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Mahabad (Persian: مهاباد)[a] is a city in the Central District of Mahabad County, West Azerbaijan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.[5]
Mahabad
| |
|---|---|
City | |
 | |
  Mahabad | |
| Coordinates: 36°46′04″N 45°44′02″E / 36.76778°N 45.73389°E[1] | |
| Country | Iran |
| Province | West Azerbaijan |
| County | Mahabad |
| District | Central |
| Population (2016)[2] | |
| • Total | 168,393 |
| Time zone | UTC+3:30 (IRST) |
| Area code | 044 |
| Website | www |
| [3] | |
Etymology
Mahabad first became the name of the city after World War I, during the reign of the Pahlavi shah (king) Reza Shah (r. 1925–1941). Before that, it was known as Savojbolagh, a Persian corruption of the Turkic word soghuk bulak (meaning "cold spring"). The Kurdish version was Sablagh.[6][7]
History
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Savojbolagh is first attested in the 16th century, during the Safavid era.[6] Mukri Kurds participated in several wars between Safavid dynasty and Ottoman Empire, and gained more predominance. In 17th century AD, Savojbolagh became the seat of Mukri principality (known as Mukriyān in Sorani Kurdish and Mokriyān in Persian). Many believe Budaq Sultan Mukri, who built Savojbolagh's congregational mosque is the founder of the current town.
Republic of Mahabad
Mahabad was the capital of the short-lived Republic of Mahabad, which was declared independent on January 1, 1946, under the leadership of Kurdish nationalist Qazi Muhammad.
The republic received strong support from the Soviet Union, which occupied Iran during the same era. It included the majority Kurdish-speaking towns of Bukan, Piranshahr, Sardasht and Oshnavieh.[8]
After an agreement brokered by the United States, the Soviets agreed to leave Iran, and sovereignty was restored to the Shah in 1947. The Shah ordered an invasion of the Republic of Mahabad shortly afterwards, the leaders of the republic including Qazi Muhammad were arrested and executed.[9][10][11] Qazi Muhammad was hanged on 31 March 1947. At the behest of Archibald Roosevelt Jr., who argued that Qazi had been forced to work with the Soviets out of expediency, U.S. ambassador to Iran George V. Allen urged the Shah not to execute Qazi or his brother, only to be reassured: "Are you afraid I'm going to have them shot? If so, you can rest your mind. I am not." Roosevelt later recounted that the order to have the Qazis killed was likely issued "as soon as our ambassador had closed the door behind him," adding with regard to the Shah: "I never was one of his admirers."[12]
Islamic Republic of Iran
On 7 May 2015, the people of the city rioted following the unexplained death on 4 May 2015 of Farinaz Khosravani, a hotel chambermaid. Khosravani fell to her death from a fourth-floor window of the Tara hotel, the hotel where she worked. Anger mounted following reports that Khosravani died attempting to escape an official who was threatening to rape her. The rioters reportedly set fire to the hotel where Khosravani worked.[13]
Demographics
Language and religion
Most of Mahabad is populated by Kurds who follow the Sunni branch of Islam. Besides Kurdish, many[vague] speak Persian and Azeri Turkic as well.[14] Neo-Aramaic-speaking Jews originally used to inhabit the city as well.[6]
Population
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 133,324 in 31,000 households.[15] The following census in 2011 counted 147,268 people in 38,393 households.[16] The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 168,393 people in 47,974 households.[2]
Geography
Location
The city lies south of Lake Urmia in a narrow valley 1,300 metres above sea level.[17][18]
Climate
| Climate data for Mahabad (1991–2020, extremes since 1985) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 15.3 (59.5) |
20.0 (68.0) |
26.4 (79.5) |
30.8 (87.4) |
35.0 (95.0) |
40.6 (105.1) |
42.6 (108.7) |
41.6 (106.9) |
38.8 (101.8) |
32.4 (90.3) |
25.4 (77.7) |
21.8 (71.2) |
42.6 (108.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 4.4 (39.9) |
7.2 (45.0) |
12.7 (54.9) |
18.5 (65.3) |
24.1 (75.4) |
30.3 (86.5) |
33.5 (92.3) |
33.7 (92.7) |
29.5 (85.1) |
22.2 (72.0) |
13.0 (55.4) |
6.8 (44.2) |
19.7 (67.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.1 (32.2) |
2.2 (36.0) |
7.1 (44.8) |
12.4 (54.3) |
17.4 (63.3) |
23.0 (73.4) |
26.2 (79.2) |
25.9 (78.6) |
21.5 (70.7) |
15.0 (59.0) |
7.4 (45.3) |
2.3 (36.1) |
13.4 (56.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −3.8 (25.2) |
−2.1 (28.2) |
2.1 (35.8) |
6.5 (43.7) |
10.2 (50.4) |
14.3 (57.7) |
17.9 (64.2) |
17.4 (63.3) |
13.2 (55.8) |
8.4 (47.1) |
2.8 (37.0) |
−1.5 (29.3) |
7.1 (44.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −19.4 (−2.9) |
−19.4 (−2.9) |
−14.8 (5.4) |
−4.6 (23.7) |
1.6 (34.9) |
7.8 (46.0) |
5.4 (41.7) |
9.2 (48.6) |
4.4 (39.9) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
−11.4 (11.5) |
−18.8 (−1.8) |
−19.4 (−2.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 45.1 (1.78) |
