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Salam Fayyad

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Salam Fayyad (Arabic: سلام فياض, Salām Fayāḍ; born 1951 or 12 April 1952) is a Palestinian politician and economist who served as the prime minister of the Palestinian Authority and the finance minister. He was Finance Minister from June 2002 to November 2005 and from March 2007 to May 2012. Fayyad was prime minister between June 2007 and June 2013.

Salam Fayyad
سلام فياض
Fayyad in 2008
Prime Minister of the State of Palestine
In office
6 January 2013 – 6 June 2013
PresidentMahmoud Abbas
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byRami Hamdallah
Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority
In office
15 June 2007 – 6 January 2013
(Disputed with Ismail Haniyeh)
PresidentMahmoud Abbas
Preceded byIsmail Haniyeh[a]
Succeeded byPosition abolished
Foreign Affairs Minister
In office
June 2007 – July 2007
PresidentMahmoud Abbas
Preceded byZiad Abu Amr
Succeeded byRiyad al-Maliki
Finance Minister
In office
June 2002 – November 2005
PresidentYasser Arafat
Preceded byMohammad Zuhdi Nashashibi
Succeeded byAhmad Qurei
Personal details
Born (1952-04-12) 12 April 1952 (age 72) or 1951 (age 72–73)
Nablus or Deir al-Ghusun, Jordanian West Bank
Political partyThird Way
Alma materAmerican University of Beirut
St Edward's University
University of Texas, Austin

Fayyad resigned from the cabinet in November 2005 to run as founder and leader of the new Third Way party for the legislative elections of 2006. The party was not successful, and Fayyad returned as Finance Minister in the March 2007 Unity Government. Fayyad's first appointment as Prime Minister on 15 June 2007, which was justified by Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas on the basis of "national emergency", was not confirmed by the Palestinian Legislative Council.[citation needed] His successor, Rami Hamdallah, was named on 2 June 2013.[1]

Fayyad is a visiting senior scholar and the Daniella Lipper Coules '95 Distinguished Visitor in Foreign Affairs at the Princeton School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University.[2] He is widely known for introducing various reforms that improved the Palestinian economy.

Early life and education

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Salam Fayyad was born in Nablus[3][4][5] or Deir al-Ghusun[6][7][8] in northern West Bank on 12 April 1952[7][8][9][5] (according to some sources in 1951[10][11]). He graduated from the American University of Beirut in 1975[12] and received his MBA from St. Edward's University in 1980.[13] Fayyad has a PhD in economics, which he received from the University of Texas at Austin, where he was a student of William Barnett and did early research on the American Divisia Monetary Aggregates, which he continued on the staff of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.

Career

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Fayyad began his teaching career at Yarmouk University in Jordan. He then worked at the International Monetary Fund in Washington from 1987 to 1995 and from 1996 to 2001 as the International Monetary Fund's representative to Palestine based in Jerusalem.[14][15][16]

Fayyad served as the regional manager of the Arab Bank in the West Bank and Gaza until he accepted an offer to become Yasser Arafat's Finance Minister in the Palestinian Authority Government of June 2002. He held this post until November 2005, when he resigned from the cabinet to run as founder and leader of the new Third Way party in the legislative elections of 2006 alongside Hanan Ashrawi and Yasser Abd Rabbo.[17] The party yielded little success and only Fayyad and Ashrawi won their seats with only 2.41% of the popular vote. On 17 March 2007, Fayyad was again appointed Finance Minister, this time in the Fatah-Hamas unity government.

Prime Minister (2007–2013)

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Meeting George W. Bush, 2008

On 15 June 2007, following Hamas' takeover of Gaza, Fayyad was appointed Prime Minister of a disputed emergency government, appointed by President Abbas. It was a government without any Fatah or Hamas members, supported by Fatah, Israel and the West. This appointment was challenged as illegal, because it was not approved by the Legislative Council as required by the Palestinian Basic Law.[18][19]

End February 2009, Hamas and Fatah started a new round of talks in Cairo. On 7 March 2009, Salam Fayyad submitted his resignation to pave the way for the formation of a national unity government.[20] Eventually, the negotiations broke down. On 19 May 2009, Fayyad was reappointed PM in a new government without Hamas.[21]

