The Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D)[1] is the political group in the European Parliament of the Party of European Socialists (PES).[15] The Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats was officially founded as a Socialist Group on 29 June 1953, which makes it the second oldest political group in the European Parliament after the European People's Party Group (EPP Group). It adopted its present-day name on 23 June 2009.[16] Centre-left in orientation,[17] the group mostly comprises social democratic parties and is affiliated with the Progressive Alliance and Socialist International.
| Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats | |
|---|---|
| European Parliament group | |
 | |
| Name | Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats |
| English abbr. | S&D[1] (23 June 2009 – present) |
| French abbr. | S&D[6] (23 June 2009 – present) |
| Formal name | Group of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats in the European Parliament[1] (23 June 2009 – present) |
| Ideology | Social democracy[13] Pro-Europeanism |
| Political position | Centre-left[14] |
| European parties | Party of European Socialists |
| Associated organisations | Progressive Alliance Socialist International |
| From | 23 June 1953[3] |
| To | Present |
| Chaired by | Iratxe García |
| MEP(s) | 136 / 720 |
| Website | socialistsanddemocrats |
Until the 1999 European Parliament elections, it was the largest group in the Parliament, but since then it has always been the second-largest group. During the eighth EU Parliament Assembly, the S&D was the only Parliament group with representation from all 27 EU member states. In the current EU Parliament the S&D is currently composed of 136 members from 25 member states.
In the European Council, eight out of 27 heads of state and government belong to PES parties and in the European Commission, 8 out of 27 Commissioners come from PES parties.
History
editThe Socialist Group was one of the first three groups to be created when it was founded on 23 June 1953[3][18] in the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community. The Common Assembly was the predecessor of the European Parliament. A group bureau and secretariat was established in Luxembourg. The group continued through the creation of the appointed Parliament in 1958 and, when the Parliament became an elected body in 1979 following the first European election, the group became the largest in terms of returned MEPs. It has ever since remained the largest or second-largest Group.
In 1987, the Single European Act came into force and the group began co-operating with the European People's Party (EPP) to secure the majorities needed under the cooperation procedure.[19] The left–right coalition between the Socialists and EPP has dominated the Parliament since then.[20] Further, with some exceptions, the post of President of the Parliament has alternated between the two groups ever since.[21]
Meanwhile, the national parties making up the group were also organising themselves on a European level outside the Parliament, creating the Confederation of Socialist Parties of the European Community in 1974.[4][5][22] The Confederation was succeeded by the Party of European Socialists (PES), in 1992.[4][22] As a result, the parliamentary group was renamed the Group of the Party of European Socialists on 21 April 1993.[3]
In 1999, the Parliament refused to approve the Santer Commission's handling of the EU budget. Allegations of corruption centred on two PES Commissioners, Édith Cresson and Manuel Marín. The group initially supported the Commission but later withdrew their support, forcing the Commission to resign.[23]
The group was renamed again to the Socialist Group in the European Parliament[7] on 20 July 2004,[3] and was given a different logo, to further distinguish the PES group organisation from the PES European political party.
In 2007, the Socialist Group was the second largest group in Parliament, with MEPs from all but two member states, Latvia and Cyprus.[24] However, the 2009 European election saw a reduction in the number of PES MEPs returned from 2004. The group sought additional members in the Democratic Party of Italy, which was not affiliated to the PES in 2009.[25][26] By the conclusion of the 2004–2009 parliamentary term, the Democratic Party had 8 MEPs in the Socialist Group (coming from the Democrats of the Left), but also had eight MEPs in ALDE Group (coming from the Daisy). The Democratic Party is a big tent centre-left party, strongly influenced by social democracy and the Christian left, and had MEPs who were former Christian Democrats or had other political views.[citation needed][27] As such, a new and more inclusive group name had to be found.
The group was going to be named Alliance of Socialists and Democrats for Europe (ASDE) but this was seemed too similar to Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE).[28] The name Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats was suggested on 18 June by group president Martin Schulz[29] and it was renamed on 23 June 2009.[16] The English abbreviation was initially unclear, being variously reported as PASD,[30] S&D Group[31] or PASDE.[32][33] Dissatisfaction by Socialist MEPs towards the new name led Martin Schulz to admit that the name was still under consideration and that the group was to be referred to as the "Socialists and Democrats" until a final title was chosen.[34] On 14 July 2009, the first day of the constitutive session of the 2009–2014 term, the full formal group name was Group of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats in the European Parliament[1] and the abbreviation was S&D.[1]
The S&D Group joined the Progressive Alliance upon its official foundation on 22 May 2013[35] and is a member of the organisation's board.[36] The group was formerly an associated organisation of the Socialist International.[37]
Presidents of the European Parliament
editFor presidents of the European Parliament from the group, see President of the European Parliament.
