Ryusei Maru (隆西丸, Ryūsei Maru) was a cargo steamship that was built in England in 1911 and sunk off the coast of Bali in 1944. Sit was launched as Bra-Kar for Fred. Olsen & Co. of Norway. In 1916 it changed owners and was renamed Havø. In 1935 it changed owners again and was renamed Mabuhay II.
 Ryūsei Maru
| |
| History | |
|---|---|
| Name |
|
| Owner |
|
| Operator |
|
| Port of registry |
|
| Builder | Tyne Iron SB Co, Willington Quay |
| Yard number | 177 |
| Launched | 14 February 1911 |
| Completed | March 1911 |
| Identification |
|
| Fate | Sunk by torpedo, 25 February 1944 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | cargo ship |
| Tonnage | 4,777 GRT, 2,973 NRT |
| Length | 385.0 ft (117.3 m) |
| Beam | 51.0 ft (15.5 m) |
| Depth | 27.6 ft (8.4 m) |
| Decks | 2 |
| Installed power | 349 NHP |
| Propulsion |
|
| Speed | 9 knots (17 km/h) |
In 1938 Japanese owners acquired the ship and renamed her Ryūsei Maru. In 1944 it was serving as a hell ship when a United States Navy submarine torpedoed it, sinking it with the loss of between 3,000 and 5,000 lives.
This was the first of four Fred Olsen ships to be called Bra-Kar. The second was a steamship built in 1920,[1] sold in 1922, and renamed. The third was a motor ship built in 1928,[2] and sunk by enemy action in 1943. The fourth was a Type C1 motor ship bought second-hand in 1946,[3] sold in 1961, and renamed.[4]
Building Bra-Kar
editThe Tyne Iron Shipbuilding Company built the ship as yard number 177 at Willington Quay on the River Tyne. She was launched on 14 February 1911 and completed that March.[5] Her registered length was 385.0 ft (117.3 m), her beam was 51.0 ft (15.5 m), and her depth was 27.6 ft (8.4 m). Her tonnages were 4,777 GRT and 2,973 NRT.[6]
She had a single screw, driven by a three-cylinder triple-expansion engine built by John Dickinson and Sons of Sunderland. The engine was rated at 349 NHP,[6] and gave her a speed of 9 knots (17 km/h).[5]
Bra-Kar's owner was Akties Bonheur, and Fred Olsen & Co managed her. She was registered in Christiania. Her code letters were MGNT.[6]
Havø and Mabuhay II
edit.jpg)
In 1916 Henrik Østervold acquired Bra-Kar and renamed her Havø.[7] By 1920 she was equipped for wireless telegraphy, and that year Østervold transferred her registration to Bergen.[8] In 1934 the call sign LDCA superseded her code letters.[9] In 1935 the Far Eastern Steamship Co Ltd A/S acquired Havø, renamed her Mabuhay II, and appointed Johan Gran to manage her.[10]
Ryūsei Maru
editIn 1938 Matsumoto Masaichi acquired Mabuhay II and renamed it Ryūsei Maru. It was registered in Kobe, and its call sign was JXDM.[11]
In 1943, Matsumoto Masaichi merged with Nakamura Kisen KK. On 5 November that year the Imperial Japanese Army requisitioned Ryūsei Maru[12] for its Railways and Shipping Section.
On 24 February 1944 Ryūsei Maru left Surabaya, Java for Ambon, Maluku carrying about 6,600 men: 1,244 Japanese Army soldiers, 2,865 Indian prisoners of war, and 2,559 rōmusha conscripted labourers. It was part of a convoy with Tango Maru, escorted by the minesweepers W-8 and W-11, and the auxiliary submarine chaser Takunan Maru No. 5.[12]
Allied naval intelligence was aware of the convoy, and the US Navy sent the submarines Rasher and Raton to the Bali Sea to intercept it. At 2045 hrs on 25 February, Rasher sank Tango Maru by torpedo at position 7°25′S 115°06′E / 07.41°S 115.10°E, about 25 nautical miles (46 km) north of Bali. At least 3,000 of the people aboard were killed.[12]
At 2225 hrs on the same evening, Rasher fired a spread of four torpedoes at Ryūsei Maru at position 7°33′S 115°09′E / 07.55°S 115.15°E. Three hit the ship, splitting it in two. Estimates of fatalities range from at least 3,000[12] to 4,998.[13]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Lloyd's Register 1920, BOV–BRA.
- ^ Lloyd's Register 1930, BRA.
- ^ Lloyd's Register 1947, BRA.
- ^ Swiggum, Susan; Kohli, Marjorie (5 February 2005). "Fred Olsen Line". TheShipsList. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
- ^ a b "Bra-Kar". Tyne Built Ships. Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
- ^ a b c Lloyd's Register 1911, BOV–BRA.
- ^ Lloyd's Register 1917, HAU–HAV.
- ^ Lloyd's Register 1920, HAV.
- ^ Lloyd's Register 1934, HAV.
- ^ Lloyd's Register 1936, M.
- ^ Lloyd's Register 1939, RYM–RYU.
- ^ a b c d Hackett, Bob (2018). "Ryusei Maru: Tabular Record of Movement". Imperial Japanese Navy Page. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
- ^ Lettens, Jan; Allen, Tony (3 December 2014). "Ryusei Maru (Rasher) (+1944)". WreckSite. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
Bibliography
edit- Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping. Vol. II.–Steamers. London: Lloyd's Register of Shipping. 1911 – via Internet Archive.
- Lloyd's Register of Shipping. Vol. II.–Steamers. London: Lloyd's Register of Shipping. 1917 – via Internet Archive.
- Lloyd's Register of Shipping. Vol. II.–Steamers. London: Lloyd's Register of Shipping. 1920 – via Internet Archive.
- Lloyd's Register of Shipping (PDF). Vol. II.–Steamers and Motorships of 300 tons gross and over. London: Lloyd's Register of Shipping. 1930 – via Southampton City Council.
- Lloyd's Register of Shipping (PDF). Vol. II.–Steamers and Motorships of 300 tons gross and over. London: Lloyd's Register of Shipping. 1934 – via Southampton City Council.
- Lloyd's Register of Shipping (PDF). Vol. II.–Steamers and Motorships over 300 tons. London: Lloyd's Register of Shipping. 1936 – via Southampton City Council.
- Lloyd's Register of Shipping (PDF). Vol. II.–Steamers and Motorships over 300 tons. London: Lloyd's Register of Shipping. 1939 – via Southampton City Council.
- Lloyd's Register of Shipping. Vol. Steamers and motorships of 300 tons gross and over. Steamers and motorships under 300 tons, trawlers, tugs, dredgers, &c. London: Lloyd's Register of Shipping. 1947 – via Internet Archive.