Rubber bullets (also called rubber baton rounds) are a type of baton round.[1] Despite the name, rubber bullets typically have either a metal core with a rubber coating, or are a homogeneous admixture with rubber being a minority component. Although they are considered a less lethal alternative to metal projectiles, rubber bullets can still cause fatal injuries as well as other serious injuries such as blindness or other permanent disabilities.[2][3]
Like other similar projectiles made from plastic, wax, and wood, rubber bullets may be used for short range practice and animal control, but are most commonly used in riot control and to disperse protests.[4][5][6]
Rubber bullets were invented by the British Ministry of Defence for riot control purposes in Northern Ireland during the Troubles,[7] and were first used there in 1970.[8]
Rubber projectiles have largely been replaced by other materials, as rubber tends to bounce uncontrollably.[9]
Composition and physical properties
editAnalysis of the composition of the "rubber" pellets used by Chilean police shows that 80% of the pellets is made up of hard substances, chiefly silica and barium sulfate, while rubber makes up 20%. The measured hardness of the "rubber" pellets is 96.5 shore A.[10] The hardness of the pellets explain why "exploded eyes" were so common in the 2019–2020 Chilean protests.[10]
Uses
editRiot control
edit
The British Ministry of Defence developed rubber rounds—the "Round, Anti-Riot, 1.5in Baton"—in 1970 for riot control purposes in Northern Ireland during The Troubles.[11][12] A low power propelling charge gave them a muzzle velocity of about 60 m/s (200 ft/s) and maximum range of about 100 m (110 yd)."The round is generally deployed in low trajectories or skip fired in the general direction (non-target specific) of the intended targets," causing pain but not injury, but is also intended to be direct fired at the discretion of the operator.[13][14][15] From 1970 to 1975, about 55,000 rubber bullets were fired by the British Army in Northern Ireland.[8] The bullets were intended to be fired at the legs of rioters or the ground in front of rioters where it would bounce, losing some of its velocity, and then hit the intended target. However, rubber bullets were often fired by security forces directly at people from close range, resulting in a number of individuals being killed or wounded.[8] Humans rights campaigner and co-founder of United Campaign Against Plastic Bullets Emma Groves was blinded by a rubber bullet in 1971. In 1975, they were replaced by plastic bullets. In Northern Ireland over 35 years (1970–2005), about 125,000 rubber and plastic bullets were fired—an average of ten per day—causing 17 deaths.[16]
The baton round was made available to British police forces outside Northern Ireland from 2001. In 2013 however, Ministry of Defence papers declassified from 1977 revealed it was aware rubber bullets were more dangerous than was publicly disclosed. The documents contained legal advice for the MoD to seek a settlement over a child who had been blinded in 1972, rather than go to court which would expose problems with the bullets and make it harder to fight future related cases. The papers stated that further tests would reveal serious problems with the bullets, including that they were tested "in a shorter time than was ideal", that they "could be lethal" and that they "could and did cause serious injuries".[17]
Israeli rubber bullets are produced in two main types. The older type, the standard rubber bullet, is a steel sphere coated in a thin layer of rubber, weighing 14 grams, while the newly improved rubber bullet, introduced in 1989, is a rubber-coated metal cylinder 1.7 cm in diameter, weighing 15.4 grams.[18] Of the lethal injuries from this projectile, most are suffered to the head.[18]
Smaller rubber bullets are used in riot shotguns and are available in a variety of types. One company, for example, makes both rubber buckshot rounds, containing fifteen 8.3mm diameter rubber balls per cartridge, and rubber baton rounds, containing a single 4.75 gram projectile.[19]
Israeli security forces used less-lethal weapons including rubber bullets in an operation on 28 February 2011 to demolish illegal structures in the West Bank settlement of Havat Gilad.[20][21]
Self-defence
editIn some countries, less-lethal guns that fire rubber projectiles may be used by civilians for self-defence.
Kazakhstan – The civil population and private security guards are allowed to carry less-lethal gas pistols with the ability to fire rubber bullets for the purpose of self defence.
Romania – Rubber bullet guns can be owned in the country by private individuals for the purpose of self-defence.
Russia – Since 1999, the civil population, private security officers, and law control forces in Russia are permitted to use less-lethal weapons.[22][23] A variety of handguns (Osa, Makarych, Horhe, etc.) are carried with specially weakened construction and barrel with internal lugs, making use of full-power loads and/or firing hard projectiles impossible, while rubber bullets just compress when passing the lug and so may be fired. Most common calibres are 9 mm and 10 mm with muzzle velocity sometimes almost matching normal handguns and bullets as light as 0.7 g.
