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Sadae

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Sadae (Korean: 사대; Hanja: 事大; lit. serving the great) is a Korean term which is used in pre-modern contexts.[1] Sadae is a Confucian concept, based on filial piety, that describes a reciprocal hierarchical relationship between a senior and a junior, such as a tributary relationship. The term is used as a descriptive label for bilateral foreign relations between Imperial China and Joseon dynasty Korea. Korea's sadae toward China was first employed by Silla in the 7th century, but it was not fully implemented until the Confucianization of Korea in the early Joseon dynasty.[2] Korea's sadae toward China from the 7th century to the 13th century was only nominal.[3]

Sadae
Hangul
사대
Hanja
事大
Revised Romanizationsadae
McCune–Reischauersadae

Etymology

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The historical term is derived from the Chinese shi da (Korean, sadae) as used by the philosopher Mencius. Sadae literally means "dealing with the great" or "serving the great"[4][5] and can be interpreted as "Loving and admiring the great and powerful".[6]

The neutral term is distinguished from the pejorative sadaejuui, which was invented by early 20th century Korean nationalists.[7] Juui means "ideology" and it is conventionally translated as "-ism."[8]

"Sadae" (事大), which comes from the word "以小事大" in Mencius's book, means "service to the great by the small" or "a small kingdom accommodates a large":[1]

  • 梁惠王下
齊宣王問曰：交鄰國，有道乎


孟子對曰：有。惟仁者為能以大事小。是故，湯事葛，文王事昆夷。惟智者為能以小事大。故大王事獯鬻，句踐事吳。以大事小者，樂天者也。以小事大者，畏天者也。樂天者保天下，畏天者保其國。《詩》云：『畏天之威，于時保之。』
  • Mencius - Liang Hui Wang II

The king Qi Xuan asked, saying, 'Is there any way to regulate one's maintenance of intercourse with neighbouring kingdoms?'

Mencius replied, 'Yes, there is. But it requires a perfectly virtuous prince to be able, with a great country, to serve a small one - as, for instance, Tang served Ge, and King Wen served the Kun barbarians. And it requires a wise prince to be able, with a small country, to serve a large one - as the King Tai served the Xunyu, and Goujian served Wu. He who with a great State serves a small one, delights in Heaven. He who with a small State serves a large one, stands in awe of Heaven. He who delights in Heaven, will affect with his love and protection the whole kingdom. He who stands in awe of Heaven, will affect with his love and protection his own kingdom. It is said in the Book of Poetry, "I fear the Majesty of Heaven, and will thus preserve its favouring decree." '

[9]

Overview

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Sadae describes a foreign policy characterized by the various ways a small country acknowledges the strength of a greater power like that of China. Sadae is made manifest in the actions of the weaker state as it conveys goodwill and respect through its envoys.

The utility of the sadae concept in Korea was recognized from the period of Three Kingdoms of Korea to 1895;[4] and it is demonstrated in the relationship of mid-Joseon Korea towards the Ming Dynasty of China.[10] The Joseon Dynasty made every effort to maintain a friendly relationship with Beijing for reasons having to do with realpolitik and with an idealized Confucian worldview. Sadae construes China as the center of a Confucian moral universe.[11]

As a foundation of diplomacy, the Joseon kingdom presumed that the Korean state was positioned within a Sinocentristic milieu. The Joseon foreign policy was organized around maintaining stable Joseon-Chinese relations in the period from 1392 through 1895. The concept of sadae is contrasted with limited trade relationships or kyorin diplomacy (교린정책; lit. "neighborly relations") which marked Joseon-Japanese relations in this period.[12]

The kingdom of Joseon accepted its place in a Sinocentristic world order. The Joseon foreign policy was organized around maintaining stable Joseon–Chinese relations in the period from 1392 through 1910. It contrasts with limited trade relationships or kyorin diplomacy (교린정책; 交隣政策; lit. neighborly relations) in regard to Joseon-Japanese relations in this period.[13]

20th century re-interpretation

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The concept of sadae was rejected in the writings of polemicist Shin Chaeho and other Korean nationalists in the 20th century.[14] Shin is known for having argued that the sadae effectively functioned in two ways:

  • to devalue the ethnic origins of the Korean people and state[15]
  • to subjugate Korean history within a Confucian interpretive framework[15]

His revisionist writings sought to deny the relevance of sadae as an important element of Korean history.[16]

Sadaejuui

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Sadaejuui
Hangul
사대주의
Hanja
事大主義
Revised Romanizationsadaejuui
McCune–Reischauersadaejuŭi

Sadaejuui (Korean: 사대주의; lit. serving-the-great ideology) is a largely pejorative Korean term which evolved in the mid-20th century from the more widely used historical concept fo sadae.[1] The term "sadaejuui" was invented by early 20th century Korean nationalists.[17]

Sadaejuui conflates an attitude of subservience with the political realism which accompanies the prudent recognition of greater power.[1]