On 14 February 2011, Fayyad tendered his government's resignation, two days after PLO negotiator Saeb Erekat had resigned over the leakage of the Palestine Papers, and one day after Abbas had unilaterally called for elections before September, without approval by Hamas.[22] Abbas immediately asked Fayyad to form a new cabinet.[23] Both Fatah and Hamas declared themselves against the plan of Fayyad to form a unity government.[24] On 4 May, however, Abbas and Khaled Mashal signed the Cairo agreement to form a transitional government of technocrats to prepare for legislative and presidential elections. In June, the negotiations were postponed indefinitely and Abbas changed the focus on a bid for UN recognition for Palestinian statehood in September 2011, instead of forming a unity government.[25] Abbas expressed his concern over a government with any Hamas involvement because of the international opposition to such a government.[26] Pending further Fatah–Hamas negotiations, Fayyad remained PM of the caretaker government.

Following the February 2012 Doha agreement and the successive May 2012 Cairo accord, which also failed to be implemented, Mahmoud Abbas asked Fayyad to form a new Cabinet, without Hamas' involvement.[27] On 16 May 2012, a reshuffled Cabinet saw the light.[28] Fayyad gave up his post as Finance Minister in favour of Nabeel Kassis. The PA faced an estimated financing gap of about $500 million. Eight new ministers were added to the new 21-member cabinet, with two ministers specifically replaced due to corruption.[28]

On 3 March 2013, Finance Minister Kassis resigned amid deepening economic malaise in the West Bank. The PA faced a huge budget deficit due to insufficient donor funds and financial sanctions regularly imposed by Israel to punish them, and salary payments for some 150,000 PA employees were delayed. Kassis also questioned the state-building agenda adopted by the PA under Fayyad's leadership.[29]

Fayyadism: Reform plans

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Between 2007 and 2013, Fayyad introduced as prime minister some national reform plans, in media sometimes referred to as "Fayyadism".[30] In 2008, he launched his "Palestinian Reform and Development Plan 2008–2010" (PRDP), a West Bank First strategy, aimed to isolate and weaken Hamas in Gaza by developing the West Bank over Gaza, in compliance with American and Israeli desires. It was based on both firm control by the PA security and a market-based (some would say neoliberal)[31] economic agenda. In 2009 followed the Reform and Development Plan, called "Palestine: Ending the Occupation, Establishing the State". In 2011, he introduced the subsequent National Development Plan 2011–2013: Establishing the State, Building our Future.[32]

A major component of Fayyad's plans was modernizing and professionalizing of the Palestinian Security Services under the banner of "One Homeland, One Flag, and One Law".[32]

2009–2010 reform plans

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On 23 August 2009, Fayyad came out with a plan to reform the fundamental infrastructure of a Palestinian State, called "Palestine: Ending the Occupation, Establishing the State". He detailed a two-year working plan for reinforcing the institutions of the future Palestinian State.[33] This included, among other elements, a separation of powers, a free market, the development of existing infrastructure, and the building of new infrastructure such as government offices, a stock market, and an airport, all with the purpose of establishing a "de facto Palestinian State," based on the premise that the peace talks with Israel were faltering.[34][35]

In October 2010, The New York Review of Books published an article by Nathan Thrall on Fayyad's security strategy. At the center are "special battalions" of the National Security Forces (NSF), referred to by Hamas as "the Dayton forces". The officer in charge of the vetting, training, equipping, and strategic planning of these special battalions was Lieutenant General Keith Dayton, the United States security coordinator (USSC) for Israel and the Palestinian Authority. Security cooperation between Israel and Palestine reached unprecedented levels in the West Bank. Together they have largely disbanded Fatah's al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades, attacked Islamic Jihad groups, and all but eliminated Hamas's social institutions, financial arrangements, and military activities in the West Bank.[36]

Post resignation (2013–present)

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On 13 April 2013, PM Fayyad resigned again. Abbas accepted his resignation but asked him to remain as interim prime minister of the Palestinian Authority until a new government could be formed.[37] He resigned because of political differences with Abbas over economic policy.[38] On 6 June 2013, Fayyad was replaced by Rami Hamdallah, who became PM of the Palestinian Authority Governments of 2013.

