The Piaroa–Saliban, also known as Saliban (in spanish : Sálivan), are a small proposed language family of the middle Orinoco Basin, which forms an independent island within an area of Venezuela and Colombia (northern llanos) dominated by peoples of Carib and Arawakan affiliation.
| Piaroa–Saliban | |
|---|---|
| Saliban | |
| Geographic distribution | Colombia and Venezuela |
| Linguistic classification | Betoi–Saliban?
|
| Subdivisions |
|
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | sali1297 |
Languages
editPiaroa and Wirö (or "Maco") form a Piaroan branch of the family.
The extinct Ature language, once spoken on the Orinoco River near the waterfalls of Atures, Venezuela, is unattested but was said to be 'little different' from Saliba, and so may have formed a Saliban branch of the family.[2][3]
Language contact
editJolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Andoke–Urekena, Arawak, Máku, Tukano, and Yaruro language families due to contact.[4]
Lozano (2014:212)[5] has also noted similarities between the Saliba-Hodi and Arawakan languages.[4]: 330–331
External relations
editZamponi (2017) notes resemblances between the extinct Betoi language and Piaroa–Saliban. He considers a genealogical relationship plausible, though data on Betoi is scarce.[3]
There are lexical similarities with the Hotï language (Jodï), and this has been interpreted as evidence for a Jodï–Saliban language family.[6][7] However, the similarities have also been explained as contact.[3]
Jolkesky (2009) includes Piaroa-Saliba, Betoi and Hodi in a Duho family along with Ticuna–Yuri.[4]
Vocabulary
editLoukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Piaroa–Saliban languages.[2]
gloss Piaroa Maco Saliva one yauotenéte niareti sinote two tonerima tagus toxera three wabodexkuána perkotahuya kenxuapadi head tsú yio eye chiere pakuté tooth tsaxká oayá man uba umbei water ahiya ahia kagua fire uxkude egusta sun morho gama numeseki maize ñamo imó yamo jaguar ñáwi impué
Rosés Labrada (2019)[7]: 280–281 lists the following Swadesh-list items that are reconstructable to Proto-Sáliban.
no. gloss Sáliba Piaroa Mako 13 bite (v) ɲĩpe j̃ɨ ʤ̃ɨbɨ 15 blood kʷau ʧukʷɤha ʧukʷi iʦobu 22 cold dia dijɑwɑʔɑ tiʤua 31 drink (v) õgʷe ɑwu owɨ 36 soil sẽxẽ ɾẽhẽ nihi 37 eat (v) ikʷe ku kuanɨ 38 egg hiea ijæ iʤapo 39 eye pahute ʧiʔæhæɾe ʧɨbahale 41 far oto ɤtɤ ɨdɨ 42 fat/oil õdete ɑ̃dẽ õte 49 fish pahĩdi pɤĩ bãĩ 53 flower sebapu æʔu ĩʦãbũ 66 hand umo ʧũmu ʧɨmamu 70 heart omaidi ʧɑ̃mi isɤkˀi ʧomahade 71 heavy umaga ɑmækɑʔɑ ɨmɨka 96 meat dea ʧidepæ itebia 99 mouth aha ʧæ ʧaa 106 nose ĩxu ʧ̃ɨhĩjũ ʧĩʤũ 116 red/yellow dua tũɑ̃ʔɑ̃ duwɨ 119 river oxe ɑhe ohʷe 120 path maana mænæ mana/mãlã 138 sky mũma sẽxẽ moɾɤ̃hæ̃ m̃ɨlẽhẽ 139 sleep (v) ae æʔɨ abɨ 144 snake ɟakʷi ækɑ akoˀda 152 star sipodi siɾikˀɤ ʦiɾiʔi 158 swell (v) hipame hiæmɑʔɑ hebamɨ 172 tongue anane ʧine ʧinene 176 two (anim) tuxũdu tɑ̃hũ dũhũtaha 179 hot duda duɑʔɑ tuba 184 what? ãdaha dæhe tahi 187 white dea teɑʔɑ dewɨ 188 who? ãdiha di ti 195 woman ɲaxu isahu iʦuhu
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Zamponi, R. 2017 (2018). Betoi-Jirara, Sáliban, and Hodɨ: relationships among three linguistic lineages of the mid-Orinoco region. Anthropological Linguistics 59: 263-321.
- ^ a b Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
- ^ a b c Zamponi, Raoul (2017). Betoi-Jirara, Sáliban, and Hodɨ: Relationships among Three Linguistic Lineages of the Mid-Orinoco Region. Anthropological Linguistics, Volume 59, Number 3, Fall 2017, pp. 263-321.
- ^ a b c Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016). Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas (Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília.
- ^ Lozano, Miguel Angel Melendez (2014). "Jodï-Sáliban: A Linguistic Family of the Northwest Amazon". LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas (14): 173–218. doi:10.20396/liames.v0i14.1525.
- ^ Labrada, Jorge Emilio Rosés. 2015. "Is Jodï a Sáliban Language?." Paper presented at the Workshop on Historical relationships among languages of the Americas, Leiden, 2-5 September 2015. 18pp.
- ^ a b Labrada, Jorge Emilio Rosés (2019). "Jodï-Sáliban: A Linguistic Family of the Northwest Amazon". International Journal of American Linguistics. 85 (3): 275–311. doi:10.1086/703238. S2CID 198801032.
Bibliography
edit- Benaissa, T. (1991). Vocabulario Sáliba-Español Español Sáliba. Lomalinda: Alberto Lleras Camargo.
- Feddema, H. (1991). Diccionario Piaroa - Español. (Manuscript).
- Krute, L. D. (1989). Piaroa nominal morphosemantics. New York: Columbia University. (Doctoral dissertation).
- Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70414-3.
- Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.