Organisation
editThe group is led by a President and a Bureau of vice-presidents. There is also a Treasurer and a Secretary General.[38]
Presidents of the group
editPresidents of the group include:[39]
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2019–2024 legislature
editVice-presidents
editFollowing the 2019 European elections, S&D Members elected their new political Bureau made up of the President Iratxe García Pérez, nine vice-presidents and the treasurer. As a consequence of Brexit, British S&D Member Claude Moraes had to resign from his position as vice-president. Marek Belka has been appointed the new vice-president.[40]
Pedro Marques (Portugal),
Elisabetta Gualmini (Italy),
Biljana Borzan (Croatia),
Alex Agius Saliba (Malta),
Gabriele Bischoff (Germany),
Heléne Fritzon (Sweden),
Mohammed Chahim (The Netherlands),
Rovana Plumb (Romania),
Marek Belka (Poland)
Treasurer
edit
Eero Heinäluoma (Finland)
2014–2019 legislature
editVice-presidents
editPrevious vice-presidents of the group appointed at the start of the current legislature in 2014[41]
- Victor Boștinaru (Romania),
Tanja Fajon (Slovenia),
Isabelle Thomas (France),
Enrique Guerrero Salom (Spain),
Marju Lauristin (Estonia),
Jörg Leichtfried (Austria),- Knut Fleckenstein (Germany),
- Maria João Rodrigues (Portugal),
Kathleen Van Brempt (Belgium),
Treasurer
edit
Péter Niedermüller (Hungary)
2009–2014 legislature
editVice-presidents
editPrevious vice-presidents of the group appointed at the start of the 2009 legislature:[42]
- María Badía i Cutchet (PSOE, Spain) – Communication Policy and Public Relations
- Monika Beňová (Smer, Slovakia) – Europe of the Citizens
- Véronique De Keyser (PS, Belgium) – Human Rights, Development and International Trade
- Stephen Hughes (Labour, United Kingdom) – Economy and Social Policy
- Stéphane Le Foll (PS, France) – Budget and Territorial Cohesion
- Adrian Severin (PSD, Romania) – Foreign Policy and Defence
- Gianluca Susta (PD, Italy) – Agriculture and Fisheries
- Hannes Swoboda (SPÖ, Austria) – Parliamentary Affairs and Relations with International Organisations
- Marita Ulvskog (SAP, Sweden) – Sustainable Development and Competition
2004–2009 legislature
editVice-presidents
editPrevious vice-presidents of the group for the 2004–2009 term were as follows:
- Harlem Désir (PS, France)[38]
- Bárbara Dührkop Dührkop (PSOE, Spain)[38]
- Robert Goebbels (LSAP, Luxembourg)[38]
- Linda McAvan (Labour Party, UK)[38]
- Pasqualina Napoletano (Sinistra Democratica, Italy)[38]
- Hannes Swoboda (SPÖ, Austria)[38]
- Kristian Vigenin (BSP, Bulgaria)[38]
- Jan Marinus Wiersma (PvdA, Netherlands)[38]
Treasurers
editCurrent/previous Treasurers of the group are as follows:
- Magda Kósáné Kovács (Hungary, MSZP)[38]
Secretaries General
editCurrent/previous Secretaries General of the group are as follows:
- Manfred Michel (West Germany) c. 1970 – c. 1985
- Paolo Falcone (Italy) c. 1986 – 1989
- Julian Priestley (UK) 1989–1994
- Joan Prat (Spain) 1994–1999 (Deputy Sec Gen Richard Corbett UK)
- Christine Verger (France) 1999–2004
- David Harley (UK) 2004–2006
- Anna Colombo (Italy)[38] 2006–2014
- Javier Moreno Sanchez (Spain) 2014–2019
- Michael Hoppe (Germany) 2019–2021
- Anton Beumer (Netherlands) 2022-
MEPs
edit10th European Parliament
edit| State | National party | European party | MEPs[43] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 Austria
|
Social Democratic Party of Austria Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs (SPÖ) |