In September 2017, The Middle East Initiative (MEI) at Harvard Kennedy School's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs announced that Salam Fayyad, former prime minister of the Palestinian Authority, will join the Harvard Kennedy School (HKS) community as a Senior Fellow that academic year. As a Senior Fellow, Fayyad would deliver several public and closed addresses, engage with Harvard Kennedy School students, faculty, and affiliates, and participate in various events and activities at MEI, HKS and the broader Harvard campus.[39]

Since 2017, Fayyad has been visiting senior scholar in the School of Public and International Affairs (SIPA) at Princeton University.[40]

Political views

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Fayyad has rejected calls for a binational state and unilateral declaration of statehood. In 2012, he said: "[Statehood] is not something that is going to happen to the Israelis, nor something that is going to happen for the Palestinians.... is something that will grow on both sides as a reality... creating a belief that this was inevitable through the process, a convergence of two paths, the political and the process, from the bottom up and the top down."[41]

On 29 June 2011, in contravention of the Palestinian Authority's official position, and that of president Mahmoud Abbas, Fayyad expressed skepticism about its approach to the United Nations for a vote on statehood, saying it would be only a symbolic victory.[42] In 2007, Fayyad was quoted by Forbes: "It's the responsibility of men of religion to ... present religion as a way of tolerance, not as a cover for bloodshed."[43]

He has condemned violence against Israel as detrimental to Palestinian national aspirations, stated that Palestinian refugees could be resettled not in Israel but in a future Palestinian state, and suggested that this state would offer citizenship to Jews.[36] Fayyad condemned the 2023 Hamas invasion of Israel, expressing grief for the hundreds of Israeli civilians killed. He also expressed grief for civilians in Gaza killed by Israeli airstrikes.[44]

Public views

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Fayyad won international and domestic approval for his management of the West Bank. The World Bank credited him with making substantial improvements in Palestinian state institutions.[45]

Thomas Friedman, an American columnist, praised Fayyad for trying to build functioning institutions of a Palestinian state, and not focusing on Israel. Unlike Yasser Arafat, Fayyad "calls for the opposite—for a nonviolent struggle, for building non-corrupt transparent institutions and effective police and paramilitary units, which even the Israeli Army says are doing a good job; and then, once they are all up and running, declare a Palestinian state in the West Bank by 2011."[46]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Haniyeh was dismissed on 14 June 2007 by Abbas, who appointed Fayyad instead. This was deemed illegal by the Legislative Council, which continued to recognise Haniyeh. The Palestinian Authority govern the West Bank while Hamas govern the Gaza Strip. A unity government was formed in 2014.

