Saigō Jūdō

Saigō Jūdō (西郷 従道, also read Saigō Tsugumichi) (1 June 1843 – 18 July 1902) was a Japanese politician and admiral in the Meiji period.

Marshal-Admiral Marquess Saigō Jūdō 西郷 従道
General and Marshal Admiral The Marquis Saigō Jūdō
Minister of the Imperial Navy Empire of Japan
In office 22 December 1885 – 17 May 1890
Monarch	Meiji
Prime Minister	Itō Hirobumi Kuroda Kiyotaka Sanjō Sanetomi Yamagata Aritomo
Preceded by	Kabayama Sukenori
Succeeded by	Kabayama Sukenori
In office 11 March 1893 – 8 November 1898
Prime Minister	Itō Hirobumi Matsukata Masayoshi Ōkuma Shigenobu
Preceded by	Nire Kagenori
Succeeded by	Yamamoto Gonnohyōe
Personal details
Born	Saigō Ryūsuke (西郷 隆興) (1843-06-01)1 June 1843 Kagoshima, Satsuma, Japan
Died	18 July 1902(1902-07-18) (aged 59) Tokyo, Empire of Japan
Resting place	Tama Cemetery, Fuchū, Tokyo.
Spouse	Saigō Kiyoko
Relations	Saigō Kichibei (father) Shiihara Masa (mother) Saigō Takamori (brother) Saigō Kichijirō (brother) Saigō Kobei (brother) Ichiki Koto (sister) Saigō Taka (sister) Saigō Yasu (sister)
Children	7 sons, 4 daughters
Nickname	Shingō
Military service
Allegiance	Empire of Japan
Branch/service	Imperial Japanese Army Imperial Japanese Navy
Years of service	1869–1902
Rank	Lieutenant General (1869-1894) Admiral (1894–1898) Marshal Admiral (1898–1902)
Battles/wars	Anglo-Satsuma War Boshin War Battle of Toba–Fushimi Taiwan Expedition of 1874 Satsuma Rebellion

In this Japanese name, the surname is Saigō.

Biography

Early life

Saigō was born in Shimokajiyachō, Kagoshima, the son of the samurai Saigō Kichibe of the Satsuma Domain. His siblings included his famous older brother, samurai and nobleman Saigō Takamori. Saigō changed his name many times throughout his life. Besides the two listed above, he sometimes went by the nickname "Shingō". His real name was either "Ryūkō", or "Ryūdō" (隆興). It is possible that he went by the name "Ryūsuke".

Following the Meiji Restoration, Saigō went to a government office to register his name. He intended to register orally under his given name (Ryūkō or Ryūdō). However, the civil servant misheard his name and he therefore became Jūdō (従道) under the law. He did not particularly mind, so he never bothered to change it back. The name "Tsugumichi" arose as an alternate pronunciation for the characters of his name.

At the recommendation of Arimura Shunsai, he became a tea-serving Buddhist monk for the daimyō of Satsuma, Shimazu Nariakira. After he returned to secular life, he became one of a group of devoted followers of Arimura. As a Satsuma samurai, he participated in the Anglo-Satsuma War. He later joined the movement to overthrow the Tokugawa shogunate.

He was a commander of the Satsuma army fighting in the Battle of Toba–Fushimi as well as other battles on the imperial side of the Boshin War.

Imperial Japanese Army

Saigo in 1876

In 1869, two years after the establishment of the Meiji government, Saigō went to Europe with General Yamagata Aritomo to study European military organizations, tactics and technologies. After his return to Japan, he was appointed a lieutenant-general in the new Imperial Japanese Army. He commanded Japanese expeditionary forces in the Taiwan Expedition of 1874.

In 1873, his brother Saigō Takamori resigned from the government, over the rejection of his proposal to invade Korea during the Seikanron debate. Many other officials from the Satsuma region followed suit. However, Saigō Jūdō continued to remain loyal to the Meiji government. Upon the death of his brother in the Satsuma Rebellion, Saigō Jūdō became the primary political leader from Satsuma. In accord with the kazoku peerage system enacted in 1884, he received the title of count (hakushaku).

Government official

House of Saigō Jūdō, in Kamimeguro, Tokyo. Photograph by Hugues Krafft in 1882.

Saigō held a string of important positions in the Itō Hirobumi cabinet, including Navy Minister (1885, 1892–1902).

As Minister of Internal Affairs, Saigō pushed strongly for the death penalty for Tsuda Sanzō, the accused in the Ōtsu incident of 1891, and threatened Kojima Korekata should the sentence be more lenient.

In 1892, he was appointed to the Privy Council as one of the genrō. In the same year, he founded a political party known as Kokumin Kyōkai (国民協会, The People's Co-operative Party).

In 1894, Saigō was given the rank of admiral, in recognition of his role as Navy minister, and his peerage title was elevated to that of marquis.

In 1898, the Imperial Japanese Navy bestowed upon him the honorary title of Marshal-Admiral. The rank is equivalent to Admiral of the Fleet or Grand Admiral.

Personal life

Saigō’s former residence (once in Meguro, Tokyo) is registered as an Important Cultural Property by the Japanese government and is now at the Meiji-mura historical park outside of Inuyama, Aichi Prefecture. Saigō also owned a cottage in Yanagihara (present-day Numazu), Shizuoka Prefecture. Saigō Jūdō was the first person in Japan to own a race horse. Gensui the Marquis Saigō died in 1902 and was buried in the Tama Cemetery in Fuchū in Tokyo.

Honours

National honours

• Empire of Japan:
• Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum
• Grand Cordon with Paulownia Flowers of the Order of the Rising Sun
• Order of the Golden Kite, Second Class

Ancestry

Ancestors of Saigō Jūdō
16. Saigō Kakuzaemon 8. Saigō Kichibee 4. Saigō Takamitsu 18. Machida Shizaemon 9. Machida NN 2. Saigō Kichibei 5. Yotsumoto NN 1. Saigō Jūdō 6. Shiihara Kuninori 3. Shiihara Masa

References

• Craig, Albert M. (1961). Chōshū in the Meiji Restoration. Harvard University Press. OCLC 482814571.
• Dupuy, Trevor N. (1992). Encyclopedia of Military Biography. I B Tauris & Co Ltd. ISBN 9781850435693. OCLC 59974268.
• Jansen, Marius B.; Gilbert Rozman, eds. (1986). Japan in Transition: From Tokugawa to Meiji. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691054599. OCLC 12311985.
• Ravina, Mark (2003). The Last Samurai: The Life and Battles of Saigo Takamori. Wiley. ISBN 0471089702.

External links

• National Diet Library. "Saigo, Judo". Portraits of Modern Historical Figures.