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Salt-N-Pepa

(Redirected from Salt-n-Pepa)
For other uses, see Salt and pepper (disambiguation).

Salt-N-Pepa (sometimes stylized as Salt 'N' Pepa) is an American hip hop group formed in New York City in 1985,[3][4][5] that comprised Salt (Cheryl James), Pepa (Sandra Denton), and DJ Spinderella (Deidra Roper). Their debut album, Hot, Cool & Vicious (1986), sold more than 1 million copies in the US, making them the first female rap act to achieve gold and platinum status by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).[6] The album included the single, "Push It", which was released in 1987 as the B-side to their single "Tramp", and peaked within the top 20 on the Billboard Hot 100.

Salt-N-Pepa
Salt-N-Pepa performing at the Canberra Theatre in Australia, 2013
Salt-N-Pepa performing at the Canberra Theatre in Australia, 2013
Background information
OriginNew York City, U.S.
Genres
Years active
  • 1985–2002
  • 2005–present
Labels
Members
Past members
Websitesaltnpepa.com

Salt-N-Pepa's second album A Salt with a Deadly Pepa (1988), was certified gold by the RIAA. The Trio's third album, Blacks' Magic (1990), featured the singles "Expression" and "Let's Talk About Sex". In 1993, they released the album, Very Necessary, which sold more than 7 million copies worldwide (5 million of those in the U.S.), and was the highest-selling rap album by a female act (solo or group) in history at the time.[6][7] The album included the hit singles "Shoop" and "Whatta Man" with En Vogue. They won the 1995 Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group for their song "None of Your Business", making them one of the first female rap acts to win a Grammy Award, along with Queen Latifah, who won later during the same ceremony.[8] In 2021, they won a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.

Salt-N-Pepa have sold more than 15 million records worldwide,[9] making them one of the best selling rap acts of all time. Their success in rap and hip hop culture has earned them the honorific title "The First Ladies of Rap".[10]

History

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1985–1987: Formation and Hot, Cool & Vicious

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Denton worked as a telephone solicitor at a Sears in College Point.[11] She met Cheryl James in the Sears lunchroom.[11] They both were also enrolled as nursing students at Queensborough Community College.[11][12] The pair became close friends, and also co–workers at Sears, along with future celebrities Kid N' Play and Martin Lawrence. Another co-worker Hurby "Luv Bug" Azor was studying music production at the Center of Media Arts and had his then-girlfriend Cheryl James, and also Sandra Denton, record a song for him as a class project he had to do.[13] This resulted in the song "The Showstopper", an answer record to Doug E. Fresh's hit single "The Show"[14] by the duo, who originally called themselves Super Nature.[15] The song used a melody from the 1984 film Revenge of the Nerds. Azor passed the song along to his friend Marley Marl who hosted a weekend rap show on a New York City radio station. Marl occasionally included the song in his set rotation, and it became so popular that the station received requests to play it during Marl's weekend rap set. The song, however, was not available in stores as it was simply a music school assignment. The independent Pop Art Records stepped in and offered to give the song an official release, and "The Show Stoppa (Is Stupid Fresh)" [sic] became a modest R&B hit,[14] reaching No. 46 on the US Billboard R&B chart.

After finding some success with "The Show Stoppa (Is Stupid Fresh)" [sic], Azor, James, and Denton decided to focus on the group full-time, with Denton and James soon dropping out of nursing school. Azor changed the group's name to Salt-N-Pepa, based on the song's lyrics "Right now I'm gonna show you how it's supposed to be 'Cause we, the salt and pepper MCs", which had resulted in radio stations getting phone calls requesting "The Showstopper" by Salt And Pepper. In September 1985, the group signed to Next Plateau Records, but the label only wanted to release a single at first; James and Denton recorded "I'll Take Your Man", produced by Azor, and the label released it. The song utilized a melody from the hit single "Flash Light" by funk band Parliament. Next Plateau had now requested a full-length album, and Azor felt the group should be a female trio, similar to the male rap trio Run DMC. Before starting work on a full-length album, Azor recruited DJ Latoya Hanson (called Spinderella) into Salt-N-Pepa. The ladies worked on the album and in December 1986 the trio's debut album Hot, Cool & Vicious was released, produced by Azor, Salt's boyfriend at the time and the group's manager.[14] Hanson was in the group for a few months but she and Salt were not on friendly terms and Hanson departed the group[16] after they finished the album, but just before it was distributed to stores. Soon after, in early 1987, 16-year-old high school student Deidra Roper was recruited into the group by Azor and became known as Spinderella, the DJ in the group.

