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Samaritan woman at the well

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"Christ and the Samaritan Woman" redirects here. For other uses, see Christ and the Samaritan Woman (disambiguation).

The Samaritan woman at the well is a figure from the Gospel of John. John 4:4–42 relates her conversation with Jesus at Jacob's Well near the city of Sychar.

The Water of Life Discourse between Jesus and the Samaritan Woman at the Well by Angelika Kauffmann, 17th–18th century

Biblical account

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Eastern Orthodox icon of Saint Photine meeting Christ

The woman appears in NRSV:

Now when the Lord knew that the pharisees had heard that Jesus was making and baptizing more disciples than John (although Jesus himself did not baptize, but only his disciples), he left Judea and departed to Galilee. He had to pass through Samaria. So he came to a city of Samaria, called Sy'char, near the field that Jacob gave to his son Joseph. Jacob's well was there, and so Jesus, wearied as he was with his journey, sat down beside the well. It was about the sixth hour.

A Samaritan woman came to draw water, and Jesus said to her, "Give me a drink." (His disciples had gone to the city to buy food.) The Samaritan woman said to him, "How is it that you, a Jew, ask a drink of me, a woman of Samaria?" (Jews do not share things in common with Samaritans.) Jesus answered her, "If you knew the gift of God, and who it is that is saying to you, 'Give me a drink', you would have asked him, and he would have given you living water." The woman said to him, "Sir, you have no bucket, and the well is deep. Where do you get that living water? Are you greater than our ancestor Jacob, who gave us the well, and with his sons and his flocks drank from it?" Jesus said to her, "Everyone who drinks of this water will be thirsty again, but those who drink of the water that I will give them will never be thirsty. The water that I will give will become in them a spring of water gushing up to eternal life." The woman said to him, "Sir, give me this water, so that I may never be thirsty or have to keep coming here to draw water."

Jesus said to her, "Go, call your husband, and come back." The woman answered him, "I have no husband." Jesus said to her, "You are right in saying, 'I have no husband'; for you have had five husbands, and the man you are now living with is not your husband. What you have said is true!" The woman said to him, "Sir, I see that you are a prophet. Our ancestors worshipped on this mountain, but you say that the place where people must worship is in Jerusalem." Jesus said to her, "Woman, believe me, the hour is coming when you will worship the Father neither on this mountain nor in Jerusalem. You worship what you do not know; we worship what we know, for salvation is from the Jews. But the hour is coming, and is now here, when the true worshippers will worship the Father in spirit and truth, for the Father seeks such as these to worship him. God is spirit, and those who worship him must worship in spirit and truth." The woman said to him, "I know that Messiah is coming" (who is called Christ). "When he comes, he will proclaim all things to us." Jesus said to her, "I am he, the one who is speaking to you."

— John 4:4–26

This episode takes place before the return of Jesus to Galilee.[1] Some Jews regarded the Samaritans as foreigners and their attitude was often hostile, although they shared most beliefs, while many other Jews accepted Samaritans as either fellow Jews or as Samaritan Israelites.[2][3][4] The two communities seem to have drifted apart in the post-exilic period.[5] Both communities share the Pentateuch, although crucially the Samaritan Pentateuch locates the holy mountain at Mount Gerizim rather than at Mount Zion, as this incident acknowledges in John 4:20.

The Gospel of John, like the Gospel of Luke, is favourable to the Samaritans throughout, and, while the Matthaean Gospel quotes Jesus at one early phase in his ministry telling his followers to not at that time evangelize any of the cities of the Samaritans,[6] this restriction had clearly been reversed later by the time of Matthew 28:19. Scholars differ as to whether the Samaritan references in the New Testament are historical. One view is that the historical Jesus had no contact with Samaritans; another is that the accounts go back to Jesus himself. In Acts 1:8, Jesus promises the apostles that they will be witnesses to the Samaritans.[7]

Interpretations

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Scholars have noted that this story appears to be modelled on a standard betrothal 'type scene' from Hebrew scripture, particularly that of Jacob in Genesis 29.[8] This convention, which would have been familiar to Jewish readers, following on from an earlier scene in which John the Baptist compares his relationship to Jesus with that of the friend of a bridegroom.[9] Jo-Ann A. Brant, for example, concludes that there is "near consensus among literary critics that the scene at Jacob's well follows conventions of the betrothal type-scene found in Hebrew narrative."[10] Other scholars note significant differences between John 4 and betrothal type-scenes in the Hebrew Bible.[11] For example, Dorothy A. Lee lists several discrepancies between Hebrew betrothal scenes and John 4: "the Samaritan woman is not a young Jewish virgin and no betrothal takes place; the well is not concerned with sexual fertility but is an image of salvation (see Isa. 12:3); Jesus is presented not as a bridegroom but as giver of living water."[12]

This Gospel episode is referred to as "a paradigm for our engagement with truth", in the Roman Curia book A Christian reflection on the New Age, as the dialogue says: "You worship what you do not know; we worship what we know" and offers an example of "Jesus Christ the bearer of the water of life".[13] The passages that comprise John 4:10–26 are sometimes referred to as the Water of Life Discourse, which forms a complement to the Bread of Life Discourse.[14]