PES | 5 / 19
| |
 Belgium
|
Socialist Party Parti Socialiste (PS) |
PES | 2 / 21
| |
| Forward Vooruit |
PES | 2 / 21
| ||
 Bulgaria
|
Bulgarian Socialist Party Българска социалистическа партия (БСП) Bulgarska sotsialisticheska partiya (BSP) |
PES | 2 / 17
| |
 Croatia
|
Social Democratic Party of Croatia Socijaldemokratska partija Hrvatske (SDP) |
PES | 4 / 12
| |
 Cyprus
|
Democratic Party Δημοκρατικό Κόμμα Dimokratikó Kómma (DIKO) |
None | 1 / 6
| |
 Denmark
|
Social Democrats Socialdemokraterne |
PES | 3 / 14
| |
 Estonia
|
Social Democratic Party Sotsiaaldemokraatlik Erakond (SDE) |
PES | 2 / 7
| |
 Finland
|
Social Democratic Party of Finland Suomen sosialidemokraattinen puolue Finlands socialdemokratiska parti |
PES | 2 / 14
| |
 France
|
Socialist Party Parti socialiste (PS) |
PES | 10 / 81
| |
| Public place Place publique (PP) |
None | 3 / 81
| ||
 Germany
|
Social Democratic Party of Germany Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (SPD) |
PES | 14 / 96
| |
 Greece
|
Panhellenic Socialist Movement - Movement for Change Panellínio Sosialistikó Kínima– Kínima Allagís (PASOK-KINAL) |
PES | 3 / 21
| |
 Hungary
|
Democratic Coalition Demokratikus Koalíció |
PES | 2 / 21
| |
 Ireland
|
Labour Party Páirtí an Lucht Oibre |
PES | 1 / 14
| |
 Italy
|
Democratic Party Partito Democratico (PD) |
PES | 20 / 76
| |
| Solidary Democracy Democrazia Solidale (DemoS) |
None | 1 / 76
| ||
 Latvia
|
Social Democratic Party "Harmony" Sociāldemokrātiskā partija "Saskaņa" (SDPS) |
PES | 1 / 8
| |
 Lithuania
|
Social Democratic Party of Lithuania Lietuvos socialdemokratų partija (LSDP) |
PES | 2 / 11
| |
 Luxembourg
|
Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party Lëtzebuerger Sozialistesch Aarbechterpartei Parti ouvrier socialiste luxembourgeois Luxemburger Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei (LSAP) |
PES | 1 / 6
| |
 Malta
|
Labour Party Partit Laburista (PL) |
PES | 3 / 6
| |
 Netherlands
|
Labour Party Partij van de Arbeid (PvdA) |
PES | 4 / 29
| |
 Poland
|
New Left Nowa Lewica |
PES | 3 / 52
| |
 Portugal
|
Socialist Party Partido Socialista (PS) |
PES | 8 / 21
| |
 Romania
|
Social Democratic Party Partidul Social Democrat (PSD) |
PES | 11 / 33
| |
 Slovenia
|
Social Democrats Socialni demokrati (SD) |
PES | 1 / 8
| |
 Spain
|
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE) |
PES | 20 / 59
| |
 Sweden
|
Swedish Social Democratic Party Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti (SAP) |
PES | 5 / 21
| |
 European Union
|
Total | 136 / 720
| ||
9th European Parliament
edit
| State | National party | European party | MEPs[44] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria
|
Social Democratic Party of Austria Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs (SPÖ) |
PES | 5 / 19
| |
| Belgium
|
Socialist Party Parti Socialiste (PS) |
PES | 1 / 21
| |
| Forward Vooruit |
PES | 1 / 21
| ||
| Bulgaria
|
Bulgarian Socialist Party Българска социалистическа партия (БСП) Bulgarska sotsialisticheska partiya (BSP) |
PES | 4 / 17
| |
| Croatia
|
Social Democratic Party of Croatia Socijaldemokratska partija Hrvatske (SDP) |
PES | 4 / 12
| |
| Cyprus
|
Movement for Social Democracy Κίνημα Σοσιαλδημοκρατών (ΚΣ) Kinima Sosialdimokraton (KS) |
PES | 1 / 6
| |
| Democratic Party Δημοκρατικό Κόμμα Dimokratikó Kómma (DIKO) |
None | 1 / 6
| ||
 Czech Republic
|
Social Democracy Sociální demokracie (SOCDEM)[45] |
PES | 1 / 21
| |
| Denmark
|
Social Democrats Socialdemokraterne |
