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Peter the Aleut

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Cungagnaq (Russian: Чукагнак, romanized: Chukagnak; date of birth unknown - d. 1815) is venerated as a martyr and saint (as Peter the Aleut; Russian: Пётр Алеу́т, romanized: Pyotr Aleút) by the Eastern Orthodox Church. He was a native of Kodiak Island (Alutiiq or Sugpiaq), and received the Christian name of Peter when he was baptized into the Orthodox faith by the monks of St Herman's missionaries operating in the north.[2] He was captured by Spanish soldiers near San Pedro and tortured and killed at the instigation of Roman Catholic priests either there or at a nearby location. At the time identified for his death, California was Spanish territory, and Spain was worried about Russian advances southwards from Alaska.[3] Hubert Howe Bancroft, in his multi-volume History of California, only notes that, in connection with an incident wherein a Russian fur-hunting expedition was taken into custody after declining to leave San Pedro; one Russian source accused "the Spaniards of cruelty to the captives, stating that according to Kuskof’s[4] report one Aleut who refused to become a Catholic died from ill-treatment received from the padre at San Francisco."[5]

Saint Peter the Aleut
Icon of St. Peter the Aleut
Martyr of San Francisco and Protomartyr of America
BornCungagnaq
c. 1800[citation needed]
Died1815
Venerated inEastern Orthodox Church
Canonized1980 by Orthodox Church in America
FeastSeptember 24; December 12
Attributesportrayed as an Aleut youth, wearing a traditional gut parka[1]

Martyrdom

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According to the most fully developed version of the story, in 1815 a group of Russian employees of the Russian American Company and their Aleut seal and otter hunters, including Peter, was captured by Spanish soldiers, while hunting illicitly for seals near San Pedro, (which has variably been interpreted as either San Pedro, Los Angeles[6] or as San Pedro y San Pablo Asistencia (in Pacifica, California). According to the original account, the soldiers took them to "the mission in Saint-Pedro" for interrogation.[7] One Russian source states that after being taken prisoner near modern Los Angeles, the captives were taken to Mission Dolores—that is, modern San Francisco.[3][8] With threats of torture, the Roman Catholic priests attempted to force the Aleuts to deny their Orthodox faith and to convert to Roman Catholicism.

When the Aleuts refused, the priest had a toe severed from each of Peter's feet. Peter still refused to renounce his faith and the Spanish priest ordered a group of Native Americans, indigenous to California, to cut off each finger of Peter's hands, one joint at a time, finally removing both his hands. They eventually disemboweled him, making him a martyr to the Eastern Orthodox faith. The Spanish captors were about to torture the next Aleut when orders were received to release the other Russian and Native Alaskan prisoners.

Historicity

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An account of the martyrdom of Peter the Aleut is contained in a lengthy letter written on November 22, 1865, by Semyon Yanovsky to Damascene, abbot of the Valaam Monastery in Finland.[9][10] Yanovsky (1789–1876), who is also one of the chief sources of information about St. Herman of Alaska, was chief manager of the Russian colonies from 1818 to 1820. In the letter he was reporting on an incident that he had heard from a supposed eyewitness, and that had taken place fifty years earlier in 1815. The letter contains the description of Peter being tortured by "Jesuits" but this would have been virtually impossible, as the Jesuit order had been expelled from all Spanish territories in 1767,[11] suppressed generally in 1773,[12] and had only been reconstituted in 1814 (one year before Peter's alleged death). In 1815 there were no Jesuits within several thousand miles of California, as the reconstitution of the Jesuits in New Spain (that is, Mexico) would not take place until 1816.[13] There were only Franciscans in California at the time, and it would be highly unlikely that anyone could confuse members of the two well-known and very dissimilar orders. Yanovsky adds, "At the time I reported all this to the Head Office in St. Petersburg." And indeed, this earlier communication, his official dispatch to the company's main office—dated Feb. 15, 1820, five years after the event—also relates the story of St. Peter's martyrdom, albeit with different details.[14]

Location of martyrdom and "San Pedro"

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Peter the Aleut has been referred to as a "martyr of San Francisco".[3][15] Additionally, many modern descriptions of the martyrdom of Peter the Aleut often describe the event as occurring "in San Francisco",[16][17] and others describe the Native Alaskan traders as being brought "to San Francisco".[3] Other sources can be found describing the event as occurring near Los Angeles or in Southern California.[18] These varying descriptions of the location may be based on varying oral traditions, varying understandings of the relationship of the location of the martyrdom and Fort Ross, and also on varying interpretations of references to "San Pedro" in the original historical documents.

The earliest historical sources about the death of Peter the Aleut describe the event as taking place in or near "the mission of San Pedro".[6][7][19] Some have taken this to refer to San Pedro y San Pablo Asistencia, a "sub-mission" of Mission San Francisco de Asís (also known as Mission Dolores). San Pedro y San Pablo Asistencia was located on the site of the modern-day Sánchez Adobe Park in modern-day Pacifica, California.

