Francisco Manuel Lumbrales de Sá Carneiro GCTE GCC GCL (Portuguese: [fɾɐ̃ˈsiʃku sa kɐɾˈnɐjɾu] ; 19 July 1934 – 4 December 1980) was a Portuguese politician, who was one of the founders and the first leader of the Social Democratic Party (then known as the Popular Democratic Party). He served as Prime Minister of Portugal for eleven months during 1980, until his death in a plane crash in Camarate on 4 December 1980.
Francisco Sá Carneiro | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Prime Minister of Portugal | |
| In office 3 January 1980 – 4 December 1980 | |
| President | António Ramalho Eanes |
| Deputy | Diogo Freitas do Amaral |
| Preceded by | Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo |
| Succeeded by | Francisco Pinto Balsemão |
| President of the Social Democratic Party | |
| In office 2 July 1978 – 4 December 1980 | |
| Secretary-General | Amândio de Azevedo António Capucho |
| Preceded by | José Menéres Pimentel |
| Succeeded by | Francisco Pinto Balsemão |
| In office 31 October 1976 – 11 November 1977 | |
| Secretary-General | Joaquim Magalhães Mota |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | António de Sousa Franco |
| Secretary-General of the Social Democratic Party | |
| In office 28 September 1975 – 31 October 1976 | |
| Preceded by | Emídio Guerreiro |
| Succeeded by | Joaquim Magalhães Mota |
| In office 24 November 1974 – 25 May 1975 | |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Emídio Guerreiro |
| Minister in the Cabinet of the Prime Minister | |
| In office 17 May 1974 – 17 July 1974 | |
| Prime Minister | Adelino da Palma Carlos |
| Preceded by | Mário Morais de Oliveira |
| Succeeded by | António de Almeida Santos |
| Minister without Portfolio | |
| In office 16 May 1974 – 17 July 1974 | |
| Prime Minister | Adelino da Palma Carlos |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Ernesto Melo Antunes Joaquim Magalhães Mota Vítor Alves |
| Member of the Assembly of the Republic | |
| In office 13 November 1980 – 4 December 1980 | |
| Constituency | Lisbon |
| In office 2 June 1975 – 12 November 1980 | |
| Constituency | Porto |
| Member of the National Assembly | |
| In office 25 November 1969 – 25 January 1973 | |
| Constituency | Porto |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 19 July 1934 Vitória, Porto, Portugal |
| Died | 4 December 1980 (aged 46) Camarate, Loures, Portugal |
| Political party | Social Democratic (1974–1980) |
| Other political affiliations | Democratic Alliance (1979–1980) Liberal Wing (1968–1973) |
| Spouse |
Isabel Nunes de Matos
(m. 1957) |
| Domestic partner | Snu Abecassis (1976–1980) |
| Children | 5 |
| Alma mater | University of Lisbon |
| Signature |  |
Background
editSá Carneiro was born in Vitória, Porto, the fifth of the eight children[1] of lawyer José Gualberto Chaves Marques de Sá Carneiro (1897–1978) and Maria Francisca Judite Pinto da Costa Leite (1908–1989) of the Counts of Lumbrales in Spain.[citation needed]
Career
editA lawyer by training, Sá Carneiro became a member of the National Assembly in 1969[2] and, in turn, one of the leaders of the "Liberal Wing" (Ala Liberal) which attempted to work for the gradual transformation of Marcelo Caetano's dictatorship into a Western European liberal democracy.
In May 1974, a month after the Carnation Revolution, Sá Carneiro founded the Popular Democratic Party (PPD), together with Francisco Pinto Balsemão, Joaquim Magalhães Mota, Carlos Mota Pinto, João Bosco Mota Amaral, Alberto João Jardim, António Barbosa de Melo and António Marques Mendes, and became its secretary-general. The PPD was soon renamed the Social Democratic Party (PSD); despite Sá Carneiro's original claims to be leading a left-of-centre party, he and the party soon drifted to the right, becoming the country's main centre-right force. He was minister without portfolio in a number of provisional governments, and was elected as a deputy to the Constitutional Assembly the next year.
In 1976, he was elected to the Assembly of the Republic. In November 1977, he resigned his office as president of the party, only to be reelected to that office the next year.
