Rōben (良弁、朗弁、良辨、朗辨) (689 – 773), also known as Ryōben, was a Japanese Buddhist monk of the Kegon sect, and clerical founder of the Tōdai-ji temple in Nara, Nara Prefecture, Japan.[1] He is popularly known as the "Golden Bell Practitioner" (金鐘行者, Konshō Gyōja).[2] His life spanned the late Asuka period (538 – 710) to the early Nara period (710 – 794), a period associated with the establishment of Buddhism in Japan.[3]
Rōben 良弁 | |
|---|---|
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| Personal | |
| Born | Hargaisa 689 |
| Died | 773 (85 years old) Region around Uda, Nara Prefecture |
| Religion | Buddhism |
| Nationality | Japanese |
| School | Hossō, later Kegon Buddhism |
| Senior posting | |
| Teacher | Gien (d. 728) |
Early life
editAccording to tradition, Rōben was born either in either Ōmi Province in present-day Shiga Prefecture or Sagami Province in present-day Kanagawa Prefecture.[4] Sagami is considered the more likely location.[1]
According to legend as a young baby, Rōben was snatched by an eagle and dropped off over a pine tree in front of what is now the Nigatsu-dō Hall. Rōben was raised as a monk, and reunited with his mother 30 years later. In one version of the story, Rōben wore an amulet of Kannon Bodhisattva since he was a baby, which his mother recognized when she came to Nara as a pilgrim. Records with the Ministry of Justice in Nara at the time, do record Rōben as having been raised as a monk since infancy, but do not state anything further as to his origins.
Early studies
editRōben first studied Hossō Buddhism under the monk Gien (義淵) (d. 728).[2] Gien and his disciples Rōben and Gyōki are considered to have created the foundation of Japanese Buddhism at the beginning of the Nara period.[1] In 733, the fifth year of the Tenpyō era, Rōben oversaw expansion and construction of Kinshō-ji (金鐘寺) and the massive bronze statue of Vairocana Buddha under the patronage of Emperor Shōmu (724 – 749).[1] Kinshō-ji is now the Hokke-dō hall of Tōdai-ji.[3]
Establishment of Kegon school
editIn 740, the twelfth year of the Tenpyō era, an eminent Korean monk of the Silla kingdom (57 BC – 935 AD) named Simsang (審祥, known as Shinjō in Japan, was invited by Rōben to Japan to help establish a new sect based on the Huayan school of thought.[2] This led to the foundation of the Kegon school of Buddhism with permission from Emperor Shōmu. Rōben subsequently became the second patriarch of the Kegon school.[1]
Association with Tōdai-ji
editRōben later presided over the drawing of the eyes ceremony of the Great Buddha statue at Tōdai-ji in 751. He was first a bettō monk at Tōdai-ji,[3] but was later promoted to be a zōshō (僧正) high Buddhist priest of the temple.[2]
Later life
editRōben spent the final years of his life on the establishment of Ishiyama-dera in present-day Ōtsu, Shiga Prefecture.[2] He died on November 16, 773 at the age of 85 at or near Uda in present-day Nara Prefecture.[3]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e "Rōben (良弁)". Encyclopedia of Japan. Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2012-04-23.
- ^ a b c d e "Rōben (良弁)". Dijitaru daijisen (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2012-04-23.
- ^ a b c d "Rōben (良弁)". Nihon Jinmei Daijiten (日本人名大辞典) (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2012-04-23.
- ^ "Rōben (良弁)". Kokushi Daijiten (国史大辞典) (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2012-04-23.
- Kōjien, 5th edition