Ukraine – Security guards may use less-lethal gas pistols with the ability to fire ammunition with rubber bullets.[24][25]
Recreation
editRubber bullets, powered only by primer, are usually used for short-range indoor target practice or training, generally with handguns. They are intended only for target shooting, unlike paintballs or airsoft pellets, which are intended for use on suitably protected live targets. Rubber bullets, if used with a suitable backstop, can be recovered undamaged after firing, and reused many times.[5][26]
See also
editReferences
edit
- ^ Hogg (1985) p.67
- ^ Millar, R.; Rutherford, W. H.; Johnston, S.; Malhotra, V. J. (1975). "Injuries caused by rubber bullets: A report on 90 patients". British Journal of Surgery. 62 (6): 480–486. doi:10.1002/bjs.1800620613. PMID 1148650. S2CID 20892343. Archived from the original on 6 January 2013.
- ^ Haar RJ; Iacopino V; Ranadive N (2017). "Death, injury and disability from kinetic impact projectiles in crowd-control settings: a systematic review". BMJ Open. 7 (12): e018154. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018154. PMC 5736036. PMID 29255079.
- ^ Emily Yoffe (4 October 2000). "What Are Rubber Bullets?". Slate.com.
- ^ a b WILLIAM D. CASEY. "Meister Bullets, Inc. Purchases 'X-Ring' Primer powered rubber bullet company". Officer.com. Archived from the original on 29 April 2010.
- ^ Anthony G Williams. "Less-lethal Ammunition".
- ^ New Scientist – 3 February 1983. p.292
- ^ a b c A Chronology of the Conflict - August 1970. Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN).
- ^ Hogg, Ian V. (1985). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Ammunition. London: The Apple Press. ISBN 1-85076-043-8.
- ^ a b "Investigación U. de Chile comprueba que perdigones usados por Carabineros contienen solo 20 por ciento de goma". Universidad de Chile (in Spanish). 18 November 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
- ^ The Technology of political control, Carol Ackroyd, p.210
- ^ Hogg (1985) p87
- ^ "40mm Stinger 60 Cal Rubber Ball Round 6097" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
- ^ "40mm Rubber Baton Round 6064" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
- ^ Hogg (1985) p67
- ^ Williams, Anthony G. "Less-lethal ammunition".
an amended version of an article which first appeared in Jane's Police Products Review, October/November 2007, and includes information from British 37mm Baton Rounds, which appeared in Small Arms Review in August 2008
- ^ "Rubber bullets: Army kept real dangers in NI hidden". BBC. 11 June 2013. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
- ^ a b T. Lavy, S. Abu Asleh (2003). "Ocular rubber bullet injuries". Eye. 17 (7). Nature: 821–824. doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6700447. PMID 14528243.
- ^ "Fiocchi Munizioni 12 gauge riot control ammunition (Italy), RIOT CONTROL EQUIPMENT". Jane's Police and Homeland Security Equipment. Jane's Information Group. 2005.
- ^ Yair Altman (2011). "Settlers: 15 injured in Havat Gilad". Ynetnews. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
- ^ Chaim Levinson (1 March 2011). "Israeli security forces defend use of rubber bullets during West Bank outpost demolition. Security forces returned to the Havat Gilad outpost in the West Bank to demolish three structures; thirteen people were injured in ensuing clashes with police". Haaretz. Retrieved 4 March 2011.
- ^ "Перечень видов вооружения охранников... Сертифицированное в установленном порядке в качестве гражданского оружия... огнестрельное бесствольное оружие отечественного производства"
Постановление Правительства РФ № 179 от 4 апреля 2005 - ^ "3.1.3. Огнестрельное бесствольное оружие отечественного производства с патронами травматического, газового и светозвукового действия, соответствующими нормам Министерства здравоохранения и социального развития Российской Федерации"
Приказ Министерства внутренних дел РФ № 611 от 4 августа 2006 года "Об утверждении перечней специальных средств, видов, типов и моделей огнестрельного и газового оружия, патронов и боеприпасов к нему, норм обеспечения ими работников военизированных и сторожевых подразделений ФГУП "Охрана" МВД России" - ^ "Суб'єкт охоронної діяльності має право: для забезпечення охоронної діяльності придбавати, зберігати та використовувати в установленому законодавством порядку спеціальні засоби, перелік яких визначається Кабінетом Міністрів України"
Закон України № 4616-VI від 22 березня 2012 р. "Про охоронну діяльність" - ^ Постанова Кабiнета Мiнiстрiв України № 97 від 11 лютого 2013 р. "Про затвердження переліку спеціальних засобів, придбання, зберігання та використання яких здійснюється суб’єктами охоронної діяльності"
- ^ "X-ring rubber pistol bullets".