr-Hákon to reign over the sprawling domain of Clann Somhairle in an attempt to ensure this kindred's obedience. Óspakr-Hákon's prospective realm, therefore, may have comprised Argyll, Kintyre, and the Inner Hebrides.[158] If correct, Ruaidhrí's nonappearance in the campaign may have been due to resentment of Óspakr-Hákon's prospective overlordship.[159] Domhnall's absence, on the other hand, could relate to the fact that he seems to have come to an accommodation with the Scottish Crown in the wake of Ruaidhrí's expulsion, and to have owed his lordship in Kintyre to Alexander.[160] If correct, the Norwegian muster off Islay may be indicative of an attempt by Óspakr-Hákon to overawe Domhnall.[63] Whatever the case, Óspakr-Hákon's fleet afterwards entered the Firth of Clyde, and made landfall on Bute, where his forces successfully stormed and captured the island's fortress, a stronghold that is almost certainly identical to Rothesay Castle.[151] The castle itself was a holding of Walter fitz Alan II, and the attack upon it seems to evince the anxiety felt by Clann Somhairle in the face of the steward's steadily increasing regional influence.[161]
Mac Somhairle
editDespite the ambiguous evidence concerning Roderick, the last record of Ruaidhrí is the undated record of his lordship in Kintyre.[63] It may be that the creation of the Comyn lordship of Badenoch and Lochaber, together with the establishment of various lordships throughout Great Glen, and the foundation of Fearchar's Earldom of Ross, successfully served to neutralise Ruaidhrí—if he indeed possessed Garmoran.[166]
In 1248, both Ruaidhrí's succeeding son, Dubhghall, and Donnchadh's succeeding son, Eóghan, are stated by Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar to have arrived in Norway, with both men seeking the kingship of the northern Suðreyjar from Hákon.[167] The entirety of the Suðreyjar—an Old Norse term meaning "Southern Islands"—roughly equates to the Hebrides and Mann.[168] The precise jurisdiction that Dubhghall and Eóghan competed for is uncertain. For example, the northern Hebridean islands of Lewis and Harris and Skye appear to have been held by the Crovan dynasty, then represented by Óláfr's succeeding son, Haraldr Óláfsson, King of the Isles.[169] One possibility is that Eóghan and Dubhghall sought kingship of the same jurisdiction that Hákon had awarded to Óspakr-Hákon about a decade before.[170]
Although 1247 was also the year of Hákon's royal coronation, and it is possible that the arrival of the Clann Somhairle dynasts was a result of the reimposition of Norwegian overlordship in the Isles,[173] another reason for their arrival may relate to the death of a certain Mac Somhairle—an apparent member of Clann Somhairle—slain whilst resisting an English invasion of Tír Chonaill in 1247.[174] Merely a year before, Haraldr seems to have submitted to Henry III, King of England,[175] and it is possible that Hákon had consequently recognised Mac Somhairle's kingship in the Isles in retaliation to Haraldr's acceptance of English overtures. If correct, the voyage of Dubhghall and Eóghan to Norway may reveal that both men sought to succeed their fallen kinsman in the Isles.[176] Although the identity of Mac Somhairle uncertain, he may well be indentitical to Ruaidhrí himself.[171] Certainly, Dubhghall's presence in Norway suggests that he was indeed dead by this date.[177][note 8]
An alliance with a ruler of the Isles would have certainly benefited Henry's ongoing military operations in Ireland,[187] and it is possible that it was Haraldr's pact with him that had prompted Mac Somhairle's involvement against the English in Ireland.[176] In fact, Clann Somhairle may have faced immediate repercussions for their alignment with the Norwegian Crown.[188] For example, English financial records for 1248 reveal that Walter Bisset was tasked to fortify a castle along the Scottish coast. This castle appears to be that of Dunaverty, seated upon the southern coast of Kintyre.[189] This could indicate that Walter Bisset's Ulster-based actions in Kintyre were undertaken as a means to divide the Isles, isolating Mann from the Hebrides.[188] If Ruaidhrí is indeed identical to Mac Somhairle, and therefore died in 1247, Walter Bisset's activity at Dunaverty could be evidence of him capitalising upon a fortress that had formerly been held by Ruaidhrí.[190] Apparently in about the same year that the Bissets seized Dunaverty, Thomas' illegitimate son, Alan, stormed the castle in a devastating attack that may have culminated in the capture Walter Bisset himself.[191] Alan's attack upon the Bissets may have been partly connected to the activities of Clann Somhairle in Ireland.[192]
Three noble smooth-skinned bodies, three generous heroes who had stood in every gap—not simply three men but three lords—lay about the every changing (Síodh) Aodha.
Three noble dragons needing no incitement, three heroes side by side, lie in one fair tapering grace; long shall that Wednesday be remembered.
— excerpt from an elegy to Maol Seachlainn Ó Domhnaill, by Giolla Brighde Mac Con Midhe, lamenting the fall of Maol Seachlainn, An Giolla Muinealach Ó Baoighill, and Mac Somhairle at the Battle of Ballyshannon.[193]
The fall of Mac Somhairle is noted by numerous sources, such as the fifteenth- to sixteenth-century Annals of Connacht,[194] the Annals of Ulster,[195] the seventeenth-century Annals of the Four Masters,[196] and the sixteenth-century Annals of Loch Cé.[197][note 9] At the time of his demise, Mac Somhairle was supporting the cause of Maol Seachlainn Ó Domhnaill, King of Tír Chonaill, who was attempting to halt to expansion of the English when his forces were crushed by Maurice fitz Gerald, Lord of Offaly at Ballyshannon.[198] Not only did Mac Somhairle lose his life in the affair, so too did Maol Seachlainn and the latter's principal underking, An Giolla Muinealach Ó Baoighill.[199] At the time of his fall, Mac Somhairle would have undoubtedly commanded a force of fighting men—known later in the century as gallowglasses—and could have either lent military assistance to the Uí Domhnaill voluntarily, or else marketed such services to the kindred as a mercenary.[200] About a decade after Mac Somhairle's death, Ruaidhrí's son, Dubhghall—also named Mac Somhairle by various Irish annals—is recorded to have fought the English in Connacht,[201] and to have contracted a marital alliance with Aodh na nGall Ó Conchobhair, who thereby received a tocher that included one hundred and sixty gallowglass warriors commanded by Ruaidhrí's younger son, Ailéan.[202][note 10] Ruaidhrí's Clann Ruaidhrí descendants are recorded to have acted in Ireland as gallowglass commanders as late as the mid fourteenth century.[207]
Notes
edit- ^ Since the 1980s, academics have accorded Ruaidhrí various personal names in English secondary sources: Roderick,[2] Rodoricus,[3] Rory,[4] Ruadhri,[5] Ruaidhri,[6] Ruaidhrí,[7] Ruaidrí,[8] Ruaidri,[9] Ruaídrí,[10] Ruairi,[11] Ruairí,[12] Ruairidh,[13] Ruari,[14] and Ruaridh.[15] Likewise, since the 2000s, academics have accorded Ruaidhrí various patronyms in English secondary sources: Ruaidhrí mac Raghnaill mhic Somhairle,[16] Ruaidhrí mac Raghnaill,[17] Ruaidhri mac Raghnall,[18] Ruaidhrí mac Ragnaill,[19] Ruaidhri mac Raonaill,[20] Ruaidhrí mac Raonaill,[20] Ruaidrí mac Ragnaill,[21] Ruaidrí mac Raonaill,[22] Ruairidh mac Raghnaill,[23] Ruairidh mac Raonaill,[13] Ruairidh mac Raonall,[24] and Ruaridh mac Ranald.[15]
- ^ One reason why the chronicle fails to name the father-in-law of Rǫgnvaldr and Óláfr could be that the chronicle is biased against him. Another possibility is that the chronicler may have simply not known his name.[61]
- ^ It is possible that the first recorded raid by Thomas and the sons of Raghnall was the catalyst for the tribute that Áed Méith Ua Néill seems to have rendered to the English at about that time.[75] There is reason to suspect that Áed Méith had been lending support to the Meic Uilleim.[76] In the first decade of the thirteenth century, the Clann Somhairle leadership evidently established a Benedictine abbey on Iona. In 1204, the Annals of Ulster and the Annals of the Four Masters report that the monastery was burnt to the ground by a force of Irish clerics, who thereupon installed the Abbot of Derry as Abbot of Iona. As such, there is reason to suspect that there was some sort of connection between the invasion of 1204 and those of 1211/1212 and 1213/1214.[77]
- ^ Burghs were commonly created to act as peripheral outposts of royal authority.[91]
- ^ One possibility is that Ruaidhrí gained Garmoran in the aftermath of the extirpation of Aonghus' line.[131] Another possibility is that Ruaidhrí's descendants acquired Garmoran and the outer Hebridean islands after the eclipse of Norwegian sovereignty in the Isles following the Treaty of Perth in 1266.[132] Alternately, Clann Ruaidhrí's holdings in Garmoran and the Isles could have stemmed from compensation received from Óláfr in light of his marriage to a kinswoman of Ruaidhrí.[133] Another possibility is that the mainland territories of Clann Ruaidhrí were lands earlier possessed by Somhairle, and that the island territories passed from the Crovan dynasty to Clann Somhairle by way of Ragnhildr.[134]