In the general election of late 1979, he led the Democratic Alliance, a coalition of his Social Democratic Party, the right-wing Democratic and Social Centre Party, and two smaller parties, to victory. The Alliance polled 45.2 percent of the popular vote and gained 128 of the 250 seats in the Assembly of the Republic; 75 of these were from the PSD. President António Ramalho Eanes subsequently called on him to form a government on 3 January 1980, and formed Portugal's first majority government since the Carnation Revolution of 1974. In a second general election held in October that year, the Democratic Alliance increased its majority. The Alliance received 47.2 percent of the popular vote and 134 seats, 82 of them from the PSD. Sá Carneiro's triumph appeared to augur well for the presidential election two months later, in which Sá Carneiro was supporting António Soares Carneiro (no relation).
Death
edit
His victory was short-lived, however. On 4 December 1980, while on his way to a presidential election rally in Porto, the Cessna 421 he was on crashed into a building in Camarate, Loures, soon after takeoff from Lisbon Airport. Eyewitnesses claimed they saw pieces falling from the plane just moments after it took off. Rumours have continued to fuel conspiracy theories that the crash was in fact an assassination, but no firm evidence has come to light. There were even different theories as to who might have been the target of such an assassination, as Francisco de Sá Carneiro was travelling with the Defence Minister, Adelino Amaro da Costa, who had said he had documents relating to the October surprise conspiracy theory and was planning on taking them to the United Nations General Assembly. A parliamentary inquiry said in 2004 that there was evidence of a bomb in the aircraft,[3][4] after a 1995 inquiry had concluded there was evidence of sabotage.[5]
Dependent to a considerable extent on Sá Carneiro's personal popularity, the Democratic Alliance was unable to maintain its momentum in the wake of his death. Faced with a national crisis, the public rallied behind the incumbent president, António Ramalho Eanes, who easily defeated the Alliance candidate in the presidential election a few days later.
The Pedra Rubras airport where Sá Carneiro was heading has been named after him as Francisco de Sá Carneiro Airport, in 1990, despite objections[by whom?] that it would be in bad taste to name an airport after someone who died in a plane crash.
Family
editHe was married on 13 May 1957, in Miragaia, Porto, to Isabel Maria Ferreira Nunes de Matos (1 October 1936, Miragaia, Porto), and had five children:
- Francisco Nunes de Matos de Sá Carneiro (12 March 1958, Cedofeita, Porto), unmarried and without issue
- Isabel Maria Nunes de Matos de Sá Carneiro (7 July 1959, Cedofeita, Porto), unmarried and without issue
- Maria Teresa Nunes de Matos de Sá Carneiro (11 August 1961, Cedofeita, Porto), had two sons:
- Francisco de Sá Carneiro e Nogueira (1986, Santo Ildefonso, Porto)
- Lourenço de Sá Carneiro e Nogueira (1988, Santo Ildefonso, Porto)
- José Nunes de Matos de Sá Carneiro (1 April 1963, Cedofeita, Porto), married on 8 September 1991, in Luso, Mealhada, Isabel Maria Guedes de Macedo Girão (25 January 1965, Ramalde, Porto), and had an only daughter:
- Inês de Macedo Girão de Sá Carneiro (21 March 1992, Santo Ildefonso, Porto)
- Pedro Nunes de Matos de Sá Carneiro (12 September 1964, Cedofeita, Porto), married to Maria Benedita de Matos Chaves Pinheiro Torres (28 May 1967), of the Barons of Torre de Pero Palha, and had an only daughter:
- Maria Teresa Pinheiro Torres de Sá Carneiro (17 August 2000, Porto)
Later in life he lived together with Snu Abecassis, who died in the same accident as Sá Carneiro.
Ideological assessment and legacy
editSá Carneiro started his political life in the youth of the Acção Católica (the Portuguese Catholic Action), being his first activity in civic life to write a letter to Marcelo Caetano requesting the return of the António Ferreira Gomes, the exiled pro-democracy bishop of Oporto.[6] He probably had links with the Catholic syndicalist organizations and Christian socialism in general. He was very influenced by Catholic personalism[7] and humanism (especially its Christian version).
Sá Carneiro tried to adapt the social-democratic ideas of the likes of Eduard Bernstein and the post-1945 SPD to the cultural context of Portugal[8] and its traditionally Catholic society. The Godesberg Program had a very important influence in his social democratic thought as it became the model for his party and its cut with Marxist socialism.