43.2 (1.70) |
57.0 (2.24) |
57.7 (2.27) |
32.3 (1.27) |
4.4 (0.17) |
2.3 (0.09) |
0.9 (0.04) |
2.4 (0.09) |
27.5 (1.08) |
49.9 (1.96) |
41.0 (1.61) |
363.7 (14.32) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 6.4 | 6.3 | 7.6 | 7.3 | 5.3 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 3.8 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 49.9 |
| Average snowy days | 6.6 | 4.3 | 1.6 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 3.3 | 17.2 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 71.0 | 65.0 | 58.0 | 53.0 | 49.0 | 36.0 | 34.0 | 32.0 | 34.0 | 48.0 | 63.0 | 69.0 | 51.0 |
| Average dew point °C (°F) | −5.7 (21.7) |
−4.9 (23.2) |
−2.7 (27.1) |
0.5 (32.9) |
2.9 (37.2) |
3.2 (37.8) |
4.9 (40.8) |
4.1 (39.4) |
1.6 (34.9) |
0.8 (33.4) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
−4.2 (24.4) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 140.0 | 163.0 | 202.0 | 227.0 | 288.0 | 355.0 | 367.0 | 346.0 | 299.0 | 237.0 | 173.0 | 140.0 | 2,937 |
| Source 1: NOAA[19] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: IRIMO(extremes 1985-1990),[20] meteomanz(snow days 2000-2023, extremes since 2021[21]) | |||||||||||||
See also
Media related to Mahabad at Wikimedia Commons
Notes
- ^ Sorani Kurdish: مەهاباد; romanized in Kurdish as Mehabad; also known as Mihābād and Muhābād;[4] and formerly Savojbolagh (Persian: ساوجبلاغ)
References
- ^ OpenStreetMap contributors (25 September 2024). "Mahabad, Mahabad County" (Map). OpenStreetMap (in Persian). Retrieved 25 September 2024.
- ^ a b Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016): West Azerbaijan Province. amar.org.ir (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 30 August 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
- ^ Statistical. "Center of Iran > Home". www.amar.org.ir. Archived from the original on 2 December 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
- ^ Mahabad can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3073397" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
- ^ Habibi, Hassan (c. 2023) [Approved 21 June 1369]. Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of West Azerbaijan province, centered in the city of Urmia. lamtakam.com (Report) (in Persian). Ministry of the Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Council. Notification 82808/T137. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023 – via Lam ta Kam.
- ^ a b c Minorsky & Bosworth 1997, p. 92.
- ^ Hassanpour 1989, p. 511.
- ^ McDowall, David (2004). A modern history of the Kurds. I.B. Tauris. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 244–245. ISBN 1-85043-416-6. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
- ^ McDowall, David, A Modern History of the Kurds, I. B. Tauris, 1996 (Current revision at May 14, 2004). ISBN 1-86064-185-7.
- ^ [1] Archived September 7, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ [2] Archived April 25, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Wilford, Hugh (2013). America's Great Game: The CIA's Secret Arabists and the Making of the Modern Middle East. Basic Books. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-465-01965-6.
- ^ "Riot Erupts in Iran's Kurdish Capital Over Woman's Death". The New York Times. 7 May 2015.
- ^ Eagleton & Neumann 1986, p. 213.
- ^ Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006): West Azerbaijan Province. amar.org.ir (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
- ^ Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011): West Azerbaijan Province. irandataportal.syr.edu (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022 – via Iran Data Portal, Syracuse University.
- ^ S. J. Laizer, Martyrs, Traitors, and Patriots: Kurdistan after the Gulf War, Zed Books, 1996, ISBN 978-1-85649-396-3, p. 56.
- ^ Marion Farouk-Sluglett, Peter Sluglett, Iraq Since 1958: From Revolution to Dictatorship, .B.Tauris, 2001, ISBN 978-1-86064-622-5, p. 28.
- ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Mahabad". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
- ^ "Station: Mahabad (40726)". Chaharmahalmet (asp) (in Persian). Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 17 February 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "MOHABAD - Weather data by month". meteomanz. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
Sources
- Eagleton, W. & Neumann, R. (1986). "Mahābād". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume V: Khe–Mahi. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 213–214. ISBN 978-90-04-07819-2.
- Hassanpour, Amir (1989). "Būkān". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume IV/5: Brick–Burial II. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 511. ISBN 978-0-71009-128-4.
- Minorsky, Vladmir & Bosworth, C.E. (1997). "Sāwd̲j̲-Bulāḳ". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Lecomte, G. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume IX: San–Sze. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 92. ISBN 978-90-04-10422-8.