- ^ This coat of arms is blazoned: gules, three galleys with dragon heads at each end or, one above the other.[147] The coat of arms concerns Hákon's coronation, and its associated caption reads in Latin: "Scutum regis Norwagiae nuper coronati, qui dicitur rex Insularum".[146] The coat of arms was illustrated by Matthew Paris, a man who met Hákon in 1248/1249, the year after the king's coronation. The emphasise that Matthew placed upon the Norwegian realm's sea power appears to be underscored in the heraldry he attributed to Hákon.[148]
- ^ In 1263, in the course of Hákon's campaign against the Scots, the castle again fell to Norwegian forces. According to Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar, one particular figure who played a part in the castle's fall was a ship-commander named Ruðri, a man who swore allegiance to Hákon with his two brothers. Ruðri is recorded to have claimed Bute as his birthright, stating that he had been outlawed by the Scottish Crown for attempting to take back what was rightfully his. After Hákon's forces ravaged the island and captured the castle, Ruðri is recorded to have slaughtered the Scottish prisoners, and to have devastated the Scottish mainland far and wide.[153] The castle itself—and the surrounding settlement of Rothesay—may owe its name to Ruðri, or perhaps to an ancestor of his.[154] Although Ruðri's exact identity is unknown, he could well have been a member of Clann Somhairle.[155] One possibility is that he was a son[156] or grandson of Óspakr. Another is that he was a descendant of Ruaidhrí.[157]
- ^ Another candidate for the slain Mac Somhairle includes Domhnall,[178] although the Chronicle of Mann seems to reveal that Domhnall was still alive later in the century.[179] Eóghan's father is yet another candidate,[180] especially in light of the fact that the titles accorded to Mac Somhairle refer to Argyll and not Kintyre where Domhnall seems to have held lordship after Ruaidhrí's expulsion.[181] However, the fact that Donnchadh was active in 1175—over seventy years before Mac Somhairle's demise—seems to be evidence against the possibility that Donnchadh and Mac Somahairle were one and the same.[182] So too may be the fact that Eóghan is recorded to have granted property to the Diocese of Argyll in 1240, which could be evidence that Donnchadh was dead by this date.[183] Another Clann Dubhghaill candidate is Donnchadh's younger brother, Dubhghall, who—like Donnchadh—was accorded kingly status by Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar in its account of the lead-up to Óspakr-Hákon's campaign.[184]
- ^ Mac Somhairle is accorded the following titles: "ri Airir Gaidil" ("king of Argyle") by the Annals of Connacht,[194] "ticcherna Airer Ghaoidheal" ("Lord of Argyle") by the Annals of the Four Masters,[196] and "ri Airir Gaoidel" ("king of Airer-Gaeidhel") by the Annals of Loch Cé.[197]
- ^ The attested cooperation between the families of Ruaidhrí and Thomas fitz Roland may account for Ailéan's name.[203] The father of Thomas was Roland fitz Uhtred, Lord of Galloway. The latter's acceptance of Alan as the name of his eldest son and heir could be evidence of French influence upon his family.[204] In the twelfth century Roland's family increasingly involved itself with families of Continental origin.[205] The association of Ruaidhrí and his brother with the sons of Roland may also cast light on the identity of the Islesmen who are stated to have supported the Gallovidian rebellion of Alan's illegitimate son, Thomas, against the Scottish Crown in 1235.[206]
Citations
edit- ^ Annala Uladh (2005) § 1214.2; Annala Uladh (2003) § 1214.2; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489 (n.d.).
- ^ Neville (2016); Cowan (1990); Barrow (1988); Barrow (1981).
- ^ Barrow (1988).
- ^ Barrow (1981).
- ^ Oram (1988).
- ^ Oram (2013); Duffy (2007); Ross, A (2007); Woolf (2007); Brown (2004); Duffy (2004c); Stringer, KJ (1998); Barrow (1981).
- ^ Oram (2013); Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005); McLeod (2005); Power (2005); McLeod (2002).
- ^ McDonald (2007b); Pollock (2005); Oram (2000); Duffy (1993).
- ^ McDonald (2019); Holton (2017); Sellar (2000).
- ^ Woolf (2004); Woolf (2003).
- ^ Holton (2017); Sellar (2011); Brown (2004); McDonald (2004); Sellar (2000); McDonald (1999); McDonald (1997); Barrow (1988).
- ^ Power (2005).
- ^ a b Murray, N (2005); Ross, AD (2003).
- ^ Cochran-Yu (2015); Raven (2005a); Dalglish (2003).
- ^ a b Oram (2011).
- ^ McLeod (2002).
- ^ McLeod (2005).
- ^ Duffy (2007); Ross, A (2007); Woolf (2007).
- ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005).
- ^ a b Oram (2013).
- ^ Duffy (1993).
- ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005); Oram (2000).
- ^ Ross, AD (2003).
- ^ Murray, N (2005).
- ^ Woolf (2007) p. 79; Barrow (1988).
- ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 27 tab. 2; Raven (2005b) fig. 13; Brown (2004) p. 77 tab. 4.1; Sellar (2000) p. 194 tab. ii; McDonald (1997) pp. 257 genealogical tree i, 258 genealogical tree ii.
- ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 27 tab. 2; Raven (2005b) fig. 13; Brown (2004) p. 77 tab. 4.1; McDonald (1997) p. 258 genealogical tree ii.
- ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 111; Broun (2005b) p. 95; Woolf (2005); Dalglish (2003) p. 158.
- ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 27 tab. 2; Raven (2005b) fig. 13; Brown (2004) p. 77 tab. 4.1; Sellar (2004a); Sellar (2000) p. 194 tab. ii; McDonald (1997) p. 257 genealogical tree i.
- ^ Holton (2017) p. 126; Sellar (2011) p. 92; Raven (2005b) fig. 13; Sellar (2004a); Dalglish (2003) p. 158; Sellar (2000) p. 195.
- ^ Holton (2017) pp. 126–127; Sellar (2011) p. 92; Duffy (2007) p. 10; McDonald (2007b) p. 110; Murray, N (2005) p. 291; Raven (2005b) fig. 13; Duffy (2004c) p. 47; Dalglish (2003) p. 158; Oram (2000) p. 117; Sellar (2000) p. 195; Murray, A (1998) p. 5; Duffy (1993) p. 77.
- ^ Holton (2017) p. 126; Sellar (2011) p. 92; Duffy (2007) p. 10; McDonald (2007b) p. 110; Woolf (2007) p. 77; Raven (2005b) fig. 13; Dalglish (2003) p. 158; Duffy (2002) p. 56; Sellar (2000) p. 195; Duffy (1993) p. 77.
- ^ Woolf (2007) p. 80; Woolf (2004) p. 105; Sellar (2000) p. 195; Lawrie (1910) p. 204 § 51; Anderson (1908) p. 264; Stevenson (1841) pp. 4, 135.
- ^ Woolf (2007) p. 80; Woolf (2004) p. 105.
- ^ McLeod (2002) pp. 29, 31; Sellar (2000) p. 195; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 198; Paul (1882) p. 678 § 3170; Document 3/30/1 (n.d.).
- ^ Sellar (2000) p. 195.
- ^ McDonald (1997) p. 79.
- ^ Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 82–83; Cotton MS Julius A VII (n.d.).
- ^ a b Woolf (2007) p. 80.
- ^ Oram (2011) p. 168; McDonald (2007b) p. 110; Annala Uladh (2005) § 1209.2; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 248; Oram (2005) p. 7; Brown (2004) p. 71; McDonald (1997) p. 80; Annala Uladh (2003) § 1209.2; Anderson (1922) p. 378.
- ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 248.
- ^ Oram (2011) pp. 168–169; Woolf (2007) p. 80; Brown (2004) p. 71; Sellar (2000) p. 195; McDonald (1997) p. 80; Anderson (1922) p. 387; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 82–83.
- ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Power (2005) p. 39.
- ^ Flateyjarbok (1862) p. 508; GKS 1005 Fol (n.d.).
- ^ Power (2005) p. 39.
- ^ Oram (2011) p. 168; McDonald (2007b) p. 112; Brown (2004) p. 71; McDonald (1997) p. 80.
- ^ Beuermann (2012) p. 5; Beuermann (2010) p. 102; Williams, G (2007) p. 145; Woolf (2005); Brown (2004) p. 70; Rixson (2001) p. 85.
- ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 27 tab. 1.
- ^ McDonald (2012) p. 150; McDonald (2007a) p. 50; Duffy (2004a).
- ^ Duffy (2004a); Sellar (2004b).
- ^ Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 84–85; Cotton MS Julius A VII (n.d.).
- ^ a b McDonald (2019) pp. 60–61; Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 36; Oram (2013) ch. 4; Oram (2011) p. 189; McDonald (2007b) pp. 117 n. 68, 152; Woolf (2007) p. 81; Pollock (2005) pp. 4, 27, 27 n. 138; Raven (2005a) p. 57; Woolf (2004) p. 107; Woolf (2003) p. 178; Oram (2000) p. 125.
- ^ Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 36; McDonald (2007b) p. 116; Woolf (2007) p. 81; Pollock (2005) p. 27, 27 n. 138; Woolf (2003) p. 178; McDonald (1997) p. 85; Anderson (1922) p. 457; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 84–85.
- ^ McDonald (2019) pp. 60–61; Oram (2013) ch. 4; McDonald (2007b) pp. 116–117.
- ^ McDonald (2019) pp. 60, 66; McDonald (2016) p. 339; Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 36; Oram (2013) ch. 4; McDonald (2007a) p. 73 n. 35; McDonald (2007b) pp. 78, 116; Woolf (2007) p. 81; Pollock (2005) p. 27 n. 138; Duffy (2004b); Woolf (2003) p. 178; McDonald (1997) p. 85; Anderson (1922) p. 457; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 84–85.
- ^ McDonald (2019) pp. 60–61; McDonald (2007a) p. 73 n. 35; McDonald (2007b) p. 117; Woolf (2007) p. 81.
- ^ a b c Woolf (2007) p. 81.
- ^ Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 36; Oram (2013) ch. 4; McDonald (2007b) pp. 117, 152; Woolf (2007) p. 81.
- ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 117; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 219 § 3; MacDonald; MacDonald (1896) pp. 565–565; Paul (1882) pp. 670 § 3136, 678 § 3170; Document 3/30/1 (n.d.); Document 3/32/1 (n.d.); Document 3/32/2 (n.d.).
- ^ a b Woolf (2007) p. 82.
- ^ McDonald (2019) pp. 60–61.
- ^ Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 86–87; Cotton MS Julius A VII (n.d.).
- ^ a b c d e f g h Oram (2013) ch. 4.
- ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; McDonald (2007b) p. 117; Woolf (2007) p. 81.
- ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Woolf (2007) p. 81.
- ^ Stevenson (1835) p. 142.
- ^ Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 1211.3; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 1211.3; Oram (2013) ch. 4; Annals of Loch Cé (2008) § 1211.7; Duffy (2007) p. 10; Ross, A (2007) p. 36; Annala Uladh (2005) § 1212.4; Annals of Loch Cé (2005) § 1211.7; Pollock (2005) p. 27; Annala Uladh (2003) § 1212.4; Duffy (2002) p. 56; Oram (2000) p. 117; McDonald (1997) pp. 80, 150; Duffy (1993) pp. 67, 77; Oram (1988) pp. 128, 138.
- ^ Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 1213.3; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 1213.3; Oram (2013) ch. 4; Annals of Loch Cé (2008) § 1213.6; Duffy (2007) p. 10; Ross, A (2007) p. 36; Annala Uladh (2005) § 1214.2; Annals of Loch Cé (2005) § 1213.6; Pollock (2005) p. 27; Annala Uladh (2003) § 1214.2; Oram (2000) p. 117; McDonald (1997) pp. 80, 150; Duffy (1993) pp. 67, 77; Oram (1988) p. 128.
- ^ Pollock (2005) pp. 26–27, 27 n. 138.
- ^ Martin (2008) pp. 146–147; McDonald (1997) p. 80.
- ^ Duffy (2004b).
- ^ Martin (2008) p. 147; Brown (2004) p. 76.
- ^ Strickland (2012) p. 107; Oram (2011) p. 171; Ross, A (2007) p. 36; Oram (2004); Ross, AD (2003) pp. 198–199; Oram (2000) p. 117; Stringer, KJ (1998) pp. 87–88; Duffy (1993) pp. 78–79.
- ^ Taylor (2016) p. 6; Ross, A (2007); Broun (2005a); Oram (2005).
- ^ Pollock (2005) p. 23 n. 115; Davies; Quinn (1941) pp. 36–37, 66–67.
- ^ Pollock (2005) pp. 23, 26.
- ^ Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 1203.3; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 1203.3; Annala Uladh (2005) § 1204.4; Annala Uladh (2003) § 1204.4; Duffy (1993) pp. 66–67.
- ^ Birch (1905) pp. 24, 111 fig. 8; Seal Impression (n.d.).
- ^ MacInnes (2019) pp. 134–135; Neville (2016) pp. 10, 19; Oram (2013) ch. 4; Strickland (2012) p. 107; Oram (2011) pp. 185–186; Ross, A (2007) p. 40; Murray, N (2005) pp. 290–292; Oram (2005) p. 36; Brown (2004) p. 75; Stringer, K (2004); Ross, AD (2003) p. 203; Oram (2000) pp. 122, 125, 130; Sellar (2000) p. 201; Stringer, KJ (1998) p. 95; McDonald (1997) pp. 83–84; Duncan (1996) p. 528; Cowan (1990) p. 114; Dunbar; Duncan (1971) p. 2; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 199.
- ^ MacInnes (2019) pp. 134–135; Neville (2016) pp. 10, 19; Oram (2013) ch. 4; Murray, N (2005) pp. 290–291, 290 n. 24; Oram (2005) p. 36; Stringer, KJ (1998) p. 95; McDonald (1997) pp. 83–84; Duncan (1996) p. 528; Dunbar; Duncan (1971) p. 2; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 199; Skene (1872) p. 284 ch. 40; Skene (1871) pp. 288–289 ch. 40.
- ^ MacInnes (2019) pp. 134–135; Neville (2016) pp. 10, 19; Oram (2000) p. 122; Goodall (1759) pp. 43–44 ch. 34.
- ^ Murray, N (2005) pp. 290–291, 290 n. 24; McDonald (1997) pp. 83–84; Dunbar; Duncan (1971) p. 2; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 199; Amours (1907) pp. 84–87; Laing (1872) p. 240.
- ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Murray, N (2005) pp. 290–291, 290 n. 24; Stringer, KJ (1998) p. 95; McDonald (1997) pp. 83–84; Duncan (1996) p. 528; Dunbar; Duncan (1971) p. 2; Skene (1872) p. 284 ch. 40; Skene (1871) pp. 288–289 ch. 40.
- ^ MacDonald (2013) p. 29.
- ^ MacDonald (2013) p. 29; Broun (2007) pp. 7, 21, 72.
- ^ a b Stringer, K (2004); Duncan (1996) p. 528.
- ^ Duncan (1996) p. 528.
- ^ Dunbar; Duncan (1971) p. 2.
- ^ a b Oram (2011) p. 186; Oram (2008) p. 176; Murray, N (2005) p. 291, 291 n. 27; Stringer, K (2004); McDonald (1997) pp. 84, 241–242; Duncan (1996) p. 528; Barrow (1981) p. 114.
- ^ Oram (2011) p. 186; Dennison (2005) p. 274; Murray, N (2005) pp. 291, 291–292 n. 29; Duncan (1996) p. 528.
- ^ Dennison (2005) p. 274.
- ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Murray, N (2005) p. 292; McDonald (1997) p. 84; Barrow (1981) p. 114; Registrum Monasterii de Passelet (1832) pp. 132–133; Document 3/333/2 (n.d.).
- ^ Pollock (2005) p. 29 n. 155.
- ^ Brown (2004) p. 76.
- ^ Murray, N (2005) p. 290; Brown (2004) p. 76; Oram (2000) pp. 122, 138 n. 81; Stringer, KJ (1998) p. 95.
- ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Duffy (2007) p. 9; Oram (2004); Duffy (2002) pp. 190–191 n. 6; Oram (2000) p. 122; Stringer, KJ (1998) p. 95; Duffy (1993) p. 103.
- ^ Oram (2000) p. 122.
- ^ Oram (2008) p. 176.
- ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Oram (2011) p. 186; Murray, N (2005) pp. 290–291; Brown (2004) p. 75; Woolf (2004) p. 107; Sellar (2000) p. 201; McDonald (1997) p. 84; Cowan (1990) p. 114; Dunbar; Duncan (1971) p. 2; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) pp. 199–200.
- ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Murray, N (2005) p. 291 n. 25; Raven (2005a) p. 57; McDonald (1997) p. 84; Barrow (1988) p. 13 n. 69; Dunbar; Duncan (1971) p. 2; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) pp. 200–201, 219 § 3; Paul (1882) pp. 670 § 3136, 678 § 3170; Document 3/32/1 (n.d.); Document 3/32/2 (n.d.).
- ^ McDonald (1997) p. 84; Duffy (1993) p. 251 n. 35; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 201; MacDonald; MacDonald (1896) pp. 487–488; Origines Parochiales Scotiae (1854) p. 13; Registrum Monasterii de Passelet (1832) pp. 127–128; Document 3/31/3 (n.d.).
- ^ Dunbar; Duncan (1971) p. 2; McDonald (1997) p. 84.
- ^ MacInnes (2019) pp. 134–135; Neville (2016) pp. 18–19; Skene (1872) p. 284 ch. 40; Skene (1871) pp. 288–289 ch. 40.
- ^ Unger (1871) p. 477 ch. 173; AM 45 Fol (n.d.).
- ^ a b Oram (2013) ch. 4; Woolf (2007) p. 82; Sellar (2000) p. 201.
- ^ Woolf (2007) pp. 80–81.
- ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; McDonald (2007b) p. 117; Woolf (2007) pp. 81–82.
- ^ McDonald (2019) pp. 61, 66; McDonald (2016) p. 339; Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 36; Oram (2013) ch. 4; McDonald (2007b) pp. 79, 152–153, 190; Woolf (2007) p. 81; Barrow (2006) p. 145; Murray, N (2005) p. 290 n. 23; Brown (2004) p. 78; Woolf (2003) p. 178; Grant (2000) p. 123; Oram (2000) p. 125; Stringer, KJ (2000) p. 162 n. 142; Sellar (1997–1998); McDonald (1997) p. 85; Anderson (1922) p. 458; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 86–87.
- ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Oram (2011) p. 189; Oram (2000) p. 125.
- ^ Veach (2014) p. 201; Beuermann (2010) p. 111, 111 n. 39; Power (2005) p. 44; McDonald (2004) p. 195; McDonald (1997) pp. 88–89; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 117, 117 n. 142; Gade (1994) pp. 202–203; Cowan (1990) p. 114; Anderson (1922) p. 455; Jónsson (1916) p. 522 ch. 98; Kjær (1910) p. 390 ch. 106/101; Dasent (1894) pp. 89–90 ch. 101; Vigfusson (1887) p. 87 ch. 101; Unger (1871) p. 440 ch. 105; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 61 ch. 84; Regesta Norvegica (n.d.) vol. 1 § 501.
- ^ McDonald (1997) p. 88; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 117; Regesta Norvegica (n.d.) vol. 1 § 501 n. 1.
- ^ McDonald (1997) pp. 88–89.
- ^ Lewis (1987) pp. 466, 497 n. 185; Royal MS 14 C VII (n.d.).
- ^ Lewis (1987) p. 497 n. 185.
- ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Ross, A (2007) p. 39; Ross, AD (2003) pp. 202–203; Barrow (1988) p. 5; Skene (1872) pp. 285–286 ch. 42; Skene (1871) p. 290 ch. 42.
- ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Ross, AD (2003) p. 202; McDonald (1999) p. 171; Goodall (1759) p. 48 ch. 38.
- ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Ross, A (2007) p. 40; Ross, AD (2003) p. 203; McDonald (1999) p. 171, 171 n. 45; McDonald (1997) p. 82; Barrow (1988) p. 5; Anderson (1922) p. 471; Stevenson (1839) pp. 40–41.
- ^ Ross, A (2007) p. 41; Ross, AD (2003) pp. 203–204.
- ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Oram (2011) p. 190; Ross, A (2007) pp. 40–41; Woolf (2007) p. 80; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 252; Ross, AD (2003) p. 203; Oram (2000) pp. 122, 130–132; McDonald (1999) p. 184; McDonald (1997) p. 82; Barrow (1988) p. 5.
- ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 252.
- ^ Pollock (2005) p. 27 n. 138; McDonald (2004) p. 182; Oram (2000) pp. 122, 130–132; McDonald (1997) pp. 83–84, 95.
- ^ McDonald (1997) pp. 83–84, 95.
- ^ Pollock (2005) p. 27 n. 138.
- ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Woolf (2007) p. 82; Oram (2000) pp. 130–132; McDonald (1997) p. 84.
- ^ Oram (2008) p. 182; Tabraham (2005) pp. 29, 111; McNeill (2002) p. 154; Homann (2001) p. 245.
- ^ Power (2005) p. 43.
- ^ Ross, A (2012) p. 3; Murray, N (2005) pp. 296, 301; Power (2005) pp. 41, 43; Oram (2000) pp. 131–132; McDonald (1997) p. 80; Barrow (1988) p. 5.
- ^ Murray, N (2005) p. 295; Power (2005) p. 41; Oram (2000) pp. 131–132.
- ^ Raven (2005a) pp. 56–58; Rixson (2001) p. 86.
- ^ Ross, A (2012) pp. 3–4; Raven (2005a) pp. 56–58.
- ^ McDonald (1997) p. 80.
- ^ Ross, A (2012) p. 3; Raven (2005a) p. 57.
- ^ Raven (2005a) pp. 57–58; Woolf (2003) p. 178.
- ^ Rixson (2001) p. 86.
- ^ Taylor (2016) p. 80; Murray, N (2005) pp. 300–310; Young (2004).
- ^ Murray, N (2005) p. 296; Ross, AD (2003) p. 203.
- ^ Barrow (1988) p. 5.
- ^ Murray, N (2005) pp. 300–310.
- ^ Jónsson (1916) p. 557 ch. 169; AM 47 Fol (n.d.).
- ^ McNamee (2005); Duffy (2004b).
- ^ Brown (2004) p. 78; McNamee (2005); Duffy (2004b).
- ^ Oram (2011) p. 192; Murray, N (2005) p. 293, 293 n. 37; McDonald (1997) pp. 88–89; Oram (1988) p. 138; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 201.
- ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Stringer, KJ (1998) p. 97; McDonald (1997) p. 88; Oram (1988) p. 138.
- ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Oram (2011) p. 192; McNamee (2005); Murray, N (2005) p. 293; Oram (2000) p. 128; McDonald (1997) p. 89; Oram (1988) p. 138.
- ^ Murray, N (2005) p. 293; Oram (2000) p. 128; McDonald (1997) p. 89; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) pp. 200–201.
- ^ a b Imsen (2010) p. 13 n. 2; Lewis (1987) p. 456; Tremlett; London; Wagner (1967) p. 72.
- ^ Lewis (1987) p. 456; Tremlett; London; Wagner (1967) p. 72.
- ^ Imsen (2010) pp. 13–14, 13 n. 2.
- ^ McDonald (1997) p. 89; Cowan (1990) pp. 114–115; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 201; Anderson (1922) p. 475; Jónsson (1916) p. 557 ch. 169; Kjær (1910) p. 465 ch. 182/167; Dasent (1894) pp. 152–153 ch. 167; Vigfusson (1887) pp. 146–147 ch. 167; Unger (1871) p. 477 ch. 173; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 102 ch. 138.
- ^ Murray, N (2005) p. 296.
- ^ a b Oram (2013) ch. 4; Oram (2011) p. 192; Boardman (2007) p. 95; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 251–252; Tabraham (2005) p. 26; Brown (2004) p. 78; Pringle (1998) p. 152; McDonald (1997) pp. 90, 243; McGrail (1995) pp. 39–42; Cowan (1990) p. 115; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 201.
- ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 242–248.
- ^ Gough-Cooper (2013) p. 80; Boardman (2007) p. 95, 95 n. 33; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 257–258; Pringle (1998) p. 152; McDonald (1997) pp. 110–111; Cowan (1990) p. 120; Anderson (1922) pp. 620–621; Dasent (1894) pp. 350–351 ch. 321; Vigfusson (1887) pp. 338–339 ch. 321; Unger (1871) p. 574 ch. 329; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 222 ch. 279.
- ^ An Litir Bheag (2013); Gough-Cooper (2013) p. 80; Brugger (1929–1930) p. 15 n. 41; Henderson (1910) pp. 201–202.
- ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 257; McDonald (1997) p. 111; Cowan (1990) pp. 120–121; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 203 n. 5.
- ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 257; Power (2005) p. 40 n. 42; McDonald (1997) p. 111; Cowan (1990) pp. 120–121; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 203 n. 5.
- ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 257.
- ^ Murray, N (2005) p. 295, 295 n. 47; McDonald (1997) p. 90; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 201; Anderson (1922) p. 464, 464 n. 4; Jónsson (1916) p. 555 ch. 165; Kjær (1910) p. 462 ch. 178/163; Dasent (1894) p. 150 ch. 163; Vigfusson (1887) p. 144 ch. 163; Unger (1871) pp. 475–476 ch. 169; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 100 ch. 136.
- ^ Murray, N (2005) p. 295, 295 n. 47.
- ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Murray, N (2005) pp. 296–297.
- ^ Oram (2011) p. 192; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 251.
- ^ Caldwell; Hall; Wilkinson (2009) p. 156 fig. 1a, 188 fig. 15.
- ^ Caldwell; Hall; Wilkinson (2009) pp. 197–198.
- ^ Caldwell; Hall; Wilkinson (2009) pp. 165, 197–198.
- ^ Caldwell; Hall; Wilkinson (2009) p. 155.
- ^ Oram (2000) p. 132.
- ^ Oram (2013) ch. 6; Wærdahl (2011) p. 49; Beuermann (2010) p. 108; Woolf (2007) p. 83; Murray, N (2005) pp. 302–304; Power (2005) p. 46; Brown (2004) p. 80; McLeod (2002) p. 30; Sellar (2000) pp. 203–204, 206; McDonald (1997) pp. 68, 98–99; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 118; Cowan (1990) p. 115; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 207; Anderson (1922) p. 627 ch. 287; Jónsson (1916) p. 627 ch. 287; Kjær (1910) p. 608 ch. 304/259; Dasent (1894) p. 266 ch. 259; Vigfusson (1887) p. 255 ch. 259; Unger (1871) p. 535 ch. 264; Flateyjarbok (1868) pp. 174–175 ch. 230.
- ^ Dumville (2018) p. 113; McDonald (2012) p. 152; Williams, G (2007) pp. 130–132 n. 8.
- ^ McDonald (1997) p. 99; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 207.
- ^ Wærdahl (2011) p. 49 n. 66; McDonald (1997) p. 99; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 207.
- ^ a b Oram (2013) ch. 6; Woolf (2007) pp. 79–80; McLeod (2005) p. 42, n. 77; Power (2005) p. 46; Brown (2004) pp. 80–81; Duffy (2004c) p. 47; Woolf (2004) p. 108; McLeod (2002) p. 31; Sellar (2000) pp. 200–201.
- ^ Annala Uladh (2005) § 1247.1; Annala Uladh (2003) § 1247.1; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489 (n.d.).
- ^ Oram (2013) ch. 6; Wærdahl (2011) p. 49; Woolf (2007) p. 83.
- ^ Oram (2013) ch. 6; Woolf (2007) p. 83; Sellar (2000) p. 201.
- ^ Dahlberg (2014) pp. 51–52; Oram (2013) ch. 6; Woolf (2007) pp. 83–84.
- ^ a b Woolf (2007) pp. 83–84.
- ^ Murray, N (2005) p. 302.
- ^ Woolf (2007) pp. 77–79; McLeod (2005) p. 42, n. 77; Murray, N (2005) p. 302, 302 n. 77; Power (2005) p. 46 n. 49; Duffy (2002) p. 56; McLeod (2002) p. 31; Sellar (2000) p. 201 n. 64; McDonald (1997) p. 94, 94 n. 91; Duffy (1993) pp. 251–252.
- ^ Woolf (2007) pp. 78–79; Anderson (1922) pp. 566–567; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 102–105.
- ^ Oram (2013); Woolf (2007) pp. 79, 83; McLeod (2005) p. 42, n. 77; McLeod (2002) p. 31; Sellar (2000) p. 201; McDonald (1997) p. 94; Lydon (1992) p. 14 n. 47.
- ^ McDonald (1997) p. 94.
- ^ Oram (2013); Woolf (2007) pp. 79, 83; Woolf (2004) p. 108; Sellar (2000) p. 201.
- ^ Oram (2013); Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 219 § 4; Document 3/33/1 (2007).