 
1980s era Salt-N-Pepa jacket on display at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame

Hot, Cool & Vicious included some moderate rap/R&B radio hits such as "The Showstopper", "My Mic Sound Nice", and "Tramp", but when San Francisco DJ and producer Cameron Paul created a remix to "Push It", the B-side of the "Tramp" single, it gave the group their first major hit.[14] "Push It" (US #19, UK #2) became a platinum single in the United States, and a hit in several other countries, and was added to subsequent pressings of Hot, Cool & Vicious. It was nominated for a Grammy Award, and the strength of that single catapulted the album to platinum sales in the U.S. with over 1 million copies sold, making Denton, James, and Roper the first female rap act to go platinum.[17] The album ultimately sold 1.4 million copies worldwide.[18]

The group entered the music industry at a time when hip hop was believed to be a fad, and as major record companies were very reluctant to sign hip hop artists,[19] many early hip hop artists recorded for independent labels. Salt-N-Pepa greatly impacted hip hop by being one of the first all-female rap groups. Concerned about sexist lyrics and video clips that objectified women's bodies in hip hop, many feminists disliked rap and hip hop because it negatively portrayed women. However, Salt-N-Pepa changed the look of hip hop. They were scantily clad in sexy clothing and were not afraid to talk about sex and their thoughts about men. Their song "Let's Talk About Sex" was a huge hit.[20]

1988–1992: A Salt with a Deadly Pepa and Blacks' Magic

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Salt-N-Pepa's next album, A Salt with a Deadly Pepa, was released on July 26, 1988, and contained the top 10 R&B hit "Shake Your Thang", featuring the go-go band E.U. Also, a top 20 R&B hit and a minor pop hit were seen in "Get Up Everybody (Get Up)" and "Twist and Shout", respectively; with "Twist and Shout" becoming a major hit in the UK (#4),[21] and several European countries. The album sold 800,000 copies globally, with 500,000 of those sold in the US, obtaining gold-status in the US.[18]

The group's third album Blacks' Magic was released on March 19, 1990 and saw personal moments for the trio on different levels. Pepa had become the first group member to become pregnant. Azor produced some songs on the album, but as he was producing other acts, he agreed to let the group work with different producers to finish the album. Salt and Spinderella took on some producing assignments themselves, and the trio hired different producers, such as Invincible's producer Dana Mozie. This was the first album to feature Roper on vocals throughout much of the album as well as DJing. The result was six singles released by Next Plateau Records, several of which became hits: "Expression" (US #26, UK #40 in 1990, UK #23 in 1992), a platinum single, produced by Salt; "Independent"; "I Don't Know" (featuring Kid 'n Play); "Do You Want Me" (US #21, UK #5), certified gold; "Let's Talk About Sex" (US #13, UK #2), certified gold, and later re-recorded as "Let's Talk About AIDS" for an awareness promotion; and "You Showed Me" (US #47, UK #15). The album ultimately sold 1.6 million copies worldwide with 1 million of those sold in the U.S.[citation needed] A greatest hits album called A Blitz of Salt-N-Pepa Hits, featuring some remixed versions of songs from the group's first three albums later was released.[citation needed]

In 1992, they appeared in the film Stay Tuned, performing the song "Start Me Up".

