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Same-sex marriage in Oregon

(Redirected from Rummell v. Kitzhaber)

Same-sex marriage has been legally recognized in Oregon since May 19, 2014, when Judge Michael J. McShane of the U.S. District Court for the District Court of Oregon ruled in Geiger v. Kitzhaber that Oregon's 2004 state constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriages discriminated on the basis of sexual orientation in violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the U.S. Constitution. A campaign that was then under way to win voter approval of a constitutional amendment legalizing same-sex marriage was suspended following the decision. Oregon was the seventeenth U.S. state to legalize same-sex marriage. In July 2015, Governor Kate Brown signed legislation codifying same-sex marriage in various Oregon statutes. The law change went into effect on January 1, 2016.[1][2]

Previously in March and April 2004, Multnomah County issued marriage licenses to more than 3,000 same-sex couples until ordered by a state judge to stop doing so. In November, Oregon voters approved an amendment to the State Constitution that made it state policy to recognize only marriages "between one man and one woman". The validity of the licenses issued the previous spring was disputed, and the Oregon Supreme Court ruled in April 2005 that the newly adopted constitutional amendment had invalidated them. Oregon began recognizing same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions in October 2013. Domestic partnerships, providing a subset of the rights and benefits of marriage, have been recognized since 2008.

Domestic partnerships

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Main article: Domestic partnership in Oregon

Following the passage of the constitutional amendment and the Supreme Court's decision in Li and Kennedy, state officials began efforts to establish domestic partnerships granting virtually all of the rights and benefits of marriage. A bill was first passed in the Oregon State Senate in July 2005, but failed to pass the House of Representatives. Following the 2006 elections, similar legislation was re-introduced and passed both chambers of the Assembly. Governor Ted Kulongoski signed it into law on May 9, 2007. Since February 4, 2008, same-sex couples have had access to domestic partnerships, which guarantee almost all of the rights of marriage.

Same-sex marriage

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Marriage licenses issued in Multnomah County

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On March 3, 2004, Multnomah County began issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples after its attorney issued a legal opinion that such marriages were lawful.[3][4][5] On that day, Multnomah County issued 422 marriage licenses, compared to the 68 it issued on an average day. Local businesses reported an increase in the sales of flowers and other marriage-related services directly related to the beginning of same-sex marriages. According to the 2000 U.S. census, 3,242 same-sex couples were living in the county.[6] Neighboring Washington and Clackamas counties announced that they were studying Multnomah County's legal opinion, but did not plan to immediately follow suit.

At a hearing on March 9, 2004, after the county had issued approximately 1,700 marriage licenses to same-sex couples, County Circuit Judge Dale Koch refused to issue an injunction to stop the county from continuing the process.[7] A later study by The Oregonian showed that out the approximately 1,700 same-sex couples married in the first week, 2,026 spouses were from Multnomah County, while about 900 others came from other locations in Oregon, about 490 from the state of Washington, and 30 from other states.[8] On March 10, 2004, the Oregon Legislative Counsel, Greg Chaimov, issued an opinion that "state law requires a county clerk to license the marriage of a same-sex couple."[9] The office of Attorney General Hardy Myers issued an opinion on March 12, 2004, after reviewing it with Governor Ted Kulongoski, that concluded that Oregon law prohibits county clerks from issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples; that the Oregon Supreme Court would likely find denying such licenses violates Article I, Section 20 of the Oregon Constitution; but that current state practices should not change in anticipation of such a ruling. It also said that the Attorney General's office lacked the authority to order Multnomah County to cease issuing licenses for same-sex marriages.[10]

On March 15, 2004, Multnomah County commissioners announced that they would continue to issue licenses to same-sex couples.[11] On March 16, following public hearings, Benton County commissioners voted 2–1 to begin issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples on March 24, but reversed their decision on March 22 after receiving two letters from the Attorney General and a phone call threatening the arrest of the county clerk,[12] and decided to issue no marriage license at all pending a decision by the Multnomah County Court.[13][14]