- ^ Woolf (2007) p. 83; Murray, N (2005) p. 302 n. 77; Anderson (1922) pp. 464–465; Jónsson (1916) p. 555 ch. 165; Kjær (1910) p. 462 ch. 178/163; Dasent (1894) p. 150 ch. 163; Vigfusson (1887) p. 144 ch. 163; Unger (1871) p. 476 ch. 169; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 100 ch. 136.
- ^ Caldwell; Hall; Wilkinson (2009) pp. 161 fig. 6c, 184 fig. 11, 189 fig. 16.
- ^ Strickland (2012) p. 113.
- ^ Dahlberg (2014) p. 56; Woolf (2007) pp. 83–84.
- ^ a b Woolf (2007) p. 84.
- ^ Woolf (2007) p. 84; Duffy (1993) p. 251; Calendar of the Patent Rolls (1908) p. 11; Sweetman (1875) p. 436 § 2925.
- ^ Duffy (2004c) p. 47.
- ^ Murray, N (2005) p. 291 n. 27; Oram (2005) p. 20; Duffy (2004c) pp. 47–48; Oram (2000) p. 153; Duncan (1996) p. 550; Duffy (1993) p. 252; Calendar of the Patent Rolls (1908) p. 127; Bain (1881) p. 349 § 1865; Sweetman (1877) p. 1 § 2.
- ^ Oram (2005) p. 20; Oram (2000) p. 153.
- ^ McKenna (1946).
- ^ a b Annála Connacht (2011a) § 1247.7; Annála Connacht (2011b) § 1247.7; Duffy (2007) pp. 1, 15; Woolf (2007) p. 77; McLeod (2005) p. 42; Brown (2004) p. 81; Duffy (2004c) p. 47; Verstraten (2003) p. 36 n. 131; McLeod (2002) p. 31; Sellar (2000) pp. 200–201; Ó Murchadha (1992–1993) p. 57; Lydon (1992) p. 7; Simms (1975–1976) p. 106.
- ^ Duffy (2007) p. 15; Woolf (2007) p. 77; Annala Uladh (2005) § 1247.1; Murray, N (2005) p. 302; Annala Uladh (2003) § 1247.1; McLeod (2002) p. 31; Sellar (2000) pp. 200–201.
- ^ a b Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 1247.3; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 1247.3; Duffy (2007) p. 15; Woolf (2007) p. 77; Murray, N (2005) p. 302; Duffy (2002) p. 56.
- ^ a b Annals of Loch Cé (2008) § 1247.7; Duffy (2007) p. 15; Woolf (2007) p. 77; Annals of Loch Cé (2005) § 1247.7; Murray, N (2005) p. 302; McDonald (1997) p. 94; Ó Murchadha (1992–1993) p. 57.
- ^ Duffy (2007) pp. 1, 15; Simms (1997) p. 110.
- ^ Duffy (2007) p. 15; Woolf (2007) p. 77.
- ^ Duffy (2007) p. 1.
- ^ Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 1258.13; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 1258.13; Annála Connacht (2011a) §§ 1258.6–1258.8; Annála Connacht (2011b) §§ 1258.6–1258.8; Annals of Loch Cé (2008) § 1258.5; Duffy (2007) pp. 17–18; Woolf (2007) p. 85; Annals of Loch Cé (2005) § 1258.5; Power (2005) p. 49; Verstraten (2003) p. 36 n. 131; Duffy (2002) pp. 57–58; Sellar (2000) p. 206, 206 n. 97; McDonald (1997) p. 118; Anderson (1922) pp. 594–595, 594 n. 4, 595 n. 1; Island, Connemara (n.d.); The Annals of Connacht, p. 127 (n.d.).
- ^ Downham (2018) p. 229; Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 1259.5; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 1259.5; Annála Connacht (2011a) § 1259.6; Annála Connacht (2011b) § 1259.6; Annals of Loch Cé (2008) § 1259.3; Lydon (2008) pp. 245, 248; Duffy (2007) pp. 1, 10 n. 43, 18; Kenny (2007) p. 68; Kenny (2006) p. 33; Annals of Loch Cé (2005) § 1259.3; McLeod (2005) p. 43, n. 79; Power (2005) p. 49; Verstraten (2003) p. 36 n. 131; Duffy (2002) pp. 57–58; Sellar (2000) p. 206, 206 n. 99; Simms (2000a) pp. 121–122; Simms (2000b) p. 157 n. 62; McDonald (1997) pp. 118, 155; Lydon (1992) p. 7; Walton (1980) pp. 233–234, 234 n. 134; Derry (n.d.); The Annals of Connacht, p. 131 (n.d.).
- ^ Duffy (2007) p. 10 n. 43; Duffy (1993) p. 77 n. 67.
- ^ MacQueen (2003) p. 73; MacQueen (1997) p. 18.
- ^ MacQueen (1997) p. 18.
- ^ Oram (2000) p. 144; Luard (1876) pp. 364–365; Giles (1852) pp. 30–31.
- ^ Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 1342.2; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 1342.2; Annála Connacht (2011a) § 1342.3; Annála Connacht (2011b) § 1342.3; Nicholls (2007) p. 89; Annala Uladh (2005) § 1339.2; McLeod (2005) p. 46; Annala Uladh (2003) § 1339.2; AU 1339 (n.d.); Mac Ruaidhri (n.d.a); Raid Resulting from Political Encounter (n.d.); The Annals of Connacht, p. 287 (n.d.).
References
editPrimary sources
edit- "AM 45 Fol". Handrit.is. n.d. Retrieved 11 September 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: year (link) - "AM 47 Fol (E) – Eirspennill". Skaldic Project. n.d. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: year (link) - Amours, FJ, ed. (1907). The Original Chronicle of Andrew of Wyntoun. Vol. 5. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons.
- Anderson, AO, ed. (1908). Scottish Annals From English Chroniclers, A.D. 500 to 1286. London: David Nutt. OL 7115802M.
- Anderson, AO, ed. (1922). Early Sources of Scottish History, A.D. 500 to 1286. Vol. 2. London: Oliver and Boyd.
- "Annala Uladh: Annals of Ulster Otherwise Annala Senait, Annals of Senat". Corpus of Electronic Texts (28 January 2003 ed.). University College Cork. 2003. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
- "Annala Uladh: Annals of Ulster otherwise Annala Senait, Annals of Senat". Corpus of Electronic Texts (13 April 2005 ed.). University College Cork. 2005. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
- "Annals of Loch Cé". Corpus of Electronic Texts (5 September 2008 ed.). University College Cork. 2008. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
- "Annals of Loch Cé". Corpus of Electronic Texts (13 April 2005 ed.). University College Cork. 2005. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
- "Annals of the Four Masters". Corpus of Electronic Texts (3 December 2013 ed.). University College Cork. 2013a. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
- "Annals of the Four Masters". Corpus of Electronic Texts (16 December 2013 ed.). University College Cork. 2013b. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
- "Annála Connacht". Corpus of Electronic Texts (25 January 2011 ed.). University College Cork. 2011a. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
- "Annála Connacht". Corpus of Electronic Texts (25 January 2011 ed.). University College Cork. 2011b. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
- Bain, J, ed. (1881). Calendar of Documents Relating to Scotland. Vol. 1. Edinburgh: H. M. General Register House. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014807203.
- "Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489". Early Manuscripts at Oxford University. Oxford Digital Library. n.d. Retrieved 30 May 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: year (link) - Calendar of the Patent Rolls Preserved in the Public Record Office: Henry III, A.D. 1247–1258. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. 1908.
- "Cotton MS Julius A VII". British Library. n.d. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: year (link) - Dasent, GW, ed. (1894). Icelandic Sagas and Other Historical Documents Relating to the Settlements and Descents of the Northmen on the British Isles. Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores. Vol. 4. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
- Davies, O; Quinn, DB (1941). "The Irish Pipe Roll of 14 John, 1211–1212". Ulster Journal of Archæology. 4: 1–76. ISSN 0082-7355. JSTOR 20608697.
- "Document 3/30/1". People of Medieval Scotland, 1093–1371. n.d. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: year (link) - "Document 3/31/3". People of Medieval Scotland, 1093–1371. n.d. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: year (link) - "Document 3/32/1". People of Medieval Scotland, 1093–1371. n.d. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: year (link) - "Document 3/32/2". People of Medieval Scotland, 1093–1371. n.d. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: year (link) - "Document 3/33/1". People of Medieval Scotland, 1093–1371. n.d. Retrieved 4 August 2019.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: year (link) - "Document 3/333/2". People of Medieval Scotland, 1093–1371. n.d. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: year (link) - Flateyjarbok: En Samling af Norske Konge-Sagaer med Indskudte Mindre Fortællinger om Begivenheder i og Udenfor Norse Same Annaler. Vol. 2. Oslo: P.T. Mallings Forlagsboghandel. 1862.
- Flateyjarbok: En Samling af Norske Konge-Sagaer med Indskudte Mindre Fortællinger om Begivenheder i og Udenfor Norse Same Annaler. Vol. 3. Oslo: P.T. Mallings Forlagsboghandel. 1868.
- Giles, JA, ed. (1852). Matthew Paris's English History. Bohn's Antiquarian Library. Vol. 1. London: Henry G. Bohn.
- "GKS 1005 Fol". Handrit.is. n.d. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: year (link) - Goodall, W, ed. (1759). Joannis de Fordun Scotichronicon cum Supplementis ac Continuatione Walteri Boweri. Vol. 2. Edinburgh: Roberti Flaminii. hdl:2027/mdp.39015005759371.
- Jónsson, F, ed. (1916). Eirspennill: Am 47 Fol. Oslo: Julius Thømtes Boktrykkeri. OL 18620939M.
- Kjær, A, ed. (1910). Det Arnamagnæanske Hanndskrift 81a Fol. (Skálholtsbók Yngsta). Oslo: Mallingske Bogtrykkeri. OL 25104944M.