1993–1996: Groundbreaking success, Very Necessary

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Salt-N-Pepa's fourth studio album Very Necessary was released on October 12, 1993, on London Records.[21] The album featured songwriting and production by Salt, Pepa, Spinderella, and Azor. Buoyed by the hits "Shoop" (U.S. #4, UK #13), co-produced by Pepa; "Whatta Man" (U.S. #3, UK #7) (featuring En Vogue); and "None of Your Business", a top 40 U.S. hit and a top 20 UK hit, Very Necessary eventually sold 7 million copies worldwide, with 5 million of those in the U.S. - 5× platinum status. This made them the first female rap act (solo or group) to have a multi-platinum certified album. In 1994, they co-headlined The Very Necessary 12 Play Tour with R. Kelly.[22][23] The trio won a Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group in 1995 for the single "None of Your Business",[8] making them the first female rap act to win a Grammy, along with Queen Latifah who later won at the same ceremony. Very Necessary is the best-selling album by a female rap act.[6] During this period, they also appeared in films. Salt co-starred in the movie Who's the Man? (1993) and Pepa co-starred in the film Joe's Apartment (1996). Pepa became romantically involved with Treach of the rap group Naughty By Nature.

1997–2004: Brand New and hiatus

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By the time of their next album release, Salt-N-Pepa had gone through the legal process of completely breaking away from Azor, whom they accused of unfair royalty payments. Salt had already stopped being romantically involved with him due to their many ups-and-downs. The trio left London Records after one album and signed with Red Ant Records, though still distributed by PolyGram Records (the label that had distributed their Very Necessary album on London Records) through PolyGram's Island Records label. Red Ant paid the trio a $15 million signing bonus when they signed their contracts. The group undertook production duties once again, but this time Azor was not involved in any part of the album. This would be the first and only album without any production from Azor. The result was the album Brand New, released on October 21, 1997. However, Red Ant was having financial difficulties and filed for bankruptcy soon after the album hit stores, halting marketing and promotion on all its releases, including Salt-N-Pepa's album. The group toured in support of the album, but without any promotion from the bankrupt label, they only scored minor hits with "R U Ready" and "Gitty Up". The album was certified gold in the US for sales of 500,000 copies and sold approximately another 100,000 copies internationally. Although not as big a seller as its predecessor, it kept intact an unbroken string of gold or platinum studio albums by the trio.[citation needed]

In March 1999, Salt-N-Pepa embarked on a tour. Pepa married Treach of Naughty by Nature on July 27 of the same year. Salt-N-Pepa's greatest-hits album, titled The Best of Salt-N-Pepa, was released in Europe on January 25, 2000. Pepa and Treach remained married for two years, but their tumultuous marriage ended in divorce on July 31, 2001. With no albums contractually due at the time, Salt decided to quit the group, stating she had enough of the music industry and no longer wanted to be involved in it. They officially disbanded in 2002. Some time later, Salt announced that she would release a solo album, but ultimately did not do so. She was featured on the remix version of the Salt City Six's "Shine" on the album Holy South Worldwide, a compilation of Christian rap and Christian R&P (Rhythm & Praise) songs. The album was produced by ex-Three 6 Mafia member-turned-Christian rapper Mr. Del. Salt also revealed in later interviews[citation needed] that she had suffered from bulimia many years ago. Pepa appeared on the fifth season of VH-1's The Surreal Life. Spinderella became a radio personality on KKBT 100.3 in Los Angeles. She hosted The Backspin (with DJ Mo'Dav), a nationally syndicated weekly radio show featuring old school hip hop music. She also periodically DJs at various clubs. The trio was disbanded for a total of five years.[24]

2005–present: Reunion, other ventures and DJ Spinderella’s departure

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Salt-N-Pepa performing at the Canberra Theatre in 2013

Salt and Pepa both appeared on VH1's Hip Hop Honors in September 2005. All three women reunited the following year for the next Hip Hop Honors program and performed "Whatta Man" with En Vogue. It was the trio's first performance in six years, and was their first performance of "Whatta Man" with En Vogue on stage.[25] Salt-N-Pepa reformed in 2007. All three women now have children. Spinderella has a daughter, with former NBA player Kenny Anderson, who has appeared on MTV's My Super Sweet Sixteen in 2008. Pepa has a son and a daughter, her daughter being fathered by rapper Treach. Salt has a daughter and a son.