With the consent of the state, three same-sex couples sued the state of Oregon in Multnomah County Court, including Mary Li and Rebecca Kennedy, the first same-sex couple to receive a marriage license from Multnomah County. At a hearing before Judge Frank Bearden on April 16, 2004, in Li and Kennedy v. State of Oregon, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and Basic Rights Oregon represented the plaintiffs and the Oregon Department of Justice and the Defense of Marriage Coalition defended the state's position.[15] On April 20, 2004, Bearden ordered the county to stop issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples, and ordered the state to recognize the 3,022 marriage licenses already issued. The Oregon state registrar had been holding the completed licenses pending a court decision as to their validity, rather than entering them into the state's records system. Bearden also found that the Oregon Constitution would likely allow some form of marriage rights to same-sex couples, and directed the Legislative Assembly to act on the issue within 90 days of the start of its next session. He ruled that if the Assembly failed to address the issue within that time, he would allow Multnomah County to resume issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples. It was understood that both parties would appeal the decision. In July 2004, the Court of Appeals lifted the temporary ban blocking the registration of the marriage licenses issued by Multnomah County. The state announced that processing would take a week and began doing so within hours of the court's action.[16]

Constitutional amendment

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Main article: 2004 Oregon Ballot Measure 36

On May 21, 2004, the Defense of Marriage Coalition received approval for the language of a proposed initiative to prohibit same-sex marriage. They began circulating petitions to obtain the 100,840 valid signatures needed by July 2 to place the initiative on the November ballot. On November 2, 2004, voters approved Ballot Measure 36, a constitutional amendment defining the marriage of "a man and a woman" as the only one recognized by the state, by a margin of 57% to 43%. The Defense of Marriage Coalition said that opponents of Measure 36 outspent their group more than 2 to 1.[17] The now-defunct amendment read: "It is the policy of Oregon, and its political subdivisions, that only a marriage between one man and one woman shall be valid or legally recognized as a marriage."[18]

In February 2013, Basic Rights Oregon formed the group Oregon United for Marriage to put an initiative legalizing same-sex marriage on the November 2014 ballot.[19] The initiative would have replaced the state's constitutional amendment restricting marriage to opposite-sex couples with provisions guaranteeing the right of all persons to marry without respect to gender.[20] On July 26, 2013, the petition campaign to get the required signatures was launched.[21][22] By early December 2013, the 116,284 minimum required signatures had been reached, but signature collection continued.[23][24] The campaign was endorsed by the Democratic Party of Oregon,[25] and various major businesses.[26][27] The campaign gathered more than 160,000 signatures, enough to place its proposal, the Oregon Same-Sex Marriage Amendment, on the November 4, 2014 statewide ballot. Following the May 2014 U.S district court decision in Geiger v. Kitzhaber, striking down Oregon's ban on same-sex marriage, the group announced that it was "confident that the freedom to marry is secure in Oregon" and that it would not proceed with the measure.[28][29]

In April 2023, Senate Majority Leader Kate Lieber introduced Senate Joint Resolution 33 (SJR 33), a constitutional amendment guaranteeing the right to same-sex marriage, abortion and gender-affirming care, to the Oregon Senate. On April 27, 2023, the Committee on Rules adopted the amendment by a vote of 3–2. On May 2, 2023, senators Tim Knopp and Bill Hansell recommended that the amendment be modified to simply repeal the constitutional ban on same-sex marriage rather than instate language guaranteeing the right to same-sex marriage. On June 15, 2023, Republicans announced, as part of a deal reached with Democrats to end their six week walkout, that Democrats had agreed to kill the amendment. That same day, the Senate adopted, by a vote of 22–7 absent, a motion to re-refer SJR 33 to the Committee on Rules. The legislation died in committee when the Senate adjourned sine die on June 25, 2023.[30][31][32][33][34]

Oregon Supreme Court review

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About 200 people staging a pro-LGBT protest in downtown Portland to advocate for the legalization of same-sex marriage, October 2009

On December 15, 2004, the Oregon Supreme Court heard arguments in the appeal of Li and Kennedy v. State of Oregon. Oregon argued that Multnomah County lacked the authority to issue same-sex marriage licenses and that Ballot Measure 36 was retroactive, making the issue of those licenses moot. The Defense of Marriage Coalition argued that Measure 36 was not retroactive, there had been no constitutional violation of the rights of same-sex couples, and Multnomah County did not have the authority to issue same-sex marriage licenses even to remedy a constitutional violation. The ACLU argued that Measure 36 was not retroactive, that the rights of same-sex couples under the Equal Privileges and Immunities Clause of the Oregon Constitution had been violated, and that counties were required to remedy perceived constitutional violations.