Roger Baxter in his Meditations comments on this passage saying:

Consider the excellence of this living water, which is Divine grace, and which Christ promises to His faithful servants. " He that shall drink of the water that I will give him, shall not thirst forever." It quenches, therefore, forever, the thirst of the soul, and satisfies it. The soul then no longer thirsts after earthly waters, that is, the pleasures of this world. It becomes a fountain of all good to the soul, ever flowing and giving merit to our actions. " It springs up to everlasting life" (John iv. 14), elevating our thoughts to heaven and heavenly joys, of which it is a pledge. Say, therefore, with the Samaritan woman, " Give me this water, that I may not thirst."[15]

Veneration

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Saint

Photini of Samaria
 
Christ and the Samaritan Woman, by Duccio di Buoninsegna
Martyr, Equal to the Apostles
Venerated inEastern Orthodoxy,
Eastern Catholic Churches,
Calendar of saints (Episcopal Church)
FeastFourth Sunday after Easter (Eastern Christian),
Fourth Friday of Lent (Oaxaca),
Feb 26 (Episcopal Church),

In Eastern Orthodox tradition, she is venerated as a saint with the name Photine (Φωτεινή), meaning "luminous [one]".[a] In Catholic tradition, older editions of the Roman Martyrology list a martyr named Photina of Samaria on March 20, whom commentators have identified with the woman at the well.[18][19]

In Eastern Christian tradition, the woman's name at the time of her meeting Jesus is unknown, though she was later baptized "Photine". She is celebrated as a saint of renown. As further recounted in John 4:28–30 and John 4:39–42, she was quick to spread the news of her meeting with Jesus, and through this many came to believe in him. Her continuing witness is said to have brought so many to the Christian faith that she is described as "equal to the apostles". Eventually, having drawn the attention of Emperor Nero, she was brought before him to answer for her faith, suffering many tortures and dying a martyr after being thrown down a dry well. She is remembered on the Sunday four weeks after Pascha, which is known as "the Sunday of the Samaritan Woman".[20]

In Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico, a celebration of the Samaritan woman takes place on the fourth Friday of Lent. The custom of the day involves churches, schools, and businesses giving away fruit drinks to passers-by.[21]

Photini, The Samaritan Woman is honored with a Lesser Feast on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America[22] on February 26.[23]

Cultural references

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In visual art

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In music

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In film and television

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The Samaritan woman is played by Vanessa DeSilvio in the multi-season show on the life of Christ, The Chosen.[25] Her meeting with Jesus concludes the first season. In the beginning of season 2, she is seen again, eagerly telling everyone around her about Jesus.

See also

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References

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Notes

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  1. ^ Pronounced Fotini in Modern Greek, also Photinā in Doric Greek and some modern dialects,[16] meaning "the luminous one" from φῶς, "light").[17] Diminutives in Modern Greek include Φωτούλα, Φωτεινούλα, Φώρη, Φώφη, Φώτο, Φαίη (Fotoula, Foteinoula, Fori, Fofi, Foto, Faye).

Citations

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  1. ^ Lincoln 2005, pp. 170–171.
  2. ^ Samkutty 2006, p. 81.
  3. ^ Crown, Davey & Sixdenier 1995, p. 134.
  4. ^ Bourgel 2018.
  5. ^ Ferguson 2003, p. 534.
  6. ^ Samkutty 2006, p. 85.
  7. ^ Samkutty 2006, pp. 100–101.
  8. ^ Quast 1991, p. 29.
  9. ^ Lincoln 2005, p. 170-171.
  10. ^ Brant 1996.
  11. ^ Okure 1988, pp. 88–89.
  12. ^ Lee 1994, p. 67, n. 3.
  13. ^ Pontifical Council for Culture; Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue (March 2, 2003). Jesus Christ the Bearer of the Water of Life: A Christian reflection on the "New Age". Vatican City: Internet Office of the Holy See.
  14. ^ Barrett 1978, p. 12.
  15. ^ Baxter, Roger (1823). "Conversions and Cures#423" . Meditations For Every Day In The Year. New York: Benziger Brothers.
  16. ^ Fraser, P. M.; Matthews, E., eds. (1987). "Φωτίνα". Lexicon of Greek Personal Names. Vol. 1 The Aegean Islands. Cyprus. Cyrenaica. Oxford University Press.
  17. ^ φωτεινός. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
  18. ^ The Roman Breviary Translated Into English. Vol. 2. Translated by John, Marquess of Bute. Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons. 1908. p. 766. Retrieved February 12, 2023.
  19. ^ "St. Photina: the Woman at the Well". catholic.com.
  20. ^ "Sunday of the Samaritan Woman". Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of North America. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
  21. ^ "La Samaritana 2011 en Oaxaca" (in Spanish). Vive Oaxaca. Retrieved June 3, 2013.
  22. ^ "Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018".
  23. ^ "Photini". satucket.com. Retrieved May 7, 2021.
  24. ^ Francis James Child, English and Scottish Popular Ballads "The Maid and the Palmer"
  25. ^ ""The Chosen" on IMDB". IMDB. Retrieved April 9, 2021.

Sources

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Further reading

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