On October 14, 2007, The Salt-N-Pepa Show debuted on VH1. Pepa had previously appeared on a different show on the network called The Surreal Life. The Salt-N-Pepa Show chronicled events in the lives of Pepa and Salt as they work out past issues. Spinderella has been featured in several episodes. Later in 2008, the trio performed at the BET Hip Hop Awards. That August, Pepa released an autobiography titled Let's Talk About Pep, co-written by Karen Hunter, which features an introduction by Queen Latifah and an epilogue by Missy Elliott. To accompany the book, she launched her own social network for fans and also starred in the reality TV series Let's Talk About Pep on VH1.[citation needed]

On May 9, 2009, Salt-N-Pepa performed at the Ladies of the 80s concert in Honolulu, which also featured SWV and Lisa Lisa. They performed at the Good Vibrations Festival in Australia in February 2010,[26] and the South West Four Festival, Clapham Common, London on August 29, 2010.[27] On October 12, 2010, Salt-N-Pepa received the I Am Hip Hop Award at the BET Hip Hop Awards.[citation needed]

On February 4, 2011, Salt-N-Pepa headed on a national tour titled Salt-N-Pepa's Legends of Hip Hop Tour.[28] Other acts on the tour included Whodini, Rob Base, Kurtis Blow, Doug E Fresh, Biz Markie, Naughty By Nature, MC Lyte, Big Daddy Kane, Kool Moe Dee, Slick Rick, and Chubb Rock. On November 21, 2011, Salt-N-Pepa appeared on The X Factor Australia's third season with contestant and finalist Johnny Ruffo. They performed "Push It". On July 30, 2012, Salt-N-Pepa opened for rap group Public Enemy in Brooklyn, New York as part of the Martin Luther King Jr. Concert Series.

The trio made a November 2014 appearance in a Geico insurance commercial performing "Push It".[29] Salt-N-Pepa appeared on the December 18, 2015 episode of The Wendy Williams Show performing "Push It". The performance started out with Wendy Williams pretending to be the DJ, thus Spinderella ultimately assumed the duties. This was an allusion to the fact that Roper, Williams, and several other women had auditioned for the part of DJ in the group back in 1987; the DJ role ultimately being won by Roper. The group's hit song "Shoop" made a comeback on February 12, 2016, as one of the theme songs featured in the blockbuster Marvel movie Deadpool.[30] The trio performed in Red Deer, Alberta, Canada for Westerner Days at the Enmax Centrium on July 21, 2016.[31][32]

In 2017–2018, the group toured as part of the I Love the 90's tour, performing in various locations, including in the UK Wembley Arena, Glasgow SSE, Liverpool Echo Arena and Birmingham. On October 16, 2018, Salt-N-Pepa appeared on the U.S. version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, with Kid N Play serving as their "plus one" in-studio lifeline.[33]

On May 2, 2019, the Mixtape Tour commenced in Cincinnati, Ohio. Performers on this tour include Salt-N-Pepa, Debbie Gibson, Tiffany, and Naughty by Nature, with New Kids on the Block being billed as the headline performers.[34] The next day, DJ Spinderella announced in an Instagram post that she had been "terminated" from Salt-N-Pepa as of January. She broke her silence after the band hadn't publicly announced their parting ways with her,[35] insinuating that Salt-N-Pepa remained silent about the split in order to manipulate fans into thinking she was part of their upcoming projects.[36] DJ Cocoa Chanelle, formerly of BET Networks and HOT 97, became the replacement DJ.[citation needed]

In March 2019, it was announced that Salt-N-Pepa would have a biographical miniseries coming to the Lifetime network, highlighting the rise of the group to become one of the first successful female rap groups in hip hop.[37] On January 23, 2021, Lifetime released an eponymous biopic, directed by Mario Van Peebles, which starred GG Townson as Salt, Laila Odom as Pepa, Monique Jasmine Paul as DJ Spinderella, Cleveland Berto as Hurby Azor, and featured Daniel Keith Morrison as MC Hammer, Denver Taylor as Martin Lawrence, Bronson Phillip Lake as Christopher "Kid" Reid, and Devante Senior as Christopher "Play" Martin. Salt and Pepa served as the executive producers while Queen Latifah served as a producer.[38][39] A "Special Edition" of the film was released on January 23, 2021.[citation needed]

On November 4, 2022, all three members temporarily reunited to be honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, located by the Amoeba Music store on Hollywood Boulevard.[40]