On April 14, 2005, the Oregon Supreme Court decided Li and Kennedy, ruling that Multnomah County lacked the authority to remedy a perceived violation of the Oregon Constitution and that all marriage licenses issued to same-sex couples were void when issued. The court noted that the Oregon Constitution had since been amended to limit marriage to opposite-sex couples and it therefore declined to rule as to whether or not same-sex couples had any rights under the Equal Privileges and Immunities Clause of the Oregon Constitution.[35]

Recognition of out-of-state same-sex marriages

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On October 16, 2013, based on an opinion from the Oregon Department of Justice,[36] the state's Chief Operating Officer, Michael Jordan, announced that Oregon would begin recognizing same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions "for the purposes of administering state programs."[37]

Federal lawsuit

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Main article: Geiger v. Kitzhaber

On October 15, 2013, two couples, an unmarried lesbian couple and two men already married in Canada, filed a lawsuit, Geiger v. Kitzhaber, in U.S. district court in Eugene, challenging the Oregon Constitution's ban on same-sex marriage.[38] This made Oregon the 20th U.S. state to have a federal lawsuit challenging its ban on same-sex marriage filed since the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in United States v. Windsor in June 2013 invalidated part of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA).[39] Two more couples and the Basic Rights Education Fund filed another same-sex marriage case on December 19, 2013, with this latter case captioned Rummell and West v. Kitzhaber.

On January 22, 2014, Judge Michael J. McShane consolidated the two lawsuits and scheduled oral arguments for April 23.[40] On February 20, Attorney General Ellen Rosenblum told the court that she believed "that performing same-sex marriages in Oregon would have no adverse effect on existing marriages, and that sexual orientation does not determine an individual's capacity to establish a loving and enduring relationship." She found it impossible to defend the state's ban "under any standard of review" and her office would no longer defend the ban in court. The plaintiffs in both Geiger and Rummell filed motions asking for summary judgment; this procedure used in cases where there are no material issues of fact requiring a trial, and a fast resolution is desired.[41] The court heard oral arguments on motions for summary judgment in the consolidated lawsuit on April 23, 2014. While all parties present supported same-sex couples' right to marry, Judge McShane questioned whether Oregon voters should get another say on the issue, since they approved the amendment defining marriage; and whether to stay the ruling and await guidance from same-sex marriage cases pending in the U.S. courts of appeal, or to implement the ruling immediately. The court scheduled another oral argument session for May 14, where the National Organization for Marriage (NOM), an organization that opposes same-sex marriage, tried to qualify for intervention in the case.[42][43] On May 14, Judge McShane rejected NOM's attempt to intervene in the case, ruling that the group was unreasonably late in filing its request to intervene and that it failed to convincingly demonstrate that it should be allowed to intervene on behalf of three anonymous Oregon-based members of NOM.[44]

 
Standing outside the Multnomah County office, marriage plaintiffs Deanna Geiger and Janine Nelson hear the news that they won their case for same-sex marriage in Oregon.

At noon on May 19, 2014, Judge McShane issued his opinion, ruling that the state's ban was unconstitutional.[45] He wrote:[46]

Because Oregon's marriage laws discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation without a rational relationship to any legitimate government interest, the laws violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

Minutes after the decision was announced at noon, officials in at least four counties were fulfilling requests for marriage licenses from same-sex couples. The first to wed in Multnomah County were two of the plaintiffs, Deanna Geiger and Janine Nelson.[46] That county issued 96 licenses the first day, and judges officiated at wedding ceremonies in a Portland ballroom.[47][48][49] Governor John Kitzhaber, the named defendant, said "I strongly support Judge McShane's decision to overturn institutional discrimination in Oregon's constitution. No longer will Oregonians tolerate discrimination against the gay, lesbian, and transgender community. [...] Now, finally, all Oregonians will have the opportunity to make a legal commitment to the person they love. Every person and every family in Oregon deserves that chance. Today is a win for love, for families, and for freedom." Senator Jeff Merkley called it "a historic day for Oregon", and Senator Ron Wyden said, "Judge Michael McShane's decision marks a significant moment in Oregon's civil rights history, and it's an important step toward equal rights for all Americans. Every American deserves the freedom to marry the person they love, and, starting today, all Oregonians will have that choice. I am proud to have stood with Oregon's same-sex couples in this struggle for marriage equality for nearly 20 years, and it's important to keep pushing until that right extends to all Americans." The Republican House Minority Leader, Mike McLane, issued a statement, "For those that believe marriage is a religious covenant, the origin of which predates America, today's federal court ruling won't change that. For those that believe marriage is a legal union between two people that is recognized and enforced by our state government, today's ruling is a logical extension of the Supreme Court's ruling last summer. Our society must embrace both views. My hope is that the process of reconciliation in Oregon will continue as we move forward with respect for each other." Val Hoyle, the Majority Leader of the House, said "I married the person who I love over 22 years ago, and I'm thrilled that all Oregonians now have the freedom to do the same."[50]

