Sajah bint Al-Harith ibn Suwayd al-Taghlibi (Arabic: سجاح بنت الحارث بن سويد التغلبي, fl. 630s CE) from the tribe of Banu Taghlib,[1] was an Arab Christian protected first by her tribe; then causing a split within the Arab tribes and finally defended by Banu Hanifa. Sajah was one of a series of people (including her future husband) who claimed prophethood in the 7th-century Arabia and was also the only female claiming to be a prophetess during the Wars of Apostasy in the early Islamic Period.
Sajah | |
|---|---|
| Born | Unknown |
| Died | after 661 CE[1] / 675 AD[2] |
| Known for | Being part of Wars of Apostasy |
| Spouse | Musaylimah |
| Father | Al-Harith ibn Suwayd |
Biography
editHer full nisba was Sijah bint al-Harith bin Suwaid at-Tamimi.[2] According to Muhammad Suhail Taqu̅sh, Arab culture and Turkic history professor of Imam al-Awza’i University, Sajah was a Christian who also worked as a shaman. Her father was a chief of Banu Yarbu, a clan of Banu Tamim, which has dominant Christians populace after their frequent contact with the Christianity influences from the Euphrates Region. Her mother came from Bani Taghlib from the Lower Mesopotamia region.[2] However, according to Meir Jacob Kister, Arabist from Hebrew University of Jerusalem, it was instead Sajah's father, Al-Harith ibn Suwayd, who belonged to the Banu Taghlib tribe of Iraq.[3]
During Sajah's lifetime, the Tamim tribe were subjects of the Sasanian Empire. This relationship was established through the Kingdom of Hira, which was an extension of the Persian Empire. Persian traders passed through several regions first to reach Hira. Bani Tamim played a role in maintaining the security of Persian trade caravans that crossed the Arabian Peninsula. Meanwhile, due to their adherence to Christian religion, the Tamim tribe also develop close relationship with the Christians of the Euphrates region and northern Syria. The Yarbu branch which Sajah hailed from gained political monopoly in Souk Okaz, as one of their chiefs was entrusted as an arbitrator and judge of the market. However, their domination of Souk Okaz came to an abrupt end two years before Muhammad began preaching Islam.[2]
After the death of Muhammad, Sajah self-proclaimed herself as a prophetess. Muhammad Suhail[non sequitur] suspected the motivation of Sajah proclamation was due to political move to unite the Tamim confederation branches.[2] At first, Sajah came into Hizn region, where she managed to gain the allegiance from Bani Malik under Waki' ibn Malik, and Banu Yarbu' under Malik ibn Nuwayra. However, her proclamation was not entirely successful. Although the Taghlib tribe under Hudhayl ibn 'Imran pledged their allegiance and abandoned Christianity, the majority of the Banu Tamim clans rejected her call, which made Sajah give up hope of getting the support from the majority of her own kinsmen.[2] As the Ridda wars broke out, she moved into al-Yamama, where she joined forces with Musaylima in anti-Medinese coalition.[4] Thereafter, 4000 people gathered around her to march on Medina. Others joined her against Medina. However, her planned attack on Medina was called off after she learned that the army of Khalid ibn al-Walid had defeated Tulayha al-Asadi (another self-proclaimed prophet).[citation needed] As the time passed on, the alliance came into abrupt end as Musaylima grew suspicious towards Sajah. Thus, Sajah left Musaylima alone to fought against the Muslim army in al-Yamama.[2]
After the Battle of Yamama, where Musaylima was killed, sources mention that Sajah converted to Islam after giving up her claim of prophethood and died after 661 during the reign of Mu'awiya I.[1] Other source said Sajah returned to the settlement of Taghlib tribe after the death of Musaylima, and then she converted to Islam and lived in Basra, where she lived her death 675 AD.[2] After her death, Samura ibn Jundab, the governor of Basra, led the funeral prayer for her.[5]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c Fayda, Mustafa (2009). SECÂH - An article published in 36th volume of Turkish Encyclopedia of Islam (in Turkish). Vol. 36. Istanbul: TDV Encyclopedia of Islam. p. 266. ISBN 978-97-53-89566-8. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Nurfitri Hadi (2018). "Nabi Palsu: Sijah at-Tamimiyah" [the False Prophetess:Sijah at-Tamimiyah]. kisahmuslim.com (in Indonesian). Yufid Network. Retrieved 17 August 2024. Translation of Chapter:"سجاح التميمية" [Sajah at-Tamimi]. islamstory.com (in Arabic). 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2024. Translation of= Taqu̅sh, Muhammad Suhail كتاب تاريخ الخلفاء الراشدين الفتوحات والإنجازات السياسية [The History of the Rightly Guided Caliphs: Conquests and Political Achievements] (in Arabic). Dar Al-Nafa'is. 2003. Archived from the original on 24 June 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2024. References:
- History of the Prophets and Kings; Al-Tabari: Vol. 3, p. 115, 116, 271, 272-275
- At-Ṭabaqāt al-Kubra; Ibn Sa'd: Vol. 1, p. 293, 294
- Kitāb Mu'jam al-Buldān; Yaqut al-Hamawi: Vol. 2, p. 254, 255
- Abu Zayd al-Balkhi: Vol. 2 p. 198.
- Abbas Mahmud al-'Aqqad (2005). عبقرية خالد [The genius of Khalid; First published January 1, 1945] (in Arabic). Nahdat Misr. p. 77. ISBN 9789771425588. Retrieved 17 August 2024. ASIN: 9771425587
- ^ Kister, M. J. (2002). "The Struggle Against Musaylima and the Conquest of Yamama". Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam. 27: 1–56 [p. 23]. ISSN 0334-4118.
- ^ Houtsma, M. Th. E.J. Brill's First Encyclopedia of Islam, 1913–1936. p. 665.
- ^ Ibn al-Athir. الكامل في التاريخ [Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh] (in Arabic). islamicbook.ws. p. 6. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
Further reading
edit- Encyclopaedia of Islam By Mufti M. Mukarram Ahmed, Muzaffar Husain Syed pg.231
- The origins of the Islamic state By Aḥmad ibn Yaḥyā al-Balādhurī, Abu Al-Abbas Ahmad Bin Jabir Al-Baladhuri, Philip Khûri Ḥitti pg.151
- Smaller Signs of the Day By Muhammad bin Bayyûmi, Alig Abdul Ahad, pg.44