PES | 3 / 14
| |
| Estonia
|
Social Democratic Party Sotsiaaldemokraatlik Erakond (SDE) |
PES | 2 / 7
| |
| Finland
|
Social Democratic Party of Finland Suomen sosialidemokraattinen puolue Finlands socialdemokratiska parti |
PES | 2 / 14
| |
| France
|
Socialist Party Parti socialiste (PS) |
PES | 3 / 79
| |
| Public place Place publique (PP) |
None | 2 / 79
| ||
| New Deal Nouvelle Donne |
None | 1 / 79
| ||
| Renaissance Renaissance (RE) |
None | 1 / 79
| ||
| Germany
|
Social Democratic Party of Germany Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (SPD) |
PES | 16 / 96
| |
| Greece
|
Panhellenic Socialist Movement - Movement for Change (Panellínio Sosialistikó Kínima– Kínima Allagís) (PASOK-KINAL) |
PES | 1 / 21
| |
| Independent Theodoros Zagorakis |
Independent | 1 / 21
| ||
| Hungary
|
Democratic Coalition Demokratikus Koalíció (DK) |
PES | 4 / 21
| |
| Opportunity Community Esély Közösség (EK) |
None | 1 / 21
| ||
| Italy
|
Democratic Party Partito Democratico (PD) |
PES | 14 / 76
| |
| Independent Giuliano Pisapia |
Independent | 1 / 76
| ||
| Latvia
|
Social Democratic Party "Harmony" Sociāldemokrātiskā partija "Saskaņa" (SDPS) |
PES | 1 / 8
| |
| Honor to serve Riga Gods kalpot Rīgai (GKR) |
None | 1 / 8
| ||
| Lithuania
|
Social Democratic Party of Lithuania Lietuvos socialdemokratų partija (LSDP) |
PES | 2 / 11
| |
| Luxembourg
|
Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party Lëtzebuerger Sozialistesch Aarbechterpartei Parti ouvrier socialiste luxembourgeois Luxemburger Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei (LSAP) |
PES | 1 / 6
| |
| Malta
|
Labour Party Partit Laburista (LP Malta) |
PES | 4 / 6
| |
| Netherlands
|
Labour Party Partij van de Arbeid (PvdA) |
PES | 6 / 29
| |
| Poland
|
New Left Nowa Lewica |
PES | 6 / 52
| |
| Independent Leszek Miller |
Independent | 1 / 52
| ||
| Portugal
|
Socialist Party Partido Socialista (PS) |
PES | 9 / 21
| |
| Romania
|
Social Democratic Party Partidul Social Democrat (PSD) |
PES | 7 / 33
| |
| PRO Romania PRO România (PRO) |
None | 1 / 33
| ||
| Social Liberal Humanist Party Partidul Umanist Social Liberal (PUSL) |
None | 1 / 33
| ||
 Slovakia
|
Independent Róbert Hajšel |
Independent | 1 / 14
| |
| Slovenia
|
Social Democrats Socialni demokrati (SD Slovenia) |
PES | 2 / 8
| |
| Spain
|
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE) |
PES | 21 / 59
| |
| Sweden
|
Swedish Social Democratic Party Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti (SAP) |
PES | 5 / 21
| |
| European Union
|
Total | 139 / 705
| ||
From 6th to 8th European Parliament
edit| State | National party | European party |
MEPs 2004– 2009 |
MEPs 2009– 2014 |
MEPs 2014– 2019 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria
|
Social Democratic Party of Austria Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs |
PES | 7 | 4 | 5 |
| Belgium
|
Socialist Party Parti Socialiste |
PES | 4 | 3 | 3 |
| Socialist Party Different Socialistische Partij Anders |
PES | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
| Bulgaria
|
Bulgarian Socialist Party Българска социалистическа партия Bulgarska sotsialisticheska partiya |
PES | 5 | 4 | 4 |
| Croatia
|
Social Democratic Party of Croatia Socijaldemokratska partija Hrvatske |
PES | 5 | 4 | |
| Cyprus
|
Movement for Social Democracy Κίνημα Σοσιαλδημοκρατών Kinima Sosialdimokraton |
PES | 1 | 1 | |
| Democratic Party Δημοκρατικό Κόμμα Dimokratikó Kómma |
None | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Czech Republic