- Laing, D, ed. (1872). Andrew of Wyntoun's Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland. The Historians of Scotland. Vol. 2. Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas. OL 7216610M.
- Lawrie, AC, ed. (1910). Annals of the Reigns of Malcolm and William, Kings of Scotland, A.D. 1153–1214. James MacLehose and Sons. OL 7217114M.
- Luard, HR, ed. (1876). Matthæi Parisiensis, Monachi Sancti Albani, Chronica Majora. Vol. 3. London: Longman & Co.
- MacDonald, A (1896). The Clan Donald. Vol. 1. Inverness: The Northern Counties Publishing Company.
- McKenna, L (1946). "Some Irish Bardic Poems: LXXIX". Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review. 35 (139): 371–378. ISSN 0039-3495. JSTOR 30100099.
- Munch, PA; Goss, A, eds. (1874). Chronica Regvm Manniæ et Insvlarvm: The Chronicle of Man and the Sudreys. Vol. 1. Douglas, IM: Manx Society.
- Origines Parochiales Scotiae: The Antiquities, Ecclesiastical and Territorial, of the Parishes of Scotland. Vol. 2, pt. 1. Edinburgh: W.H. Lizars. 1854. OL 24829769M.
- Paul, JB, ed. (1882). Registrum Magni Sigilli Regum Scotorum: The Register of the Great Seal of Scotland, A.D. 1424–1513. Edinburgh: H.M. General Register House. OL 23329160M.
- Registrum Monasterii de Passelet, Cartas Privilegia Conventiones Aliaque Munimenta Complectens, A Domo Fundata A.D. MCLXIII Usque Ad A.D. MDXXIX. Edinburgh. 1832. OL 24829867M.
- "Royal MS 14 C VII". British Library. n.d. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: year (link) - Skene, WF, ed. (1871). Johannis de Fordun Chronica Gentis Scotorum. Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas. OL 24871486M.
- Skene, WF, ed. (1872). John of Fordun's Chronicle of the Scottish Nation. Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas. OL 24871442M.
- "Source Name / Title: AU 1339 [1342], p. 467". The Galloglass Project. n.d. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: year (link) - "Source Name / Title: The Annals of Connacht (AD 1224–1544), ed. A. Martin Freeman (Dublin: The Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1944), p. 127; Paragraphs 6, 7, 8 (1258)". The Galloglass Project. n.d. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: year (link) - "Source Name / Title: The Annals of Connacht (AD 1224–1544), ed. A. Martin Freeman (Dublin: The Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1944), p. 131, paragraph 6 (1259)". The Galloglass Project. n.d. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: year (link) - "Source Name / Title: The Annals of Connacht (AD 1224–1544), ed. A. Martin Freeman (Dublin: The Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1944), p. 287". The Galloglass Project. n.d. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: year (link) - Stevenson, J, ed. (1835). Chronica de Mailros. Edinburgh: The Bannatyne Club. OL 13999983M.
- Stevenson, J, ed. (1839). Chronicon de Lanercost, M.CC.I.–M.CCC.XLVI. Edinburgh: The Bannatyne Club. OL 7196137M.
- Stevenson, J, ed. (1841). Liber Vitae Ecclesiae Dunelmensis. Publications of the Surtees Society. London: J.B. Nichols and Son. OL 13505351M.
- Sweetman, HS, ed. (1875). Calendar of Documents Relating to Ireland, Preserved in Her Majesty's Public Record Office, London, 1171–1251. London: Longman & Co.
- Sweetman, HS, ed. (1877). Calendar of Documents Relating to Ireland, Preserved in Her Majesty's Public Record Office, London, 1252–1284. London: Longman & Co.
- Unger, CR, ed. (1871). Codex Frisianus: En Samling Af Norske Konge-Sagaer. Norske historiske kildeskriftfonds skrifter,9. Oslo: P.T. Mallings Forlagsboghandel. hdl:2027/hvd.32044084740760.
- Vigfusson, G, ed. (1887). Icelandic Sagas and Other Historical Documents Relating to the Settlements and Descents of the Northmen on the British Isles. Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores. Vol. 2. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
Secondary sources
edit- "An Litir Bheag, 25/03/2013". BBC Radio nan Gàidheal. 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
- Barrow, GWS (1981). Kingship and Unity: Scotland 1000–1306. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-6448-5.
- Barrow, GWS (1988). "Badenoch and Strathspey, 1130–1312: 1 Secular and Political". Northern Scotland. 8 (1): 1–15. doi:10.3366/nor.1988.0002. eISSN 2042-2717. ISSN 0306-5278.
- Barrow, GWS (2006). "Skye From Somerled to A.D. 1500" (PDF). In Kruse, A; Ross, A (eds.). Barra and Skye: Two Hebridean Perspectives. Edinburgh: The Scottish Society for Northern Studies. pp. 140–154. ISBN 0-9535226-3-6.
- "Battle / Event Title: Derry; Aodh O Conchobhair married the daughter of Dubhghall mac Somhairle". n.d. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: year (link) - "Battle / Event Title: Island, Connemara". n.d. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: year (link) - "Battle / Event Title: Raid Resulting From Political Encounter". n.d. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: year (link) - Beuermann, I (2010). "'Norgesveldet?' South of Cape Wrath? Political Views Facts, and Questions". In Imsen, S (ed.). The Norwegian Domination and the Norse World c. 1100–c. 1400. Trondheim Studies in History. Trondheim: Tapir Academic Press. pp. 99–123. ISBN 978-82-519-2563-1.
- Beuermann, I (2012). The Norwegian Attack on Iona in 1209–10: The Last Viking Raid?. Iona Research Conference, April 10th to 12th 2012. pp. 1–10. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
- Birch, WDG (1905). History of Scottish Seals. Vol. 1. Stirling: Eneas Mackay. OL 20423867M.
- Boardman, S (2007). "The Gaelic World and the Early Stewart Court" (PDF). In Broun, D; MacGregor, M (eds.). Mìorun Mòr nan Gall, 'The Great Ill-Will of the Lowlander'? Lowland Perceptions of the Highlands, Medieval and Modern. Centre for Scottish and Celtic Studies, University of Glasgow. pp. 83–109. OCLC 540108870.
- Broun, D (2005a). "Contemporary Perspectives on Alexander II's Succession: The Evidence of King-lists". In Oram, RD (ed.). The Reign of Alexander II, 1214–49. The Northern World: North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 AD. Peoples, Economics and Cultures. Leiden: Brill. pp. 79–98. ISBN 90-04-14206-1. ISSN 1569-1462.
- Broun, D (2005b). "Review of S Boardman; A Ross, The Exercise of Power in Medieval Scotland, c.1200–1500". The Innes Review. 56 (1): 94–96. doi:10.3366/inr.2005.56.1.94. eISSN 1745-5219. ISSN 0020-157X.
- Broun, D (2007). Scottish Independence and the Idea of Britain: From the Picts to Alexander III. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-2360-0.
- Brown, M (2004). The Wars of Scotland, 1214–1371. The New Edinburgh History of Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-1237-8.
- Brugger, E (1929–1930). "The Hebrides in the French Arthurian Romances". Arthuriana. 2: 7–19. doi:10.2307/43859652. eISSN 2515-1029. ISSN 1359-4133. JSTOR 43859652.
- Caldwell, DH; Hall, MA; Wilkinson, CM (2009). "The Lewis Hoard of Gaming Pieces: A Re-examination of Their Context, Meanings, Discovery and Manufacture". Medieval Archaeology. 53 (1): 155–203. doi:10.1179/007660909X12457506806243. eISSN 1745-817X. ISSN 0076-6097. S2CID 154568763.
- Cochran-Yu, DK (2015). A Keystone of Contention: The Earldom of Ross, 1215–1517 (PhD thesis). University of Glasgow.
- Cowan, EJ (1990). "Norwegian Sunset — Scottish Dawn: Hakon IV and Alexander III". In Reid, NH (ed.). Scotland in the Reign of Alexander III, 1249–1286. Edinburgh: John Donald Publishers. pp. 103–131. ISBN 0-85976-218-1.
- Dahlberg, AB (2014). Diplomati og Konfliktløysing c.1244–1266: Ei Undersøking av Diplomatiske Verkemiddel i To Norske Mellomaldertraktatar (MA thesis). University of Bergen. hdl:1956/9171.
- Dalglish, C (2003). Rural Society in the Age of Reason: An Archaeology of the Emergence of Modern Life in the Southern Scottish Highlands. Contributions to Global Historical Archaeology. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 0-306-47940-0.
- Dennison, EP (2005). "Burghs and Burgesses: A Time of Consolidation?". In Oram, R (ed.). The Reign of Alexander II, 1214–49. The Northern World: North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 AD. Peoples, Economics and Cultures. Leiden: Brill. pp. 253–283. ISBN 90-04-14206-1. ISSN 1569-1462.
- Downham, C (2018). Medieval Ireland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139381598. ISBN 978-1-107-03131-9. LCCN 2017034607.
- Duffy, S (1993). Ireland and the Irish Sea Region, 1014–1318 (PhD thesis). Trinity College Dublin. hdl:2262/77137.
- Duffy, S (2002). "The Bruce Brothers and the Irish Sea World, 1306–29". In Duffy, S (ed.). Robert the Bruce's Irish Wars: The Invasions of Ireland 1306–1329. Stroud: Tempus Publishing. pp. 45–70. ISBN 0-7524-1974-9.