Despite having an anti-collectivist and anti-statist party with an emphasis on personal rights and duties that was responsible for privatizing the industrial sectors nationalized during the revolutionary period,[9] he increased social spending during his term,[10] supported land reform and its redistribution in Alentejo[11] and he was proud that his party had been adopted by the working, middle-class blue-collar worker and middle-low class workers and that his party defended "the construction of a socialist society in liberty".[12] Due to all these specificities, he called his party's ideology "Portuguese Social Democracy".
He was recognized as populist by supporters[13] and opponents,[14] as well as neutral analysts.[15]
Works
editSá Carneiro was the author of various works, among them:
- Uma Tentativa de Participação Política (An Attempt of Political Participation) (1973)
- Por uma Social-Democracia Portuguesa (For a Portuguese Social Democracy) (1975)
- Poder Civil; Autoridade Democrática e Social-Democracia (Civilian Power; Democratic Authority and Social Democracy (1975)
- Uma Constituição para os Anos 80: Contributo para um Projecto de Revisão (A Constitution for the 1980s: Contribution for a Project of Revision) (1979).
Electoral history
editConstituent Assembly, 1975
edit| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | Seats | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PS | Mário Soares | 2,162,972 | 37.9 | 116 | |
| PPD | Francisco Sá Carneiro | 1,507,282 | 26.4 | 81 | |
| PCP | Álvaro Cunhal | 711,935 | 12.5 | 30 | |
| CDS | Diogo Freitas do Amaral | 434,879 | 7.6 | 16 | |
| MDP/CDE | Francisco Pereira de Moura | 236,318 | 4.1 | 5 | |
| FSP | Manuel Serra | 66,307 | 1.2 | 0 | |
| MES | Afonso de Barros | 58,248 | 1.0 | 0 | |
| Other parties | 137,213 | 2.4 | 2 | ||
| Blank/Invalid ballots | 396,675 | 7.0 | – | ||
| Turnout | 5,711,829 | 91.66 | 250 | ||
| Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições[16] | |||||
Legislative election, 1976
edit| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | Seats | +/− | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PS | Mário Soares | 1,912,921 | 34.9 | 107 | –9 | |
| PPD | Francisco Sá Carneiro | 1,335,381 | 24.4 | 73 | –8 | |
| CDS | Diogo Freitas do Amaral | 876,007 | 16.0 | 42 | +26 | |
| PCP | Álvaro Cunhal | 788,830 | 14.4 | 40 | +10 | |
| UDP | Mário Tomé | 91,690 | 1.7 | 1 | ±0 | |
| Other parties | 220,936 | 4.0 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Blank/Invalid ballots | 257,696 | 2.7 | – | – | ||
| Turnout | 5,483,461 | 83.53 | 263 | +13 | ||
| Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições[17] | ||||||
PSD leadership election, 1978
edit| Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Francisco Sá Carneiro | 100.0 | ||
| Turnout | |||
| Source: Congress 1978[18] | |||
Legislative election, 1979
edit| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | Seats | +/− | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AD | Francisco Sá Carneiro | 2,719,208 | 45.3 | 128 | +13 | |
| PS | Mário Soares | 1,642,136 | 27.3 | 74 | –33 | |
| APU | Álvaro Cunhal | 1,129,322 | 18.8 | 47 | +7 | |
| UDP | Mário Tomé | 130,842 | 2.2 | 1 | ±0 | |
| PDC | José Sanches Osório | 72,514 | 1.2 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Other parties | 149,717 | 2.5 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Blank/Invalid ballots | 163,714 | 2.7 | – | – | ||
| Turnout | 6,007,453 | 82.86 | 250 | –13 | ||
| Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições[19] | ||||||
Legislative election, 1980
edit| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | Seats | +/− | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AD | Francisco Sá Carneiro | 2,868,076 | 47.6 | 134 | +6 | |
| PS | Mário Soares | 1,673,279 | 27.8 | 74 | ±0 | |
| APU | Álvaro Cunhal | 1,009,505 | 16.8 | 41 | –6 | |
| UDP | Mário Tomé | 83,204 | 1.4 | 1 | ±0 | |
| POUS | Carmelinda Pereira | 83,095 | 1.4 | 0 | ±0 | |
| PSR | – | 60,496 | 1.0 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Other parties | 111,078 | 1.8 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Blank/Invalid ballots | 137,692 | 2.3 | – | – | ||
| Turnout | 6,026,395 | 83.94 | 250 | ±0 | ||
| Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições[20] | ||||||
Honours
edit
Grand-Cross of the Order of Christ, Portugal (29 May 1981)[21]
Grand-Cross of the Order of the Tower and of the Sword, of Valour, Loyalty and Merit, Portugal (7 March 1986)[21]
Grand Cross of the Order of Liberty, Portugal (29 November 1990)[21]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Francisco Sá Carneiro, um Documento – Parte I [Francisco Sá Carneiro, a Document – Part I] (Documentary) (in Portuguese). Event occurs at 2:29 – 2:35.