NOM immediately asked the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals to issue an emergency stay of McShane's ruling, which that court denied on grounds of lack of standing.[51] NOM then filed a request on May 27 with Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy seeking to block Judge McShane's order.[52] Justice Kennedy referred the matter to the entire Supreme Court,[53] which on June 4 rejected NOM's request.[54][55]

Statutory codification

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In July 2015, several amendments to marriage and spousal laws were passed by the Legislative Assembly and signed into law by Governor Kate Brown. The reforms made all mentions to marriage in statutory law gender-neutral, and came into effect on January 1, 2016.[56]

In February 2016, the Assembly passed legislation defining marriage as "a union between two people" irrespective of gender. It passed the House in a 43–13 vote and the Senate in an 18–11 vote.[57] On March 14, 2016, Governor Brown signed the bill into law, and it took effect immediately. The statutory definition of marriage is now: "Marriage is a civil contract entered into in person by males at least 17 years of age and females at least 17 years of age, who are otherwise capable, and solemnized in accordance with ORS 106.150."[58][59] Oregon's statutes were also amended to read the following:

Any privilege, immunity, right or benefit granted by statute, administrative or court rule, policy, common law or any other law to an individual because the individual is or was married to an individual of a different sex, is granted on equivalent terms, substantive and procedural, to an individual who is or was married to an individual of the same sex. [ORS 106.345 (3)]

Native American nations

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Same-sex marriage is legal on the reservations of the Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Indians,[60] the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians,[61] the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon, the Coquille Indian Tribe, and the Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribe. The Coquille Indian Tribe was the first tribe in Oregon, and the United States, to legalize same-sex marriage, when its Tribal Council voted 5–2 in 2008 to allow same-sex couples to marry on tribal land. The law went into effect on May 20, 2009. At least one of the parties to the marriage must be a member of the tribe. Kitzen and Jeni Branting were the first same-sex couple to marry on Coquille sovereign land in Coos Bay on May 24. Kitzen Branting said, "My tribe recognizes the marriage, so that is really important to me. Anytime we come to a tribal function, I know my marriage is just as valid as anyone else's marriage." At the time, Oregon did not recognize same-sex marriage, but the tribe, as a federally recognized sovereign nation, was not bound by the Oregon Constitution.[62] The Tribal Council of the Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Indians voted 6–0 to legalize same-sex marriage on August 10, 2014, and the Tribal Council of the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians approved a marriage ordinance permitting same-sex couples to marry on May 15, 2015.[a] The Tribal Council of the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community passed a same-sex marriage law on October 28, 2015, and it went into effect on November 18, 2015.[69] The Law and Order Code of the Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribe states that marriage is governed by state law rather than tribal law. As such, same-sex marriage is legal in the reservation of the tribe, which they share with Nevada near the community of McDermitt.[70]

While there are no records of same-sex marriages as understood from a Western perspective being performed in Native American cultures, there is evidence for identities and behaviours that may be placed on the LGBT spectrum. Many of these cultures recognized two-spirit individuals who were born male but wore women's clothing and performed everyday household work and artistic handiwork which were regarded as belonging to the feminine sphere.[71] This two-spirit status allowed for marriages between two biological males or two biological females to be performed in some of these tribes. The Northern Paiute people refer to two-spirit people who crossed out of the masculine gender as tudayapi (pronounced [tɨˈɾajapai]), and they were free to marry either men or women.[71] In the Sahaptin language, they are known as wáƛ̓uks (pronounced [wátɬʼuks]).[72] Among the Klamath people, two-spirit individuals are known as tʼwiniˑqʼ (pronounced [ˈt’wɪniːq’]).[73] The tʼwiniˑqʼ wore women's clothing and "behaved as women". They married cisgender men, and usually took the role of a shaman and were credited with great spirit power. The Takelma call them swayàu.[71][74] In Chinook Jargon, two-spirit people are called burdash. Its origin is from the French word bardache, which gave in English berdache, now dated and considered offensive.[75]