Discography

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Main article: Salt-N-Pepa discography

Awards and nominations

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American Music Awards
Year Nominee / work Award Result
1989 Salt-N-Pepa Favorite Soul/R&B Band, Duo, or Group Nominated
Favorite Hip-Hop Artist Nominated
1995
Nominated
Favorite R&B/Soul Duo or Group Nominated
"Whatta Man" (with En Vogue) Favorite Soul/R&B Single Nominated
Grammy Awards
Year Nominee / work Award Result [41][42]
1989 "Push It" Best Rap Performance Nominated
1992 "Let's Talk About Sex" Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group Nominated
1995 "None of Your Business" Won
"Whatta Man" (with En Vogue) Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group Nominated
1997 "Champagne" Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group Nominated
2021 Salt-N-Pepa Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award Won
Hollywood Walk of Fame
Year Nominee / work Award Result
2022 Salt-N-Pepa Star in the category of music Won
MTV Video Music Awards
Year Nominee / work Award Result
1994 "Whatta Man" (with En Vogue) Best Dance Video Won
Best R&B Video Won
Best Choreography In A Video Won
1995 "None of Your Business" Nominated
Best Dance Video Nominated
Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
Year Nominee / work Award Result
1989 Salt-N-Pepa Favorite Female Musician Nominated
Soul Train Music Awards
Year Nominee / work Award Result
1989 "A Salt with a Deadly Pepa" Best Rap Album Nominated
Soul Train Lady of Soul Awards
Year Nominee / work Award Result
1995 Salt-N-Pepa Entertainer of the Year Won
VH1 Hip Hop Honors
Year Nominee / work Award Result
2005 Salt-N-Pepa Honoree Won
2016 Salt-N-Pepa Honoree Won

