Wikipedia

Recognition of same-sex unions in Europe

(Redirected from Same-sex marriage in Europe)

Debate has occurred throughout Europe over proposals to legalise same-sex marriage as well as same-sex civil unions. Currently 33 of the 50 countries and the 8 dependent territories in Europe recognise some type of same-sex union, among them most members of the European Union (24/27). Nearly 43% of the European population lives in jurisdictions where same-sex marriage is legal.

Laws regarding same-sex partnerships in Europe¹
  Marriage
  Civil union
  Limited domestic recognition (cohabitation)
  Limited foreign recognition (residency rights)
  Unrecognized
  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples
¹ May include recent laws or court decisions that have not yet entered into effect.
Countries performing civil unions in Europe
  Gender-neutral civil unions.
  Civil unions for same-sex couples only.
  Former civil unions for same-sex couples, replaced by marriage.
  Civil unions never performed.

As of February 2024, twenty-one European countries legally recognise and perform same-sex marriages: Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. A 22nd country, Liechtenstein, will commence same-sex marriages in 2025. An additional ten European countries legally recognise some form of civil union, namely Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Montenegro, and San Marino.

Poland and Slovakia recognise private contractual cohabitation of two persons (regardless of sexual orientation or relationship type - including non-sexual non-intimate relationships) for limited purposes. Although they do not recognise same-sex unions themselves, Bulgaria, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia are bound by a ruling by the European Court of Justice to recognise same-sex marriages performed within the EU and including an EU citizen for the purposes of granting legal residence,[1] though this ruling is not always respected in practice, as in the case of Romania which has not implemented the ruling.[2] In December 2023, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that by failing to legalise same-sex unions, Poland had violated the right to respect for private and family life.[3]

Of the countries that perform same-sex marriages, some still allow civil unions, e.g. the Benelux nations, France and the United Kingdom,[nb 1] whereas Germany, Ireland and the Nordic countries have ended their pre-marriage civil union legislation so that existing unions remain but new ones are not possible.

Several European countries do not recognise any same-sex unions. Marriage is defined as a union solely between a man and a woman in the constitutions of Armenia, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Georgia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Montenegro, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia and Ukraine. Of these, however, Croatia, Hungary, Latvia and Montenegro allow civil unions for same-sex couples.

Current situation

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International level

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European Court of Human Rights

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Over the years, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has handled cases that challenged the lack of legal recognition of same-sex couples in certain member states. The Court has held that the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) requires member states to provide legal recognition, but does not require marriage to be opened to same-sex couples.

In Schalk and Kopf v Austria (24 June 2010), the European Court of Human Rights decided that the European Convention on Human Rights does not oblige member states to legislate for or legally recognise same-sex marriages.[4] However, the Court, for the first time, accepted same-sex relationships as a form of "family life".

In Vallianatos and Others v Greece (7 November 2013),[5] the Court held that exclusion of same-sex couples from registering a civil union, a legal form of partnership available to opposite-sex couples, violates the convention. Greece had enacted a law in 2008 that established civil unions for opposite-sex couples only. A 2015 law extended partnership rights to same-sex couples.

Oliari and Others v Italy (21 July 2015)[6] went further and established a positive obligation upon member states to provide legal recognition for same-sex couples. Italy thus breached the convention; it eventually implemented civil unions in 2016. The decision set a precedent for potential future cases regarding the 23 member states, certain British and Dutch territories, and the states with limited recognition (excluding Kosovo), that currently do not recognise same-sex couples' right to family life.[7]

Chapin and Charpentier v France (9 June 2016)[8] largely confirmed Schalk and Kopf v. Austria, holding that denying a same-sex couple access to marriage does not violate the convention.[9][10] At the time of the judgment, France did allow same-sex marriage, however, the case originated from 2004 (regarding the validity of a same-sex marriage officiated by Noël Mamère), when only pacte civil de solidarité (PACS) was available to same-sex couples in France.