|
Czech Social Democratic Party Česká strana sociálně demokratická |
PES | 2 | 7 | 4 |
| Denmark
|
Social Democrats Socialdemokraterne |
PES | 5 | 4 | 3 |
| Estonia
|
Social Democratic Party Sotsiaaldemokraatlik Erakond |
PES | 3 | 1 | 1 |
| Finland
|
Social Democratic Party of Finland Suomen sosialidemokraattinen puolue Finlands socialdemokratiska parti |
PES | 3 | 2 | 2 |
| France
|
Socialist Party Parti socialiste |
PES | 31 | 14 | 12 |
| Radical Party of the Left Parti radical de gauche |
None | 1 | |||
| Germany
|
Social Democratic Party of Germany Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands |
PES | 24 | 23 | 27 |
| Greece
|
Movement for Change (PASOK) Κίνημα Αλλαγής Kinima Allagis |
PES | 8 | 6 | 2 |
| Democratic Left Δημοκρατική Αριστερά Dimokratiki Aristera |
None | 1 | |||
| The River Το Ποτάμι To Potami |
None | 2 | |||
| Hungary
|
Hungarian Socialist Party Magyar Szocialista Párt |
PES | 9 | 4 | 2 |
| Democratic Coalition Demokratikus Koalíció |
None | 2 | |||
| Ireland
|
Labour Party Páirtí an Lucht Oibre |
PES | 1 | 3 | |
| Nessa Childers (Independent) | None | 1 | |||
| Italy
|
Democrats of the Left[46] Democratici di Sinistra |
PES | 12 | ||
| Democratic Party Partito Democratico |
PES | 21 | 31 | ||
| Italian Democratic Socialists[47] Socialisti Democratici Italiani |
PES | 2 | |||
| Article 1 – Democratic and Progressive Movement Articolo Uno – Movimento Democratico e Progressista |
None | 3 | |||
| Italian Left Sinistra Italiana |
None | 1 | |||
| Possible Possibile |
None | 1 | |||
| United in the Olive Tree Uniti nell'Ulivo |
None | 2 | |||
| Latvia
|
Social Democratic Party "Harmony" Sociāldemokrātiskā partija "Saskaņa" |
PES | 1 | 1 | |
| Lithuania
|
Social Democratic Party of Lithuania Lietuvos socialdemokratų partija |
PES | 2 | 3 | 2 |
| Luxembourg
|
Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party Lëtzebuerger Sozialistesch Aarbechterpartei Parti ouvrier socialiste luxembourgeois Luxemburger Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei |
PES | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Malta
|
Labour Party Partit Laburista |
PES | 3 | 4 | 3 |
| Netherlands
|
Labour Party Partij van de Arbeid |
PES | 7 | 3 | 3 |
| Poland
|
Democratic Left Alliance-Labor Union Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej – Unia Pracy |
PES | 5 | 7 | 5 |
| Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland Samoobrona Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej |
None | 2 | 1 | ||
| Social Democratic Party of Poland Socjaldemokracja Polska |
None | 3 | |||
| Portugal
|
Socialist Party Partido Socialista |
PES | 12 | 7 | 8 |
| Romania
|
Social Democratic Party Partidul Social Democrat |
PES | 10 | 11 | 14 |
| Slovakia
|
Direction – Social Democracy Smer – sociálna demokracia |
PES | 3 | 5 | 4 |
| Slovenia
|
Social Democrats Socialni demokrati |
PES | 1 | 2 | 1 |
| Spain
|
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party Partido Socialista Obrero Español |
PES | 24 | 21 | 14 |
| Sweden
|
Swedish Social Democratic Party Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti |
PES | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Feminist Initiative Feministiskt initiativ |
None | 1 | |||
 United Kingdom
|
Labour Party | PES | 19 | 13 | 20 |
| Total | 215 | 184 | 190 | ||
References
edit- ^ a b c d e "Seats by Political Group in Each Member State – Elections, Politics & Social Issues". elections2009-results.eu.