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Jaynes, Gerald D. (February 1, 2005). Encyclopedia of African American Society. SAGE Publications. ISBN 9781452265414 – via Google Books.
  2. ^ "Salt-N-Pepa Biography". MusicianGuide.com.
  3. ^ Elafros 2007, pp. 193–194.
  4. ^ ""Ladies First": Queen Latifah's Afrocentric Feminist Music Video" (PDF). African American Review. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
  5. ^ Elafros 2007, p. 196.
  6. ^ a b c Sorcinelli, Gino (January 20, 2017), Salt-N-Pepa Outsold Wu-Tang, So Why Don't We Talk About Them More?. Medium. Retrieved on February 28, 2019
  7. ^ Ross, Erik (May 18, 2013), The 50 Best Selling Rap Albums of All Time. Complex. Retrieved on February 28, 2019
  8. ^ a b "Rock On The Net: 37th Annual Grammy Awards - 1995". rockonthenet.com. Retrieved April 6, 2017.
  9. ^ Salt N Pepa Announce Australian Tour. Beat Magazine. Retrieved on February 28, 2019
  10. ^ Orcutt, KC (March 10, 2016), First Ladies Of Rap: Salt-N-Pepa. Source Magazine. Retrieved on February 28, 2019.
  11. ^ a b c Bonfante, Lisa; Resnick, Jill; Scolavine, Vanessa; Sullivan, Matthew (January 13, 1990). "'Queens from Queens' rap about life". Kennebec Journal (Augusta, Maine). p. B-8.
  12. ^ Dickie, George (January 17, 2021). "Lifetime spotlights a pioneering rap act in 'Salt-N-Pepa'". The Sacramento Bee. p. T27.
  13. ^ Big Bang, Baby: Rock Trivia. Dundurn. 2000. ISBN 9780888822192. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
  14. ^ a b c d Strong, Martin C. (2000). The Great Rock Discography (5th ed.). Edinburgh: Mojo Books. pp. 842–843. ISBN 1-84195-017-3.
  15. ^ Bonfante, Lisa; Resnick, Jill; Scolavine, Vanessa; Sullivan, Matthew (January 13, 1990). "'Queens from Queens' rap about life". Kennebec Journal (Augusta, Maine). p. B-8.
  16. ^ "DJ Spinderella says she was 'wrongfully excluded' from participating in Lifetime's Salt-N-Pepa biopic". USA Today. January 24, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
  17. ^ "Salt-N-Pepa: Our Life in 15 Songs". Rolling Stone. September 5, 2017. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
  18. ^ a b "Gold and Platinum certifications earned by Salt 'n' Pepa". RIAA. Retrieved February 1, 2017.
  19. ^ Elafros 2007, p. 195.
  20. ^ White, Bay, Martin Jr., Deborah, Mia, Waldo E. (2013). Freedom on My Mind: a History of African Americans with Documents. Bedford St. Martins. p. 767.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. ^ a b Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 480. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
  22. ^ "SALT-N-PEPA GIVES HOT SHOW AFTER SPICY WARM-UP". Sun Sentinel. April 28, 1994. Retrieved August 28, 2023.
  23. ^ Tharp, Robert (May 24, 1994). "R. Kelly, Salt 'n' Pepa Impress with Sexiness". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. pp. Section E, Page 3.
  24. ^ Orcutt, K. C. (March 10, 2016). "First Ladies Of Rap: Salt-N-Pepa". The Source. Retrieved May 6, 2019.
  25. ^ "Salt-N-Pepa". Hip Hop Education Center. Women in Hip Hop.
  26. ^ "SALT-N-PEPA - Good Vibrations". Archived from the original on November 23, 2009. Retrieved January 20, 2010.
  27. ^ "SALT-N-PEPA - South West Four Festival August 2010". Archived from the original on May 26, 2010. Retrieved May 28, 2010.
  28. ^ Salt n Pepa's Legends of Hip Hop Tour Official Site - Home. Hiphoplegends.com. Retrieved on April 24, 2012.
  29. ^ "Salt-N-Pepa Perform "Push It" for Hilarious New Geico Commercial: Clip - Us Weekly". usmagazine.com. November 26, 2014.
  30. ^ Polowy, Kevin (April 13, 2016). "Salt-N-Pepa Explain How Their '90s Jam 'Shoop' Became Deadpool's Anthem". Yahoo! Movies. Retrieved April 18, 2017.
  31. ^ "Entertainment". Westerner Days Fair & Exposition. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved April 18, 2017.
  32. ^ "Westerner Days on Twitter". July 21, 2016. Retrieved April 18, 2017. We're pumped for Salt-N-Pepa tonight on the TD Main Stage…
  33. ^ Jack, Fisher (October 16, 2018). "Salt-N-Pepa Play 'Who Wants To Be A Millionaire' with Help from Kid 'N Play (Watch Sneak Peek)". EURweb. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
  34. ^ Kreps, Daniel (October 8, 2018). "New Kids on the Block Set 'MixTape' Tour With Salt-N-Pepa, Naughty by Nature". Rolling Stone. Retrieved June 27, 2019.
  35. ^ Washington, Jasmine (May 3, 2019). "DJ Spinderella Announces 'Termination' From Salt-N-Pepa". EBONY. Retrieved May 3, 2019.
  36. ^ #teamEBONY (May 3, 2019). "DJ Spinderella Announces 'Termination' From Salt-N-Pepa". EBONY. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
  37. ^ Mercuri, Monica. "Salt-N-Pepa Miniseries Coming To Lifetime". Forbes. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
  38. ^ Knopper, Steve (January 22, 2021). "Salt-N-Pepa, Hip-Hop Duo That Spoke Up for Women, Tells Its Own Story". The New York Times. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
  39. ^ Miller, Bruce R. (January 22, 2021). "New Lifetime movie gets to the heart of hip-hop group Salt-N-Pepa". STLtoday.com. St. Louis Post-Dispatch.
  40. ^ Druker, Simon (November 5, 2022). "Salt-N-Pepa join Hollywood Walk of Fame". United Press International. Retrieved November 6, 2022.
  41. ^ "Grammy Awards History". Grammy.com. Retrieved July 27, 2023.
  42. ^ "2021 Grammy Awards". Billboard.com. Retrieved July 27, 2023.
Bibliography
  • Elafros, Athena (2007). "Salt-N-Pepa". In Hess, Mickey (ed.). Icons of Hip Hop: An Encyclopedia of the Movement, Music, and Culture. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-08438-6.
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