References

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  1. ^ "Abbas Tasks Rami Hamdallah to Form New Palestinian Govt". Naharnet. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 2 June 2013.
  2. ^ "Salam Fayyad". Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. 18 July 2017. Archived from the original on 21 June 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
  3. ^ "Salam Fayyad" (PDF). europarl.europa.eu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 June 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
  4. ^ "Salam Fayyad". National Press Club (Australia). Archived from the original on 17 October 2022. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
  5. ^ a b سلام فياض. Al Jazeera Arabic. 22 October 2014. Archived from the original on 26 July 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
  6. ^ "Salam Fayyad". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 17 October 2022. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
  7. ^ a b Roberts, Priscilla, ed. (2014). "Fayyad, Salam". Arab-Israeli Conflict: The Essential Reference Guide. ABC-CLIO. p. 59. ISBN 978-1610690683. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  8. ^ a b Kumaraswamy, P.R. (2015). Historical Dictionary of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 177. ISBN 9781442251700. Archived from the original on 3 August 2024. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
  9. ^ "Salam Fayyad, un économiste respecté en Occident". L'Obs (in French). 7 March 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
  10. ^ Ulrichsen, Kristian Coates (2018). A Dictionary of Politics in the Middle East. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192511980.
  11. ^ Leech-Ngo, Philip (2020). "Fayyad, Salam". In Zartman, Jonathan K. (ed.). Conflict in the Modern Middle East: An Encyclopedia of Civil War, Revolutions, and Regime Change. ABC-CLIO. pp. 93–94. ISBN 9781440865039. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
  12. ^ Kershner, Isabel. "Salam Fayyad". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 20 February 2010. Retrieved 25 March 2010.
  13. ^ "1980 MBA Graduate of St. Edward's University" (PDF). academic-search.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2008.
  14. ^ "Salam Fayyad". Brookings Institution. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
  15. ^ "Salam Fayyad". Princeton School of Public and International Affairs. Archived from the original on 30 April 2024. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
  16. ^ Orme, William A. Jr. (13 July 2001). "The I.M.F. Representative to Palestine". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 30 April 2024. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
  17. ^ Prusher, Ilene R. (13 December 2005). "Palestinian third way rises". Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 17 June 2007. Retrieved 16 July 2007.
  18. ^ Tilley, Virginia (18 June 2007). "Whose Coup Exactly?". Electronic Intifada. Archived from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2007.
  19. ^ "Opinion of lawyer who drafted Palestinian law". Reuters. 8 July 2007. Archived from the original on 24 May 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
  20. ^ "Palestinian PM Fayyad steps down". BBC News. 7 March 2009. Archived from the original on 10 March 2009. Retrieved 7 March 2009.
  21. ^ "Palestinians Reappoint Prime Minister Who Had Quit". The New York Times. 19 May 2009. Archived from the original on 2 November 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
  22. ^ "Abbas calls for Palestinian polls". Al Jazeera. 13 February 2011. Archived from the original on 16 February 2016. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
  23. ^ "Abbas asks Fayyad to form new government". Ma'an News Agency. 14 February 2011. Archived from the original on 16 February 2016.
  24. ^ Abu Toamah, Khaled (27 February 2011). "Fatah says no to unity government with Hamas". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 16 February 2016. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
  25. ^ "Mahmoud Abbas signals intent to bid for UN recognition for Palestinian statehood". The Telegraph. 26 June 2011. Archived from the original on 9 September 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  26. ^ "Abbas might delay Palestinian unity government". CTV News. Associated Press. 30 June 2011. Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
  27. ^ Abukhater, Maher (16 May 2012). "Palestinian Authority premier Salam Fayyad gives up finance post". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
  28. ^ a b "Fayyad replaced as finance minister in reshuffle". JMCC. 16 May 2012. Archived from the original on 14 September 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
  29. ^ Naylor, Hugh (3 March 2013). "PA's finance minister quits as West Bank economy worsens". The National. Archived from the original on 29 June 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
  30. ^ Buck, Tobias (12 April 2010). "Comment: Fayyad boosts Palestinian cause". The Financial Times. Archived from the original on 23 April 2010.
  31. ^ Hanieh, Adam (2013). "Class and State in the West Bank. Neoliberalism under Occupation". Lineages of Revolt: Issues of Contemporary Capitalism in the Middle East. Haymarket Books. ISBN 9781608463251.[page needed]
  32. ^ a b Tartir, Alaa (2015). "The Evolution and Reform of Palestinian Security Forces 1993–2013". Stability: International Journal of Security & Development. 4 (1) 46: 11. doi:10.5334/sta.gi.
  33. ^ "Fayyad fears for economic achievements". Al Bawaba. 5 September 2011.
  34. ^ Waked, Ali (25 August 2009). תוכנית פיאד: פלסטין דמוקרטית וקפיטליסטית. Yediot Ahronot (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 6 February 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2009.
  35. ^ Yisasharof, Avi (August 2009). ראש הממשלה הפלסטיני, סלאם פיאד: מדינה דה-פקטו בתוך שנתיים. Haaretz (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 28 August 2009.
  36. ^ a b Thrall, Nathan (14 October 2010). "Our Man in Palestine". The New York Review of Books. 57 (15). Archived from the original on 25 February 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
  37. ^ Kershner, Isabel (13 April 2013). "Palestinian Prime Minister Resigns, Adding Uncertainty to Government". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 March 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
  38. ^ "Palestinian Prime Minister Salam Fayyad resigns". BBC News. 13 April 2013. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  39. ^ "Harvard Kennedy School's Middle East Initiative Welcomes Dr. Salam Fayyad as Senior Fellow". Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. 20 September 2017. Archived from the original on 6 October 2017. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
  40. ^ "A Palestinian prime minister, at home in Princeton".
  41. ^ Friedson, Felice; Joffe-Walt, Benjamin. "Fayyad rejects bi-national state idea". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  42. ^ Ravid, Barak (28 June 2011). "Palestinian PM: UN recognition of state will just be symbolic victory". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  43. ^ "Palestinian PM gives incitement warning". The Sydney Morning Herald. 29 June 2007.
  44. ^ Princeton scholars and other experts discuss Israel and Gaza. Princeton University. 12 October 2023. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023 – via YouTube.
  45. ^ "Reports See Fiscal Woes Undermining Palestinians". The New York Times. 12 September 2009. Archived from the original on 28 November 2018. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
  46. ^ Friedman, Thomas L. (17 March 2010). "Let's Fight Over a Big Plan". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 January 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
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Preceded by Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority
Prime Minister of the State of Palestine
2007–2013 		Succeeded by
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