- Duffy, S (2004a). "Godred Crovan (d. 1095)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/50613. Retrieved 5 July 2011. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- Duffy, S (2004b). "Ragnvald (d. 1229)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/50617. Retrieved 5 July 2011. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- Duffy, S (2004c). "The Lords of Galloway, Earls of Carrick, and the Bissets of the Glens: Scottish Settlement in Thirteenth-Century Ulster". In Edwards, D (ed.). Regions and Rulers in Ireland, 1100–1650: Essays for Kenneth Nicholls. Dublin: Four Courts Press. pp. 37–50. ISBN 1-85182-742-0.
- Duffy, S (2007). "The Prehistory of the Galloglass". In Duffy, S (ed.). The World of the Galloglass: Kings, Warlords and Warriors in Ireland and Scotland, 1200–1600. Dublin: Four Courts Press. pp. 1–23. ISBN 978-1-85182-946-0.
- Dumville, DN (2018). "Origins of the Kingdom of the English". In Naismith, R; Woodman, DA (eds.). Writing, Kingship and Power in Anglo-Saxon England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 71–121. doi:10.1017/9781316676066.005. ISBN 978-1-107-16097-2.
- Dunbar, JG; Duncan, AAM (1971). "Tarbert Castle: A Contribution to the History of Argyll". Scottish Historical Review. 50 (1): 1–17. eISSN 1750-0222. ISSN 0036-9241. JSTOR 25528888.
- Duncan, AAM (1996) [1975]. Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom. The Edinburgh History of Scotland. Edinburgh: Mercat Press. ISBN 0-901824-83-6.
- Duncan, AAM; Brown, AL (1956–1957). "Argyll and the Isles in the Earlier Middle Ages" (PDF). Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. 90: 192–220. eISSN 2056-743X. ISSN 0081-1564.
- Forte, A; Oram, RD; Pedersen, F (2005). Viking Empires. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82992-2.
- Gade, KE (1994). "1236: Órækja Meiddr ok Heill Gerr" (PDF). In Tómasson, S (ed.). Samtíðarsögur: The Contemporary Sagas. Forprent. Reykjavík: Stofnun Árna Magnússona. pp. 194–207.
- Gough-Cooper, HW (2013). "Review of A Ritchie, Historic Bute: Land and People". The Innes Review. 64 (1): 78–82. doi:10.3366/inr.2013.0051. eISSN 1745-5219. ISSN 0020-157X.
- Grant, A (2000). "The Province of Ross and the Kingdom of Alba". In Cowan, EJ; McDonald, RA (eds.). Alba: Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages. East Linton: Tuckwell Press. pp. 88–126. ISBN 1-86232-151-5.
- Henderson, G (1910). The Norse Influence on Celtic Scotland. Glasgow: James Maclehose and Sons. OL 23321891M.
- Holton, CT (2017). Masculine Identity in Medieval Scotland: Gender, Ethnicity, and Regionality (PhD thesis). University of Guelph. hdl:10214/10473.
- Homann, BR (2001). David II, King of Scotland (1329–1371): A Political Biography (PhD thesis). Iowa State University. doi:10.31274/rtd-180813-12064.
- Imsen, S (2010). "Introduction". In Imsen, S (ed.). The Norwegian Domination and the Norse World c. 1100–c. 1400. Trondheim Studies in History. Trondheim: Tapir Academic Press. pp. 13–33. ISBN 978-82-519-2563-1.
- "Individual(s) / Person(s): Mac Ruaidhri, constable of Toirdhealbhach O Conchobhair's Galloglasses". The Galloglass Project. n.d.a. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: year (link) - Kenny, G (2006). "Anglo-Irish and Gaelic Marriage Laws and Traditions in Late Medieval Ireland". Journal of Medieval History. 32 (1): 27–42. doi:10.1016/j.jmedhist.2005.12.004. eISSN 1873-1279. ISSN 0304-4181. S2CID 159684335.
- Kenny, G (2007). Anglo-Irish and Gaelic Women in Ireland, c.1170–1540. Dublin: Four Courts Press. ISBN 978-1-85182-984-2.
- Lewis, S (1987), The Art of Matthew Paris in Chronica Majora, California Studies in the History of Art, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-04981-0
- Lydon, J (1992). "The Scottish Soldier in Medieval Ireland: The Bruce Invasion and the Galloglass". In Simpson, GG (ed.). The Scottish Soldier Abroad, 1247–1967. The Mackie Monographs. Edinburgh: John Donald Publishers. pp. 1–15. ISBN 0-85976-341-2.
- Lydon, J (2008) [1987]. "A Land of War". In Cosgrove, A (ed.). Medieval Ireland, 1169–1534. New History of Ireland. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 240–274. ISBN 978-0-19-821755-8.
- MacDonald, IG (2013). Clerics and Clansmen: The Diocese of Argyll between the Twelfth and Sixteenth Centuries. The Northern World: North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 AD. Peoples, Economics and Cultures. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-18547-0. ISSN 1569-1462.
- MacInnes, IA (2019). "'A Somewhat too Cruel Vengeance was Taken for the Blood of the Slain': Royal Punishment of Rebels, Traitors, and Political Enemies in Medieval Scotland, c.1100–c.1250". In Tracy, L (ed.). Treason: Medieval and Early Modern Adultery, Betrayal, and Shame. Explorations in Medieval Culture. Leiden: Brill. pp. 119–146. ISBN 978-90-04-40069-6. ISSN 2352-0299. LCCN 2019017096.
- MacQueen, HL (1997). "Linguistic Communities in Medieval Scots Law". In Brooks, CW; Lobban, M (eds.). Communities and Courts in Britain, 1150–1900. London: The Hambledon Press. pp. 13–23.
- MacQueen, HL (2003). "Survival and Success: The Kennedys of Dunure". In Boardman, S; Ross, A (eds.). The Exercise of Power in Medieval Scotland, 1200–1500. Dublin: Four Courts Press. pp. 67–94.
- Martin, FX (2008) [1987]. "John, Lord of Ireland, 1185–1216". In Cosgrove, A (ed.). Medieval Ireland, 1169–1534. New History of Ireland. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 127–154. ISBN 978-0-19-821755-8.
- McDonald, RA (1997). The Kingdom of the Isles: Scotland's Western Seaboard, c. 1100–c. 1336. Scottish Historical Monographs. East Linton: Tuckwell Press. ISBN 978-1-898410-85-0.
- McDonald, RA (1999). "'Treachery in the Remotest Territories of Scotland': Northern Resistance to the Canmore Dynasty, 1130–1230". Canadian Journal of History. 34 (2): 161–192. doi:10.3138/cjh.34.2.161. eISSN 2292-8502. ISSN 0008-4107.
- McDonald, RA (2004). "Coming in From the Margins: The Descendants of Somerled and Cultural Accommodation in the Hebrides, 1164–1317". In Smith, B (ed.). Britain and Ireland, 900–1300: Insular Responses to Medieval European Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 179–198. ISBN 0-511-03855-0.
- McDonald, RA (2007a). "Dealing Death From Man: Manx Sea Power in and around the Irish Sea, 1079–1265". In Duffy, S (ed.). The World of the Galloglass: Kings, Warlords and Warriors in Ireland and Scotland, 1200–1600. Dublin: Four Courts Press. pp. 45–76. ISBN 978-1-85182-946-0.
- McDonald, RA (2007b). Manx Kingship in its Irish Sea Setting, 1187–1229: King Rǫgnvaldr and the Crovan Dynasty. Dublin: Four Courts Press. ISBN 978-1-84682-047-2.
- McDonald, RA (2012). "The Manx Sea Kings and the Western Oceans: The Late Norse Isle of Man in its North Atlantic Context, 1079–1265". In Hudson, B (ed.). Studies in the Medieval Atlantic. The New Middle Ages. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 143–184. doi:10.1057/9781137062390.0012. ISBN 978-1-137-06239-0.
- McDonald, RA (2016). "Sea Kings, Maritime Kingdoms and the Tides of Change: Man and the Isles and Medieval European Change, AD c1100–1265". In Barrett, JH; Gibbon, SJ (eds.). Maritime Societies of the Viking and Medieval World. The Society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph. Milton Park, Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 333–349. doi:10.4324/9781315630755. ISBN 978-1-315-63075-5. ISSN 0583-9106.
- McDonald, RA (2019). Kings, Usurpers, and Concubines in the Chronicles of the Kings of Man and the Isles. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-22026-6. ISBN 978-3-030-22026-6. S2CID 204624404.
- McGrail, MJ (1995). The Language of Authority: The Expression of Status in the Scottish Medieval Castle (MA thesis). McGill University.
- McLeod, W (2002). "Rí Innsi Gall, Rí Fionnghall, Ceannas nan Gàidheal: Sovereignty and Rhetoric in the Late Medieval Hebrides". Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies. 43: 25–48. ISSN 1353-0089.
- McLeod, W (2005) [2004]. "Political and Cultural Background". Divided Gaels: Gaelic Cultural Identities in Scotland and Ireland 1200–1650. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 14–54. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199247226.003.0002. ISBN 0-19-924722-6 – via Oxford Scholarship Online.
- McNamee, C (2005). "Olaf (1173/4–1237)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (May 2005 ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/20672. Retrieved 5 July 2011. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- McNeill, TE (2002). "Dunineny Castle and the Gaelic View of Castle Building". Château Gaillard. Vol. 20. Caen: CRAM. pp. 153–161. ISBN 2-902685-11-4.
- Murray, A (1998). Castle Tioram: The Historical Background. Glasgow: Cruithne Press.
- Murray, N (2005). "Swerving From the Path of Justice". In Oram, R (ed.). The Reign of Alexander II, 1214–49. The Northern World: North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 AD. Peoples, Economics and Cultures. Leiden: Brill. pp. 285–305. ISBN 90-04-14206-1. ISSN 1569-1462.