Economic impact

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An April 2014 study by the Williams Institute at the University of California, Los Angeles found that allowing marriage for same-sex couples would add $47.3 million to Oregon's economy during the first three years.[76][77] The study estimated that allowing same-sex marriage would also add 468 new jobs to the state economy.

Marriage statistics

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The following table shows the number of same-sex marriages performed in Oregon since legalization according to the Oregon Center for Health Statistics.[78]

Number of marriages in Oregon[78]
Year Same-sex marriages Total marriages % same-sex
2014 (from May) 2,027 22,510 9.00%
2015 1,704 27,794 6.13%
2016 1,901 28,023 6.78%
2017 1,547 27,604 5.60%
2018 1,233 26,501 4.65%
2019 1,096 25,275 4.34%
2020 1,032 21,556 4.79%
2021 1,011 24,080 4.20%
2022 1,264 25,646 4.93%
2023 1,110 24,108 4.60%

Most same-sex marriages are performed in Multnomah, Washington and Lane counties; Multnomah accounting for approximately 39% of the state's same-sex marriages by the end of 2019. Wheeler County was the last county in Oregon where a same-sex marriage took place, as its first marriage was performed in 2022. The first same-sex marriage in Gilliam County was performed in 2020.[78] In 2014 and 2015, lesbian couples accounted for the majority of same-sex marriages; 68% in 2014 and 64% the following year.

The 2020 U.S. census showed that there were 11,948 married same-sex couple households (4,725 male couples and 7,223 female couples) and 9,058 unmarried same-sex couple households in Oregon.[79]

Public opinion

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Public opinion for same-sex marriage in Oregon
Poll source Dates administered Sample size Margin of error Support Opposition Do not know / refused
Public Religion Research Institute March 9 – December 7, 2023 312 adults ? 75% 23% 2%
Public Religion Research Institute March 11 – December 14, 2022 ? ? 78% 22% <0.5%
Public Religion Research Institute March 8 – November 9, 2021 ? ? 73% 26% 1%
Public Religion Research Institute January 7 – December 20, 2020 839 adults ? 73% 20% 7%
Public Religion Research Institute April 5 – December 23, 2017 1,130 adults ? 67% 25% 8%
Public Religion Research Institute May 18, 2016 – January 10, 2017 1,648 adults ? 65% 26% 9%
Public Religion Research Institute April 29, 2015 – January 7, 2016 1,296 adults ? 62% 29% 9%
Public Religion Research Institute April 2, 2014 – January 4, 2015 742 adults ? 63% 30% 7%
Public Policy Polling May 22–27, 2014 956 registered voters ± 3.2% 54% 40% 6%
DHM Research April 30 – May 2, 2014 400 registered voters ± 4.9% 58% 36% 6%
DHM Research April 25–28, 2013 500 voters ± 4.4% 49% 42% 9%
Public Policy Polling December 3–5, 2012 614 voters ± 4.0% 54% 40% 6%
Public Policy Polling June 21–24, 2012 686 voters ± 3.7% 46% 45% 9%
Public Policy Polling June 19–21, 2011 701 voters ± 3.7% 48% 42% 10%