Fedotova and Others v. Russia (17 January 2023) ruled that states are obliged to recognize same-sex unions or civil unions. Other similar cases from other countries, including Poland, are awaiting the Tribunal.[11][12] The ECHR informed the Polish government that it had accepted complaints about the lack of access for same-sex couples to marriage or civil partnerships in Poland (2020).[13]

In a judgment issued on 12 December 2023 in the case of Przybyszewska and Others v. Poland (applications nos. 11454/17 and 9 others), the European Court of Human Rights ruled that by failing to legalise same-sex unions, Poland had violated the right to respect for private and family life (Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights). The Court found that the Polish State had failed to ensure a legal framework providing for the recognition and protection of their same-sex unions, preventing the applicants from formalising fundamental aspects of their lives, which amounted to a breach of their right to respect for their private and family life.[3]

European Union

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See also: Coman v. Romania

Some debate occurred within the European Union about how to require member states to recognise same-sex marriages conducted in other member states, as well as any European citizens' civil unions or registered partnerships, so as to ensure the right of freedom of movement for citizens' family members.[14]

In 2010, Romanian LGBT activist Adrian Coman and his American partner, Robert Claibourn Hamilton, married in Belgium, and subsequently attempted to relocate to Romania. Romanian authorities refused to recognise their marriage and the case progressed to the European Court of Justice.[15] On 11 January 2018, the ECJ's advocate general, Melchior Wathelet, issued an official legal opinion stating that an EU member country cannot refuse residency rights to the same-sex spouse of an EU citizen on the grounds that it does not recognise same-sex marriage.[16]

On 5 June 2018, the ECJ ruled in Coman's favour, stating the term "spouse" was gender-neutral, and member states are therefore obliged to recognise EU residency rights for partners of EU citizens. However, the court confirmed that it will still be up to member states whether to authorise same-sex marriage.[17][1]

According to research from the European Parliament, some EU states still do not in practice grant residency to same-sex spouses, as required by Coman v. Romania. As of September 2021, Hamilton himself has not been granted residency by the Romanian government, despite the ruling. In September 2021, the European Parliament passed a resolution condemning some states failure to implement the ruling, and calling on the European Commission to ensure rights of same-sex spouses are upheld.[2]