Francisco was the fifth of eight siblings.
- ^ "Index Sa". Rulers. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
- ^ Associated Press, 6 December 2004, New tests indicate sabotage in 1980 air crash that killed Portuguese PM
- ^ "Investigative Commission: 1980 Portugal Crash Was Sabotage".
- ^ David Elsner, Chicago Tribune, 8 October 1995, Premier's Body Exhumed In Inquiry
- ^ Official PDP/SDP Sá Carneiro's death 25th Anniversary documentary II on YouTube, 1:44 – 1:58
- ^ "X CONGRESSO da TSD – Trabalhadores Social Democratas (Social Democratic Workers)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2004. Retrieved 7 January 2008. (Portuguese), p. 7: «O sindicalismo que defendemos e procuramos praticar tem esta matriz social democrata e personalista. A sociedade que queremos ajudar a construir tem neste pensamento os seus alicerces. (...) Como pensou e defendeu Francisco Sá Carneiro.» [«The syndicalism we defend and try to practice has this social democratic and personalist matrix. The society that we want to help to build has in this thought its foundations. (...) As thought and defended Francisco Sá Carneiro.»]
- ^ "X CONGRESSO da TSD" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2004. p. 6: «Sá Carneiro sabia que não há modelos de ideário político que se transponham mecanicamente de umas sociedades para as outras. Foi assim que, embora tomando em consideração o pensamento social democrata reformista de teóricos da Europa germânica e anglo-saxónica, concebeu um projecto de social democracia adaptado à idiossincrasia do povo português e à sua tradição histórica, tão marcada de experiência personalista.» («Sá Carneiro knew that there were not models of political ideals that transposed mechanically from some societies for the others. It was like this that, though taking in consideration the social democratic Reformist thought of the theoreticians of Germanic and Anglo-Saxon Europe, conceived a social democracy project adapted to the idiosyncrasy of the Portuguese people and to its historical tradition, so marked by the personalist experience.»)
- ^ Official PDP/SDP Sá Carneiro's death 25th Anniversary documentary II on YouTube, 1:35 – 1:35
- ^ Official PDP/SDP Sá Carneiro's death 25th Anniversary documentary II on YouTube, 1:56 – 2:02
- ^ Official PDP/SDP Sá Carneiro's death 25th Anniversary documentary II on YouTube, 1:36 – 1:44
- ^ Popularist constants John Dewey and Francisco Sá Carneiro, 1:08 – 1:39 on YouTube
- ^ "Reformist Centre Popular Pan-National photos". Facebook.[permanent dead link] (English)
- ^ "Textos de Francisco Sá Carneiro (Texts of Francisco Sá Carneiro), 31 da Armada blog". (Portuguese), eleventh comment: «Sá Carneiro, seria hoje um populista como Santana Lopes ou pior ainda... !! (João Jardim... !)» («Sá Carneiro, would be today a populist like Santana Lopes or even worse...!! (João Jardim...!)»)
- ^ "O Populismo Laranja (The Orange Populism)". 30 September 2007. (Portuguese), o António Maria blog, third paragraph: «Em primeiro lugar, porque a matriz ideológica e social do PPD-PSD é geneticamente populista, na modulação muito própria que lhe foi dada desde o início por Francisco Sá Carneiro» ("In the first place, because the ideological and social matrix of the PDP-SDP is genetically populist, in the very specific modulation that was given to it since the beginning by Francisco Sá Carneiro")
- ^ "Resultados AC 1975" (PDF). Comissão Nacional de Eleições. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
- ^ "Resultados AR 1976" (PDF). Comissão Nacional de Eleições. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
- ^ " De condicionais a ASDI ", Público, 9 September 2018. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
- ^ "Resultados AR 1979" (PDF). Comissão Nacional de Eleições. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
- ^ "Resultados AR 1980" (PDF). Comissão Nacional de Eleições. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
- ^ a b c "Cidadãos Nacionais Agraciados com Ordens". Página Oficial das Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas. Retrieved 28 January 2017.