Max Rubner (2 June 1854, Munich – 27 April 1932, Berlin) was a German physiologist and hygienist.
Max Rubner | |
|---|---|
 Max Rubner | |
| Born | 2 June 1854 |
| Died | 27 April 1932 (aged 77) |
| Nationality | German |
| Alma mater | University of Munich |
| Known for | metabolism |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | physiology |
| Institutions | University of Marburg |
| Doctoral advisor | |
Academic career
editHe studied at the University of Munich and worked as an assistant under Adolf von Baeyer and Carl von Voit (doctorate 1878). Later on, he taught as a professor at the University of Marburg (1885–1891), and in 1891 succeeded Robert Koch as a professor of hygiene at the University of Berlin. In 1909 he succeeded Theodor Wilhelm Engelmann as chair of physiology at Berlin. Rubner was co-founder of the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für Arbeitsphysiologie, and became its director in 1913. With his assistant Gerhard Albrecht, Rubner set out to study labour not just as the expenditure of energy, but also the use of intellect. They rejected taylorism as being over concerned with economic outputs, but rather advocated an approach which was more concerned with a biophysical approach to the elimination of fatigue.[1]
Contributions
editRubner is remembered for his research in metabolism, energy physiology, hygiene and dietary thermogenesis. His best-known research centres on what he termed the "isodynamic law" of calories (demonstrated in 1873, and published a decade later), according to which the form of human calorie intake is irrelevant to its effect on energy balance, often paraphrased as "a calorie is a calorie".[2] In 1902, Rubner expressed his belief that this was over-simplistic, stating "the effect of specific nutritional substances upon the glands" may modify the effect of specific foods on energy balance,[3] a view that is now increasingly accepted.[4][5] With Otto Heubner (1843–1926), he performed important studies involving energy metabolism in infancy.[6]
In 1883 Rubner introduced the "surface hypothesis", which stated that the metabolic rate of birds and mammals that maintain a steady body temperature is roughly proportional to their body surface area.[7]
Max Rubner is also known for his "rate-of-living theory", which proposed that a slow metabolism increases an animal's longevity. His observation was that larger animals outlived smaller animals and that the metabolic rates of larger animals were slower pro rata. The theory might have been inspired by the Industrial Revolution by the logic that the more a machine is worked, the sooner it will wear out.
References
edit- ^ Rabinbach, Anson (1992). The Human Motor: Energy, Fatigue, and the Origins of Modernity. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520078277.
- ^ Rubner 1854–1932 (obituary) inJournal of Nutrition 1952
- ^ Taubes, G. Good Calories, Bad Calories (2007) Chapter 16
- ^ AC Buchholz, DA Schoeller Is a calorie a calorie ? Am J Clin Nutrition 2004
- ^ A H Manninen Metabolic advantage of low-carbohydrate diets: a calorie is still not a calorie and refs therein, Am J Clin Nutr June 2006 vol. 83 no. 6 1442–1443
- ^ Haroun RI, Rigamonti D, Tamargo RJ (December 2000). "Recurrent artery of Heubner: Otto Heubner's description of the artery and his influence on pediatrics in Germany". Journal of Neurosurgery. 93 (6): 1084–1088. doi:10.3171/jns.2000.93.6.1084. PMID 11117858.
- ^ Eckert animal physiology by David J. Randall, Warren W. Burggren, Kathleen French, Roger Eckert
Further reading
edit- "Max Rubner—1854–1932. Energy physiologist". Journal of the American Medical Association. 194 (1): 86–87. October 1965. doi:10.1001/jama.194.1.86. PMID 5318322.
- Knowles HC (1957). "Max Rubner: 1854–1932". Diabetes. 6 (4): 369–371. doi:10.2337/diab.6.4.369. PMID 13447770. S2CID 88318504.