- ^ a b c "Democracy in the European Parliament" (PDF). Retrieved 18 June 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "PES on Europe Politique". Europe-politique.eu. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Confederation of the Socialist Parties of the European Community Collection". Iisg.nl. 7 December 2005. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
- ^ a b c d e "Political Groups of the European Parliament". Kas.de. Archived from the original on 17 May 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
- ^ "Sièges par groupe politique dans chaque État membre 14 juillet 2009 à 09:00 CEST". elections2009-results.eu. Archived from the original on 12 June 2009.
- ^ a b c "Political Groups Annual Accounts 2001–2006". European Parliament. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
- ^ "European Parliament profile of Martin Schulz". European Parliament. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
- ^ "European Parliament profile of Pauline Green". European Parliament. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
- ^ "European Parliament profile of Ernest Glinne". European Parliament. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
- ^ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2019). "European Union". Parties and Elections in Europe. Archived from the original on 8 June 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
- ^ Marie-Claire Considère-Charondu (2010). "Irish MEPS in an Enlarged Europe". In Christophe Gillissen (ed.). Ireland: Looking East. Peter Lang. p. 157. ISBN 978-90-5201-652-8. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
- ^ [11][12]
- ^ "Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D)". The Democratic Society. Archived from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2018.
- ^ Tapio Raunio (2012). "Political Interests: The European Parliament's Party Groups". In John Peterson; Michael Shackleton (eds.). The Institutions of the European Union. Oxford University Press. p. 340. ISBN 978-0-19-957498-8. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
- ^ a b "European socialists change name to accommodate Italian lawmakers". monstersandcritics.com.
- ^ Andreas Staab (2011). The European Union Explained, Second Edition: Institutions, Actors, Global Impact. Indiana University Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-253-00164-1. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
- ^ "Organisation – History – The Socialist Group in The European Parliament". Europa. Archived from the original on 1 November 2007. Retrieved 2 April 2009.
- ^ "EPPED Chronology – 1981–1990". EPP-ED Group website. Retrieved 7 November 2007.
- ^ Settembri, Pierpaolo (2 February 2007). "Is the European Parliament competitive or consensual ... "and why bother"?" (PDF). Federal Trust. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 October 2007. Retrieved 7 October 2007.
- ^ "Interview: Graham Watson, leader of group of Liberal Democrat MEPs". Euractiv. 15 June 2004. Archived from the original on 14 August 2007. Retrieved 1 November 2007.
- ^ a b How does the PES work? Archived 30 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Ringer, Nils F. (February 2003). "The Santer Commission Resignation Crisis" (PDF). University of Pittsburgh. Retrieved 7 October 2007.
- ^ "MEPs by Member State and political group – sixth parliamentary term". Europa. Retrieved 7 November 2007.
- ^ Taylor, Simon. "New alliance emerges in European Parliament | Parliament". European Voice. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
- ^ "Franceschini, Ok Alleanza Socialisti e Democratici". Archived from the original on 18 June 2009. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
- ^ "Italiani All'Estero – Parlamento Europeo – Il Pd Nell'Asde (Alleanza Dei Socialisti E Dei Democratici). Il Cammino E' Cominciato Anche in Europa"/ News/ Italian Network". Italiannetwork.it. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
- ^ Julien Frisch (17 June 2009). "Julien Frisch: PES not to become ASDE?". Julienfrisch.blogspot.com. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
- ^ "Schulz: «Sì dei socialisti europei al gruppo parlamentare Pse-Pd". Il Sole 24 ORE. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
- ^ "PES looks to the PASD". VoxEurop.eu. 24 June 2009. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
- ^ "News – Group of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists & Democrats in the European Parliament". Socialistgroup.eu:80. 22 January 2009. Archived from the original on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
- ^ "Euro MPs build new alliances". BBC News. 2 July 2009. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
- ^ "European Parliament groups elect their leaders". Euractiv.com. 24 June 2009. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
- ^ "Socialists bid to grab key Commission portfolios | EU – European Information on EU Treaty & Institutions". EurActiv.com. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
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- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Presentation". Socialist Group website. Archived from the original on 1 November 2007. Retrieved 7 November 2007.
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- ^ left ANO 2011
- ^ On 14 October 2007 the Democrats of the Left merged with Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy to form the Democratic Party. A minority of Democrats of the Left MEPs did not join the Democratic Party and sat in the PES group affiliated with Democratic Left.
- ^ The party became the Italian Socialist Party in October 2007. The Italian Socialist Party had 4 MEPs for the remainder of the 2004–2009, the additional two from Socialists United for Europe, formerly Non-Inscrits.
External links
edit