National level

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Status Country Since Country population
(Last Census count)
Marriage
(22 countries)
* In eleven countries that have passed marriage,
other types of partnerships are available too. 		  Andorra* 2023[nb 2][18][19] 82,495
  Austria* 2019[nb 3][20] 9,223,284
  Belgium* 2003[nb 4][21] 11,813,125
  Denmark 2012[nb 5][22] 6,012,044
  Estonia* 2024[nb 6][23][24] 1,391,508
  Finland 2017[nb 7][25][26] 5,646,132
  France* 2013[nb 8][27] 66,665,461
  Germany 2017[nb 9][28] 85,199,304
  Greece*[nb 10] 2024[nb 11][29] 10,010,137
  Iceland* 2010[nb 12][30] 397,870
  Ireland 2015[nb 13][31] 5,320,362
  Liechtenstein 2025[nb 14][32] 39,995
  Luxembourg* 2015[nb 15][33] 681,955
  Malta* 2017[nb 16][34] 539,698
  Netherlands* 2001[nb 17][35][36] 18,359,193
  Norway 2009[nb 18][37] 5,606,240
  Portugal 2010[nb 19][38] 10,449,899
  Slovenia 2022[nb 20][39][40] 2,122,839
  Spain* 2005[nb 21][41] 48,028,298
  Sweden 2009[nb 22][42] 10,641,972
  Switzerland 2022[nb 23][43] 8,981,467
  United Kingdom* 2020[nb 24][44][45][46] 69,394,324
Subtotal — — 369,149,934
(42.6% of the European population)
Civil unions
(9 countries)
* In three of the countries that have passed civil unions,
another type of partnership is available too. 		  Croatia 2014[nb 25][47] 3,880,669
  Cyprus[nb 26] 2015[48] 951,730[nb 27]
  Czech Republic* 2006[nb 28][49] 11,003,758
  Hungary* 2009[nb 29][50] 9,310,450
  Italy* 2016[nb 30][51] 59,332,330
  Latvia 2022[nb 31][52][53] 1,884,264
  Monaco 2020[54] 38,991
  Montenegro 2021[55] 660,998
  San Marino 2019[nb 32][56] 33,239
Subtotal — — 85,954,565
(10.0% of the European population)
Unregistered cohabitation
(2 countries) 		  Poland 2012[57] 39,297,023
  Slovakia 2018[58][59][nb 33] 5,581,475
Subtotal — — 47,632,011
(5.5% of the European population)
Total - Countries with some form of recognition of same-sex unions — — 502,747,040
(58.1% of the European population)
No recognition
(8 countries)
† As part of the European Union, is legally bound
to provide residency rights to foreign same-sex
spouses of EU citizens in compliance with
case C-673/16 of the European Court of Justice. 		  Albania — 2,789,472
  Azerbaijan — 10,350,357
  Bosnia and Herzegovina — 3,157,656
  Kazakhstan — 20,751,133
  North Macedonia — 1,820,063
  Romania † — 19,051,073
  Turkey — 87,568,208
  Vatican City — 825
Subtotal — — 144,420,748
(16.7% of the European population)
Constitutional ban on marriage
(14 countries)
† As part of the European Union, is legally bound
to provide residency rights to foreign same-sex
spouses of EU citizens in compliance with
case C-673/16 of the European Court of Justice.
* Other types of partnerships are available. 		  Armenia 2015[nb 34][60][61][62] 3,033,206
  Belarus 1994[63] 9,035,706
  Bulgaria † 1991[64] 6,753,940
  Croatia †* 2013[65][66] 3,880,669
  Georgia 2018[67] 3,825,355
  Hungary †* 2012[68][69] 9,310,450
  Latvia †* 2006[70][71][72] 1,884,264
  Lithuania † 1992[73] 2,906,977
  Moldova 1994[74] 3,105,395
  Montenegro * 2007[75] 660,998
  Russia 2020 145,245,566
  Serbia 2006[76] 6,748,064
  Slovakia * 2014[77][78] 5,581,475
  Ukraine 1996[79] 33,535,634
Subtotal — — 242,620,086
(28.0% of the European population)
Total - Countries with no recognition of same-sex unions — — 359,727,469
(41.5% of the European population)

Partially-recognised and unrecognised states

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Status Country Since State population
(Last estimate count)
No recognition
(5 states) 		  Abkhazia — 243,564
  Kosovo — 1,907,592
  Northern Cyprus — 313,626
  South Ossetia — 51,547
  Transnistria — 475,665
Total 2,991,994

(0.3% of the European population)

Sub-national level

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Status Country Jurisdiction Legal since Jurisdiction population
(Last Census count)
Marriage
(8 jurisdictions)
* Other types of partnerships are available too.
 		  Denmark   Faroe Islands 2017[80][81] 49,198
  Greenland 2016[82] 56,081
  United Kingdom   Akrotiri and Dhekelia 2014[83] 15,700
  Alderney 2018[84] 2,020
  Gibraltar* 2016[85][86] 32,194
  Guernsey 2017[87][88] 62,948
  Isle of Man* 2016[89] 84,497
  Jersey* 2018[90] 100,080
  Sark 2020[91] 600
Total 403,318
(0.0% of the European population)
Total for all European jurisdictions 865,880,853
(100% of the European population)

Future legislation

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Marriage

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Opposition proposals

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  Italy: Since October 2022, several bills to legalise same-sex marriage and adoption have been tabled by all major opposition parties (PD, M5S, Azione - Italia Viva and Alleanza Verdi e Sinistra).[92][93]

Non-marital partnership

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Government proposals or proposals with a parliamentary majority

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  Kosovo: On 25 April 2024, Prime Minister Albin Kurti announced his government's intention to legalize same-sex unions.[94]

