Albanian war dances (Albanian: valle luftarake or loja luftarake) are war dances performed by the Albanian people. They have been historically performed before Albanians' departure for the battle front, but in recent times they have been traditionally performed during particular events and feasts. The war dances differ in both form and content according to the Albanian ethnographic area.[1]
War dance in circle around fire
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Early descriptions of the Albanian war dance in circle around fire was provided in the early 19th century by western travellers who visited southern Albania. The dance is practiced for several hours with very short intervals, acquiring new vigour from the words of the accompanying song that starts with a battle cry invoking war drums, and which is of a piece with the movement and usually changed only once or twice during the whole performance.[2]
The ritual purifying fire (Zjarri) is traditionally used by Albanians, in particular singing and dancing around it, to gain protection and energizing from its supernatural power.[3]
Sword dance
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The Albanian sword dance type has been commonly performed in the northern Albanian highlands. From there this type of dance spread in the lowlands of the Lezha area and the Mati valley by the mountain shepherds. In its primordial form it is danced silently with free-flowing, only following the rhythmic movements of the body that are improvised by the dancer(s) (hence without instrumental music or vocals). Sword dances are also those performed in certain areas of northwestern Kosovo, which are accompanied by instrumental music and referred to as "contest to win the maid". Also the Albanians of Italy – the Arbëreshë – perform the sword dance, albeit in a different way.[1] Into the late 1400s Albanian sword dances were imitaded by Italian tarantellas.[4]
The Albanian folk tale "Skanderbeg and Ballaban" narrates about the Albanian sword dance, which is sung and danced by Skanderbeg's soldiers before battle.[5]
Sword dance of Rugova
editThe Rugova war dance[6] (Albanian: Vallja me shpata e Rugovës or Loja Luftarake e Rugovës)[7] is a traditional Albanian sword dance named after the Rugova region[8] in Kosovo.
Rugova dance is a relic of the war dances, the remnants of pantomimic dances performed in the re-enactment or preparation of battles.[8] The dance is performed by two male dancers who fight a mock battle for the hand of a girl (a "maiden's dance"[9]).[10][11][12]
It was made internationally famous by the Kosovo Albanian Rugova clans (hailing from Kelmend in Albania).[13] The dance is also found in mountainous Montenegro, where a tribe of shepherds settled in the 18th century.[14][15] Based on the war dance of the Rugova clans, Slavko Kvasnevski created in 1971 the Rugova choreography, which was part of Yugoslav folk dancing ensemble.[8] In 1982, it was noted that "in the last time the Rugova dance has gained wide popularity".[16]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b New Albania (1973). "War Dances". New Albania. 2–3: 37–.
- ^ Steiner-Karafili 2010, pp. 143–144.
- ^ Tirta 2004, pp. 279–281, 327; Xhemaj 1983, pp. 104–121; Useini 2024, p. 164.
- ^ Snodgrass 2016, p. 315.
- ^ Elsie, Robert (2001b). Albanian Folktales and Legends. Dukagjini Publishing House. pp. 208–209.
- ^ Daubeny, Peter (1952). Stage by stage. J. Murray. p. 141.
THE WARRIOR DANCE OF RUGOVO.
- ^ Halimi, Kadri (1971). Vendi i Lojës së Rugovës në Vallet Luftarake Shqiptare [The place of the Rugova Dance in Albanian War Dances] (in Albanian). Pristina.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b c UCLA Journal of Dance Ethnology. Vol. 13. UCLA Department of Dance. 1989. pp. 34–39.
- ^ Nebojša Tomašević (1968). Yugoslavia in Colour. "Review," Yugoslav Illustrated Monthly. p. 34.
- ^ Journal of the International Folk Music Council. Published with the assistance of the International Music Council, under the auspices of United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation for the International Folk Music Council by W. Heffer. 1951.
A dance by two men of the Albanian minority from Rugova (Pec) represents a mock battle to obtain possession of a young girl.
- ^ Žunić-Baš, Leposava (1966). Folk traditions in Yugoslavia: ten tours. Jugoslavija. p. 75.
Besides their distinctive dress the people of Rugovo have inherited an ancient sword dance (borbena rugovska igra) in ... two dancers wielding short, curved swords act out for the favours of a girl.
- ^ Zemlja i ljudi. Vol. 10. 1960. p. 31.
Изводе се симболични двобоји оружјем; бор- ци су окружени младим девојкама од којих најлегапа игра око њих
- ^ Dennison I. Rusinow (2008). Yugoslavia: Oblique Insights and Observations. University of Pittsburgh Pre. pp. 290–291. ISBN 978-0-8229-7349-2.
- ^ Allenby Jaffé, Nigel (1990). Folk dance of Europe. Folk Dance Enterprises. p. 89.
In mountainous Montenegro, a tribe of shepherds who settled there in the early eighteenth century have their own special sword dance, the 'Borbena rugovska igra"
- ^ Cuddon, J. A. (1968). The Companion Guide to JUGOSLAVIA. p. 435.
The militant traditions of Montenegrins are especially well illustrated in their sword dances: for instance, the Borbena Rugovska igra, (the Rugova war dance, named after the gorge)
- ^ Ratko Božović (1982). Socijalistička Republika Srbija. Vol. 1. NIRO "Književne novine". p. 515.
Y последнее време стекла je широку популарност игра Valija e Rugovëc (руговска игра) у KOJOJ nrpajy наиз- менично мушкарци и жене, да би се на Kpajy мешали у игри.
Bibliography
edit- Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2016). The Encyclopedia of World Folk Dance. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781442257498.
- Steiner-Karafili, Enit (2010). "Byron and the Albanians: Unearthing Identities". Studia Albanica (2): 137–147. ISSN 0585-5047.
- Tirta, Mark (2004). Petrit Bezhani (ed.). Mitologjia ndër shqiptarë (in Albanian). Tirana: Mësonjëtorja. ISBN 99927-938-9-9.
- Useini, Rini (2024). "Ethnology as a Vital Manifestation, (Folk Rites and Practices)". Philosophica. 11 (22–23). University of Tetova: 160–166. doi:10.62792/ut.philosophica.v11.i22-23.p2732. ISSN 2671-3020.
- Xhemaj, Ukë (1983). "Zjarri në besimet popullore shqiptare" [The Fire in Albanian Folk Beliefs]. In Mark Krasniqi, Ukë Xhemaj (ed.). Trashëgimia dhe tranformimi i kulturës popullore: materiala nga sesioni shkencor, mbajtur në Prishtinë më 7-8 shtator 1979. Albanological Institute of Prishtina. pp. 104–121.