The June 2011 Public Policy Polling (PPP) survey found that 48% of Oregon voters thought marriage for same-sex couples should be legal, while 42% thought it should be illegal and 10% were not sure. A separate question on the same survey found that 76% of Oregon voters supported the legal recognition of same-sex couples, with 43% supporting same-sex marriage, 33% supporting civil unions but not marriage, 22% favoring no legal recognition and 1% being undecided.[80] The June 2012 PPP survey found that 46% of Oregon voters thought same-sex marriage should be legal, while 45% thought it should be illegal and 9% were not sure. A separate question on the same survey found that 74% of Oregon voters supported the legal recognition of same-sex couples, with 44% supporting same-sex marriage, 30% supporting civil unions but not marriage, 23% favoring no legal recognition and 3% being undecided.[81]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The ordinance defines "marriage" as "a formal and express civil contract entered into between two persons, who are at least 18 years of age, who are otherwise capable of entering a marriage, and at least one of whom is a member of the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians."[63] Previously, the Siletz Tribal Code only permitted marriages between a "husband" (Tolowa: chʼeeseeneʼ;[64] Alsea: si:ʼt;[65] Coos: demihl;[66] Siuslaw: qastliiuu;[67] Molala: yałam)[68] and a "wife" (Tolowa: trʼaaneʼ; Alsea: mukwaʼsli:; Coos: huumis; Siuslaw: qiiuuch; Molala: naŋiłay).

References

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  1. ^ HB 2478 - Oregon 2015 Regular Session
  2. ^ House Bill 2478 (2015) - Oregon Legislature Bill Tracker
  3. ^ Multnomah County authorizes same-sex marriages starting Wednesday
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  6. ^ 2000 and 2010 Census Profile
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  10. ^ Oregon Department of Justice: March 12, 2004, accessed November 1, 2012
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  16. ^ Opinions Issued in 2004
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  39. ^ James Nichols (October 16, 2013). "Portland Trailblazers Back Gay Marriage, Becoming First NBA Team To Do So". Huffington Post.
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  44. ^ Mapes, Jeff (May 14, 2014). "Gay marriage: Judge rejects attempt to intervene; ruling to overturn Oregon ban may follow".
  45. ^ Hubbard, Saul (May 19, 2014). "Oregon's gay marriage ban struck down". Archived from the original on January 12, 2016.
  46. ^ a b Mapes, Jeff (May 19, 2014). "Oregon gay marriage ban struck down by federal judge; same-sex marriages begin". The Oregonian. Retrieved August 30, 2014.
  47. ^ Mears, Bill (May 19, 2014). "Federal judge strikes down Oregon's same-sex marriage ban". CNN News. Retrieved August 28, 2014.
  48. ^ Carson, Teresa (May 19, 2014). "Same-sex couples wed in Oregon after gay marriage ban lifted". Reuters. Retrieved August 28, 2014.
  49. ^ Chokshi, Niraj (May 20, 2014). "Gallery: Gay couples wed after Oregon marriage ban struck down". Washington Post. Retrieved August 28, 2014.
  50. ^ "Reaction pours in as Oregon gay marriage ban overturned". KTVZ. May 19, 2014.
  51. ^ Mapes, Jeff (May 19, 2014). "Ninth Circuit strikes down National Organization's request to halt judge's decision".
  52. ^ Associated Press (May 27, 2014). "Group seeks SCOTUS stay of Oregon gay marriage decision".
  53. ^ "Order List of the United States Supreme Court" (PDF). Supreme Court of the United States. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
  54. ^ Liptak, Adam (June 4, 2014). "Supreme Court Rebuffs Call to End Same-Sex Marriages in Oregon". New York Times. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
  55. ^ "Nat'l Organization for Marriage v. Geiger, Deanna L., et al" (PDF). Supreme Court of the United States. Retrieved June 5, 2014.
  56. ^ Bullard Law: 2015 Oregon Legislative Session Wrap-Up
  57. ^ "Legislature reinforces same-sex marriage". Statesman Journal. February 25, 2016.
  58. ^ 2016 Regular Session HB 4127
  59. ^ House Bill 4127
  60. ^ "Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Indians, Title 4: Domestic Relations, Chapter 4-7: Marriage" (PDF). Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Indians. Retrieved August 19, 2022.
  61. ^ "Siletz Marriage Ordinance" (PDF). Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians. May 15, 2015.
  62. ^ Robinson, B.A. (May 5, 2012). "Adoption of SSM by the Coquille Nation of Oregon". Religious Tolerance.
  63. ^ "Siletz Tribe becomes latest to join marriage equality movement". Indianz.com. June 4, 2015. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
  64. ^ "Tolowa Dictionary". dictionary.weeyadvn.com. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved November 23, 2024.
  65. ^ Frachtenberg, Leo Joachim (1920). Alsea texts and myths. Washington, Govt. print. off.
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