  Lithuania: In May 2022, a group of MPs drafted a civil union bill which would provide limited protections for registered same-sex couples. The proposal is a compromise after a more expansive civil partnership bill was defeated in 2021.[95] On 26 May 2022 the bill passed its first reading in the Seimas with 70 votes in favour, 49 votes against and 6 abstentions.[96] It passed a second reading on 23 May 2023, by a vote of 60–52.[97] In the last few days of the legislative session in July 2024, the parties came to an agreement on the bill and placed it on the agenda for a final reading on the last day of the session. The Social Democrats announced they would boycott the final reading, meaning the bill would be unable to pass without their votes. On 25 July, the government voluntarily pulled the bill from the schedule rather than allowing it to fail,[98] which will allow the bill to be brought back by a new parliament following the October parliamentary election, rather than starting the process over again.

  Poland: On 27 December 2023, Poland's new Prime Minister, Donald Tusk, announced that a bill to legalise same-sex unions would be introduced and debated in the Sejm in 2024.[99] On 9 July 2024, a bill allowing both opposite-sex and same-sex couples to form legally registered partnerships (thereby introducing same-sex civil partnerships) was added to the Polish government's agenda.[100]

  Ukraine: On 12 July 2022, a petition on same-sex marriage reached 28,000 signatures (above the 25,000 signatures needed to trigger a debate in parliament).[101] President Volodymyr Zelenskyy stated on 2 August 2022 that while a change of the constitution, which defines marriage as union of a man and a woman, is not allowed as long as martial law is in place, he endorses the introduction of civil unions and asked his government to evaluate legal options.[102] As of 26 May 2023, the Ukrainian Parliamentary Judicial Committee is considering Bill № 9103, which would introduce civil partnerships in Ukraine.[103] In August 2024, the Committee on National Health, Medical Assistance and Medical Insurance recommended the bill for adoption in its first reading.[104]

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  Romania: In May 2023, the European Court of Human Rights ordered the government to legalize same-sex civil partnerships, in order to protect the rights of same-sex couples to a family life, as protected under the Charter.[105] The government had three months to appeal.

Public opinion

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According to a Eurobarometer poll in 2023, public support for same-sex marriage in EU member states was highest in Sweden (94%), the Netherlands (94%), Denmark (93%), Spain (88%), Ireland (86%), Luxembourg (84%), Germany (84%), Portugal (81%), Belgium (79%), and France (79%).

According to a Eurobarometer poll in 2015, public support for same-sex marriage in EU member states was highest in the Netherlands (91%), Sweden (90%), Denmark (87%), Spain (84%), Ireland (80%), Belgium (77%), Luxembourg (75%), the United Kingdom (71%) and France (71%).[106] Between 2006 and 2015, support rose most significantly in Malta, from 18% to 65%, and in Ireland, from 41% to 80%.[107]

After the approval of same-sex marriage in Portugal in January 2010, 52% of the Portuguese population stated that they were in favor of the legislation.[108] In 2008, 58% of the Norwegian voters supported same-sex marriage, which was introduced in the same year, and 31 percent were against it.[109] In January 2013, 54.1% of Italians respondents supported same-sex marriage.[110] In a late January 2013 survey, 77.2% of Italians respondents supported the recognition of same-sex unions.[111] According to an Ipsos poll published in 2021, 83% of Italians were in favour of legal recognition for same-sex couples, 10% stated they were against and 7% did not have a specific position on the issue.[112] 59% of surveyed Italians stated they were in favour of same-sex couples jointly adopting children, while 36% were opposed.[112]

In Greece, support more than tripled between 2006 and 2017. In 2006, 15% of Greeks said that they agreed with same-sex marriage being allowed throughout Europe,[107] rising to 50.04% by 2017. A survey in 2020 indicated that 56% of the Greek population accept same-sex marriage.[113][114]

In Ireland, a 2008 survey revealed 84% of people supported civil unions for same-sex couples (and 58% for same-sex marriage),[115] while a 2010 survey showed 67% supported same-sex marriage[116] by 2012 this figure had risen to 73% in support.[117] On 22 May 2015, 62.1% of the electorate voted to enshrine same-sex marriage in the Irish constitution as equal to heterosexual marriage.