- Neville, CJ (2016). "The Beginnings of Royal Pardon in Scotland". Journal of Medieval History. 42 (5): 1–29. doi:10.1080/03044181.2016.1212250. eISSN 1873-1279. ISSN 0304-4181. S2CID 157655719.
- Nicholls, K (2007). "Scottish Mercenary Kindreds in Ireland, 1250–1600". In Duffy, S (ed.). The World of the Galloglass: Kings, Warlords and Warriors in Ireland and Scotland, 1200–1600. Dublin: Four Courts Press. pp. 86–105. ISBN 978-1-85182-946-0.
- Oram, RD (1988). The Lordship of Galloway, c. 1000 to c. 1250 (PhD thesis). University of St Andrews. hdl:10023/2638.
- Oram, RD (2000). The Lordship of Galloway. Edinburgh: John Donald. ISBN 0-85976-541-5.
- Oram, RD (2004). "Thomas, Earl of Atholl (d. 1231)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/49364. Retrieved 5 July 2011. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- Oram, RD (2005). "Introduction: An Overview of the Reign of Alexander II". In Oram, R (ed.). The Reign of Alexander II, 1214–49. The Northern World: North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 AD. Peoples, Economics and Cultures. Leiden: Brill. pp. 1–47. ISBN 90-04-14206-1. ISSN 1569-1462.
- Oram, RD (2008). "Royal and Lordly Residence in Scotland c 1050 to c 1250: An Historiographical Review and Critical Revision". The Antiquaries Journal. 88: 165–189. doi:10.1017/S0003581500001372. eISSN 1758-5309. hdl:1893/2122. ISSN 0003-5815. S2CID 18450115.
- Oram, RD (2011). Domination and Lordship: Scotland 1070–1230. The New Edinburgh History of Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-1496-7. Archived from the original on 18 June 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
- Oram, RD (2013) [2012]. Alexander II, King of Scots, 1214–1249. Edinburgh: Birlinn. ISBN 978-1-907909-05-4.
- Ó Murchadha, D (1992–1993). "Nationality Names in the Irish Annals" (PDF). Nomina. 16: 49–70. ISSN 0141-6340.
- Pollock, M (2005). "Rebels of the West, 1209–1216". Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies. 50: 1–30. ISSN 1353-0089.
- Power, R (2005). "Meeting in Norway: Norse-Gaelic Relations in the Kingdom of Man and the Isles, 1090–1270" (PDF). Saga-Book. 29: 5–66. ISSN 0305-9219.
- Pringle, D (1998). "Rothesay Castle and the Stewarts". Journal of the British Archaeological Association. 151 (1): 149–169. doi:10.1179/jba.1998.151.1.149. eISSN 1747-6704. ISSN 0068-1288.
- Raven, JA (2005a). Medieval Landscapes and Lordship in South Uist (PhD thesis). Vol. 1. University of Glasgow.
- Raven, JA (2005b). Medieval Landscapes and Lordship in South Uist (PhD thesis). Vol. 2. University of Glasgow.
- "Regesta Norvegica". Dokumentasjonsprosjektet. n.d. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: year (link) - Rixson, D (2001). The Small Isles: Canna, Rum, Eigg and Muck. Edinburgh: Birlinn. ISBN 1-84158-154-2. OL 3544460M.
- Ross, A (2007). "Moray, Ulster, and the MacWilliams". In Duffy, S (ed.). The World of the Galloglass: Kings, Warlords and Warriors in Ireland and Scotland, 1200–1600. Dublin: Four Courts Press. pp. 24–44.
- Ross, A (2012). Lochailort, Highland: Desk-Based Assessment and Oral Reminiscence. Report no. 1995. CFA Archaeology.
- Ross, AD (2003). The Province of Moray, c. 1000–1230 (PhD thesis). Vol. 1. University of Aberdeen.
- "Seal Impression (Cast), of Alexander II". National Museums Scotland. n.d. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: year (link) - Sellar, WDH (1997–1998). "The Ancestry of the MacLeods Reconsidered". Transactions of the Gaelic Society of Inverness. 60: 233–258.
- Sellar, WDH (2000). "Hebridean Sea Kings: The Successors of Somerled, 1164–1316". In Cowan, EJ; McDonald, RA (eds.). Alba: Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages. East Linton: Tuckwell Press. pp. 187–218. ISBN 1-86232-151-5.
- Sellar, WDH (2004a). "MacDougall, Ewen, Lord of Argyll (d. in or After 1268)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/49384. Retrieved 5 July 2011. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- Sellar, WDH (2004b). "Somerled (d. 1164)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/26782. Retrieved 5 July 2011. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- Sellar, WDH (2011). "The Family". In Cowan, EJ; Henderson, L (eds.). A History of Everyday Life in Medieval Scotland, 1000 to 1600. A History of Everyday Life in Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 89–108. ISBN 978-0-7486-2156-9.
- Simms, K (1975–1976). "Warfare in Medieval Gaelic Lordships". The Irish Sword. 12: 98–108. ISSN 0021-1389.
- Simms, K (1997) [1996]. "Gaelic Warfare in the Middle Ages". In Bartlett, T; Jeffrey, K (eds.). A Military History of Ireland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 99–115. ISBN 0-521-41599-3.
- Simms, K (2000a) [1987]. From Kings to Warlords. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. ISBN 978-0-85115-784-9.
- Simms, K (2000b). "Late Medieval Tír Eoghain: The Kingdom of 'The Great Ó Néill'". In Dillon, C; Jefferies, HA (eds.). Tyrone: History & Society. Dublin: Geography Publications. pp. 127–162.
- Strickland, MJ (2012). "The Kings of Scots at War, c. 1093–1286". In Spiers, EM; Crang, JA; Strickland, MJ (eds.). A Military History of Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 94–132. ISBN 978-0-7486-3204-6.
- Stringer, K (2004). "Alexander II (1198–1249)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/322. Retrieved 5 July 2011. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- Stringer, KJ (1998) [1993]. "Periphery and Core in Thirteenth-Century Scotland: Alan Son of Roland, Lord of Galloway and Constable of Scotland". In Grant, A; Stringer, KJ (eds.). Medieval Scotland: Crown, Lordship and Community. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 82–113. ISBN 0-7486-1110-X.
- Stringer, KJ (2000). "Reform Monasticism and Celtic Scotland: Galloway, c.1140–c.1240". In Cowan, EJ; McDonald, RA (eds.). Alba: Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages. East Linton: Tuckwell Press. pp. 127–165. ISBN 1-86232-151-5.
- Tabraham, C (2005) [1997]. Scotland's Castles. London: BT Batsford. ISBN 0-7134-8943-X.
- Young, A (2004). "Comyn, Walter, Earl of Menteith (d. 1258)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/6049. Retrieved 21 May 2016. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- Taylor, A (2016). The Shape of the State in Medieval Scotland, 1124–1290. Oxford Studies in Medieval European History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-874920-2.
- Tremlett, TD; London, HS; Wagner, A (1967). Rolls of Arms: Henry III. Publications of the Harleian Society. London: Harleian Society.
- Veach, C (2014). Lordship in Four Realms: The Lacy Family, 1166–1241. Manchester Medieval Studies. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-8937-4.
- Verstraten, F (2003). "Both King and Vassal: Feidlim Ua Conchobair of Connacht, 1230–65". Journal of the Galway Archaeological and Historical Society. 55: 13–37. ISSN 0332-415X. JSTOR 25535754.
- Wærdahl, RB (2011). Crozier, A (ed.). The Incorporation and Integration of the King's Tributary Lands into the Norwegian Realm, c. 1195–1397. The Northern World: North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 AD. Peoples, Economics and Cultures. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-20613-7. ISSN 1569-1462.
- Walton, H (1980). The English in Connacht, 1171–1333 (PhD thesis). Trinity College Dublin. hdl:2262/77267.
- Williams, DGE (1997). Land Assessment and Military Organisation in the Norse Settlements in Scotland, c.900–1266 AD (PhD thesis). University of St Andrews. hdl:10023/7088.
- Williams, G (2007). "'These People were High-Born and Thought Well of Themselves': The Family of Moddan of Dale". In Smith, BB; Taylor, S; Williams, G (eds.). West Over Sea: Studies in Scandinavian Sea-Borne Expansion and Settlement Before 1300. The Northern World: North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 AD. Peoples, Economics and Cultures. Leiden: Brill. pp. 129–152. ISBN 978-90-04-15893-1. ISSN 1569-1462.
- Woolf, A (2003). "The Diocese of the Sudreyar". In Imsen, S (ed.). Ecclesia Nidrosiensis, 1153–1537: Søkelys på Nidaroskirkens og Nidarosprovinsens Historie. Tapir Akademisk Forlag. pp. 171–181. ISBN 978-82-519-1873-2.
- Woolf, A (2004). "The Age of Sea-Kings, 900–1300". In Omand, D (ed.). The Argyll Book. Edinburgh: Birlinn. pp. 94–109. ISBN 1-84158-253-0.
- Woolf, A (2005). "The Origins and Ancestry of Somerled: Gofraid mac Fergusa and 'The Annals of the Four Masters'". Mediaeval Scandinavia. 15: 199–213.
- Woolf, A (2007). "A Dead Man at Ballyshannon". In Duffy, S (ed.). The World of the Galloglass: Kings, Warlords and Warriors in Ireland and Scotland, 1200–1600. Dublin: Four Courts Press. pp. 77–85. ISBN 978-1-85182-946-0.
- Young, A (2004). "Comyn, Walter, Earl of Menteith (d. 1258)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/6049. Retrieved 21 May 2016. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
External links
edit- "Rory, son of Reginald (Ragnvald)". People of Medieval Scotland, 1093–1371.
- "Rory of Garmoran (Father of Alan)". People of Medieval Scotland, 1093–1371.