The concept of sadaejuui was central in the writings of polemicist Shin Chaeho. His ideas and voice became prominent features of Korean nationalism.[18] Sin is known for having argued that the sadaejuui inherent in Confucian historiography served

  • to devalue the ethnic origins of the Korean people and state [15]
  • to subjugate Korean history within a Confucian interpretive framework [15]

His revisionist writings sought to deny the relevance of sadae as an important element of Korean history.[19]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b c d Armstrong, Charles K. (2007). The Koreas, p. 57-58., p. 57, at Google Books
  2. ^ Walker 1971, pp. 3–4.
  3. ^ Walker 1971, p. 4.
  4. ^ a b Pratt, Keith L. et al. (1999). Korea: a historical and cultural dictionary, p. 394.
  5. ^ Pratt, Kieth L. et al. (1999). Korea: a historical and cultural dictionary, p. 384.
  6. ^ Alford, C. Fred. (1999). Think no evil: Korean values in the age of globalization, p. 150., p. 150, at Google Books
  7. ^ Mitchell, Anthony. "Happier Economy Better Than Larger Economy," Korea Times (Seoul). October 12, 2008.
  8. ^ Duchatel, Mathieu. Nationalisme et sentiment nationaliste en Corée (Nationalism and Nationalist Sentiment in Korea). IEP Paris, DEAA comparative des Aires Politiques, p. 4 n1.
  9. ^ Liang Hui Wang II, Mencius
  10. ^ 구도영 (Koo Do-young). 중종대(中宗代) 사대인식(事大認識)의 변화 - 대례의(大禮議)에 대한 별행(別行) 파견 논의를 중심으로 ("Changes regarding ‘Perception of Sadae’(事大認識) that became apparent during the reign of King Jungjong - Examination of Discussions over the issue of dispatching a special envoy(別行) about the Grand ceremony (大禮議) in Ming (明) dynasty’s court"),] 역사와 현실 제62호, 2006.12 (History and Reality, No. 62,　December 2006). pp. 3-405.
  11. ^ Mansourov, Alexandre Y. "Will Flowers Bloom without Fragrance? Korean-Chinese Relations," Archived 2008-01-08 at the Wayback Machine Harvard Asia Quarterly (Spring 2009).
  12. ^ Kang, Etsuko H. (1997). Diplomacy and Ideology in Japanese-Korean Relations: from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century, p. 49.
  13. ^ Kang, Etsuko H. (1997). Diplomacy and Ideology in Japanese-Korean Relations: from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century, p. 49.
  14. ^ Robinson, Michael. (1984) "National Identity and the Thought of Shin Ch'ae-ho: Sadaejuüi and Chuch'e in History and Politics," Journal of Korean Studies, Vol. 5, pp. 121–142.
  15. ^ a b c d Robinson, p. 129.
  16. ^ Robinson, pp. 131-132.
  17. ^ Mitchell, Anthony. "Happier Economy Better Than Larger Economy," Korea Times (Seoul). October 12, 2008.
  18. ^ Robinson, Michael. (1984) "National Identity and the Thought of Shin Ch'ae-ho: Sadaejuüi and Chuch'e in History and Politics," Journal of Korean Studies, Vol. 5, pp. 121–142.
  19. ^ Robinson, pp. 131-132.

References

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  • Alford, C. Fred. (1999). Think no evil: Korean values in the age of globalization. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801436666; OCLC 247000674
  • Armstrong, Charles K. (2007). The Koreas. London: CRC Press. ISBN 9780415948524; ISBN 9780415948531; OCLC 71808039
  • Kang, Etsuko Hae-jin. (1997). Diplomacy and Ideology in Japanese-Korean Relations: from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century. Basingstoke, Hampshire; Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-17370-8;
  • Levinson, David and Karen Christensen. (2002). Encyclopedia of Modern Asia. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 978-0-684-80617-4; OCLC 49936055
  • Mansourov, Alexandre Y. "Will Flowers Bloom without Fragrance? Korean-Chinese Relations," Harvard Asia Quarterly (Spring 2009).
  • Pratt, Keith L., Richard Rutt, and James Hoare. (1999). Korea: a historical and cultural dictionary, Richmond: Curzon Press. ISBN 9780700704637; ISBN 978-0-7007-0464-4; OCLC 245844259
  • Robinson, Michael. (1984) "National Identity and the Thought of Sin Ch'ae-ho: Sadaejuüi and Chuch'e in History and Politics." Journal of Korean Studies 5: 121–142.
  • Robinson, Michael. (1988). Cultural Nationalism in Colonial Korea, 1920–1925. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295966007; OCLC 18106164
  • Walker, Hugh D. (1971), "The Weight of Tradition: Preliminary Observations on Korea's Intellectual Response", in Jo, Yung-hwan (ed.), Korea's Response to the West, The Korea Research and Publications, Inc., pp. 1–14
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