In Croatia, a poll conducted in November 2013 revealed that 59% of Croats think that marriage should be constitutionally defined as a union between a man and a woman, while 31% do not agree with the idea.[118] In Poland, support for same sex marriages has increased from 17% in 2006[119] to 45% in 2019,[120] according to Eurobarometer; other polls show a majority supporting registered partnerships.[121][122]

In the European Union, support tends to be the lowest in Bulgaria, Latvia, Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, and Lithuania. The average percentage of support for same-sex marriage in the European Union as of 2006 when it had 25 members was 44%, which had descended from a previous percentage of 53%. The change was caused by more socially conservative nations joining the EU.[107] In 2015, with 28 members, average support was at 61%.[106]

Opinion polls

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  Indicates the country/territory has legalised same-sex marriage nationwide
  Indicates that same-sex marriage is legal in certain parts of the country
  Indicates that the country has civil unions or registered partnerships
  Indicates that the country has pending civil union or registered partnership legislation
  Indicates that the country has pending same-sex marriage legislation
Country Pollster Year For[a] Against[a] Neither[b] Margin
of error 		Source
  Albania IPSOS 2023 26%
 73%
(74%) 		1% [123]
  Andorra Institut d'Estudis Andorrans 2013 70%
(79%) 		19%
(21%) 		11% [124]
  Armenia Pew Research Center 2015 3%
(3%) 		96%
(97%) 		1% ±3% [125][126]
  Austria Eurobarometer 2023 65% 30% 5% [127]
  Belarus Pew Research Center 2015 16%
(16%) 		81%
(84%) 		3% ±4% [125][126]
  Belgium Ipsos 2024 69% 19% [9% support some rights]
 12% not sure ±5% [128]
Eurobarometer 2023 79% 19% 2% not sure [127]
  Bosnia and Herzegovina IPSOS 2023 26%
(27%) 		71%
(73%) 		3% [123]
  Bulgaria Eurobarometer 2023 17% 75% 8% [127]
  Croatia Eurobarometer 2023 42% 51% 7% [127]
  Cyprus Eurobarometer 2023 50% 44% 6% [127]
  Czech Republic Eurobarometer 2023 60% 34% 6% [127]
  Denmark Eurobarometer 2023 93% 5% 2% [127]
  Estonia Eurobarometer 2023 41% 51% 8% [127]
  Finland Eurobarometer 2023 76% 18% 6% [127]
  France Ipsos 2024 62% 26% [16% support some rights] 12% not sure ±3.5% [128]
Pew Research Center 2023 82%
 14% 4% ±3.6% [129]
Eurobarometer 2023 79% 14 7% [127]
  Georgia Women's Initiatives Supporting Group 2021 10%
(12%) 		75%
(88%) 		15% [130]
  Germany Ipsos 2024 73% 18% [10% support some rights] 12% not sure ±3.5% [128]
Pew Research Center 2023 80%
 19% 1% ±3.6% [129]
Eurobarometer 2023 84% 13% 3% [127]
  Greece Pew Research Center 2023 48%
(49%) 		49%
(51%) 		3% ±3.6% [129]
Eurobarometer 2023 57%
(59%) 		40%
(41%) 		3% [127]
  Hungary Ipsos 2024 44% 35% [18% support some rights] 21% not sure ±5% [128]
Pew Research Center 2023 31%
(33%) 		64%
(67%) 		5% ±3.6% [129]