Others have interpreted the historical description to refer to the dock in San Pedro, Los Angeles (now located in modern-day Los Angeles), which was used at the time as a trading post by Spanish missionary friars from Mission San Gabriel Arcángel.[20] Such an interpretation of "San Pedro" fits well with other references to geographical locations in the historical documents, including an island named Santa Rosa (interpreted to refer to Santa Rosa Island) an island named "Climant" (interpreted to refer to San Clemente Island) and an island named Ekaterina, (interpreted by some to refer to Catalina Island).[6][19] These documents also describe the captured Native Alaskan traders as transferred to Fort Ross, by way of sequential stops in Santa Barbara and Monterey. This interpretation of a Southern Californian location for the martyrdom is further supported by a letter contemporaneous to the alleged martyrdom event from Franciscan Fr. José Francisco de Paula Señan dated June 19, 1816 (but which runs counter to allegations of forced conversion and violence against the Native hunters from Russian America), which describes the capture and transfer of "Russian Indians" to the Santa Barbara Presidio from Mission San Buenaventura (in modern-day Ventura, California).[19]

Veneration

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Icon of Saint Peter with St. Herman in an Orthodox parish in the United States

According to Yanovsky's 1865 letter, upon receiving the report of Peter's death, St. Herman on Kodiak Island was moved to cry out, "Holy new-martyr Peter, pray to God for us!"[3] Peter the Aleut was glorified as a saint by the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia and locally glorified by the Diocese of Alaska of the Orthodox Church in America as the "Martyr of San Francisco" in 1980. His feast day is celebrated on September 24 or December 12. A number of churches have been dedicated to him in North America, including churches at Lake Havasu City, Arizona,[21] Minot, North Dakota,[22] Calgary,[23] and Abita Springs, Louisiana.[24]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Icon: St. Peter the Aleut Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine, Creighton University
  2. ^ All Saints of North America, an Orthodox Church in Virginia, USA Archived June 27, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ a b c d e Saint Peter the Aleut, Oct 22 1999, University of Michigan
  4. ^ Ivan Kuskof was a sailor and official associated with the Russian-American Company
  5. ^ Bancroft, p. 308, see footnote referencing "Barânof, Shizneopissanie, 135-6; Khébnikof, Zapiski, 11; Tikhmenef, Istor. Obosranie, i. 213, 216."
  6. ^ a b c Namee, Matthew (et al, for comments following main article). "Primary Sources on St. Peter the Aleut" OrthodoxHistory.org (see both main article and following comments) Archived February 3, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ a b Namee, Matthew. "Peter the Aleut: the original martyrdom account", OrthodoxHistory.orgArchived December 15, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ McNichols Icon: St. Peter the Aleut and St. Andrew Bobola, SJ Archived 2009-12-31 at the Wayback Machine, Creighton University
  9. ^ Text of Yanofsky's account of the martyrdom of Peter the Aleut, contained in his letter to Abbot Damascene (at Orthodox Church in America website)
  10. ^ For a translation of the letter, see The Russian Orthodox Religious Mission in America, 1794-1837, pp. 80-89.
  11. ^ Moses, Bernard. "Charles III: Expulsion of the Jesuits (1767)", Spain's Declining Power in South America, 1730-1806 (Berkeley, Calif., 1919), pp. 104-106
  12. ^ Pollen, John Hungerford. "The Suppression of the Jesuits (1750-1773)." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 25 Aug. 2014
  13. ^ Pollen, John Hungerford. "The Jesuits After the Restoration (1814-1912)." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 25 Aug. 2014
  14. ^ See The Russian Orthodox Religious Mission in America, 1794-1837, cited below, p. 177.
  15. ^ Valadez, John. "Saint Peter: The First American Born Martyr". Death to the World. February 8, 2013
  16. ^ "Holy New Martyr Peter the Aleut" Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America
  17. ^ Podmoshensky, (Abbot) Herman. "America’s New Saints - Protomartyrs Juvenal and Peter the Aleut" Orthodox America Archived December 12, 2000, at the Wayback Machine
  18. ^ "Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia".
  19. ^ a b c Bucko, Raymond A., S.J. St. Peter the Aleut:Sacred Icon and the Iconography of Violence Creighton University Archived August 8, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  20. ^ "History" The Port of Los AngelesArchived November 26, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ St. Peter the Aleut Orthodox Christian Church, Lake Havasu City, Ariz. Archived July 11, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ St. Peter the Aleut Church, Minot, ND
  23. ^ Holy Martyr Peter the Aleut Church, Calgary, AB
  24. ^ Saint Peter the Aleut Orthodox Mission, Southeast Louisiana Archived 2008-09-05 at the Wayback Machine

Sources

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  • Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1882), "XIV. Russians in California - Foundation and Progress of Fort Ross", California, Vol. II, 1801-1824, History of the Pacific States of North America, vol. 14, San Francisco: A. L. Bancroft & Company, pp. 307–309, LCCN 01022960, OCLC 648737 (Google Play Books link)
  • Farris, Glenn, "The Strange Tale of Saint Peter, the Aleut: A Russian Orthodox Martyr on the California Frontier". A paper presented at "The Spanish Missions and California Indians Symposium," D-Q University, 3 March 1990.
  • Ogden, Adele, The California Sea Otter Trade 1784-1848. (University of California Publications in History, 26). (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1941).
  • The Russian Orthodox Religious Mission in America, 1794–1837, with Materials Concerning the Life and Works of the Monk German, and Ethnographic Notes by the Hieromonk Gedeon. Originally published in St. Petersburg, Russia in 1894. Translated from the Russian by Colin Bearne; ed. by Richard A. Pierce (Kingston, Ont., Canada: Limestone Press, 1978).
  • Tarakanoff, Vassili Petrovitch, Statement of My Captivity Among the Californians (Los Angeles: Glen Dawson Press, 1953).
  • Tikhmenev, P. A, A History of the Russian-American Company. Translated and edited by Richard Pierce and Alton Donnelly. (Seattle: Univ. of Washington Press, 1978).
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