Eurobarometer 2023 42% 52% 6% [127]
  Iceland Gallup 2006 89% 11% – [131]
  Ireland Ipsos 2024 68% 21% [8% support some rights] 10% ±5%[c] [128]
Eurobarometer 2023 86% 9% 5% [127]
  Italy Ipsos 2024 58% 29% [19% support some rights] 12% not sure ±3.5% [128]
Pew Research Center 2023 73%
(75%) 		25% 2% ±3.6% [129]
Eurobarometer 2023 69% 27% 4% [127]
  Kazakhstan Pew Research Center 2016 7%
(7%) 		89%
(93%) 		4% [125][126]
  Kosovo IPSOS 2023 20%
(21%) 		77%
(79%) 		3% [123]
  Latvia Eurobarometer 2023 36% 59% 5% [127]
  Liechtenstein Liechtenstein Institut 2021 72% 28% 0% [132]
  Lithuania Eurobarometer 2023 39% 55% 6% [127]
  Luxembourg Eurobarometer 2023 84% 13% 3% [127]
  Malta Eurobarometer 2023 74% 24% 2% [127]
  Moldova Europa Liberă Moldova 2022 14% 86% [133]
  Montenegro IPSOS 2023 36%
(37%) 		61%
(63%) 		3% [123]
  Netherlands Ipsos 2024 77% 15% [8% support some rights] 8% not sure ±5% [128]
Pew Research Center 2023 89%
(90%) 		10% 1% ±3.6% [129]
Eurobarometer 2023 94% 5% 2% [127]
  North Macedonia IPSOS 2023 20%
(21%) 		78%
(80%) 		2% [123]
  Norway Pew Research Center 2017 72%
(79%) 		19%
(21%) 		9% [125][126]
  Poland Ipsos 2024 39%
 48% [28% support some rights] 13% ±5% [128]
Pew Research Center 2023 41%
(43%) 		54%
(57%) 		5% ±3.6% [129]
United Surveys by IBRiS 2024 50%
(55%) 		41%
(45%) 		9% [134]
Eurobarometer 2023 50% 45% 5% [127]
  Portugal Ipsos 2023 80%
(84%) 		15% [11% support some rights]
(16%) 		5% [135]
Eurobarometer 2023 81% 14% 5% [127]
  Romania Ipsos 2023 25%
(30%) 		59% [26% support some rights]
(70%) 		17% ±3.5% [135]
Eurobarometer 2023 25% 69% 6% [127]
  Russia Ipsos 2021 17%
(21%) 		64% [12% support some rights]
(79%) 		20% not sure ±4.8% [c] [136]
FOM 2019 7%
(8%) 		85%
(92%) 		8% ±3.6% [137]
  Serbia IPSOS 2023 24%
(25%) 		73%
(75%) 		3% [123]
  Slovakia Focus 2024 36%
(38%) 		60%
(62%) 		4% [138]
Eurobarometer 2023 37% 56% 7% [127]
  Slovenia Eurobarometer 2023 62%
(64%) 		37%
(36%) 		2% [127]
  Spain Ipsos 2024 73% 19% [13% support some rights] 9% not sure ±3.5% [128]
Pew Research Center 2023 87%
(90%) 		10% 3% ±3.6% [129]
Eurobarometer 2023 88% 9% 3% [127]
  Sweden Ipsos 2024 78% 15% [8% support some rights] 7% not sure ±5% [128]
Pew Research Center 2023 92%
(94%) 		6% 2% ±3.6% [129]
Eurobarometer 2023 94% 5% 1% [127]
  Switzerland Ipsos 2023 54%
(61%) 		34% [16% support some rights]
(39%) 		13% not sure ±3.5% [135]
  Turkey Ipsos 2024 18% 52% [19% support some rights] 30% not sure ±5% [c] [128]
  Ukraine Rating 2023 37%
(47%) 		42%
(53%) 		22% ±1.5% [139]
  United Kingdom YouGov 2023 77%
(84%) 		15%
(16%) 		8% [140]
Ipsos 2024 66% 24% [11% support some rights] 10% not sure ±3.5% [128]
Pew Research Center 2023 74%
(77%) 		22%
(23%) 		4% ±3.6% [129]
Opinion polls for same-sex marriage by dependent territory
Country Pollster Year For Against Neutral[b] Source
  Faroe Islands Spyr.fo 2019 71.1% 12.6% 16.7% [141]
  Gibraltar Inter-Ministerial Committee Consultation 2015 63% 37% 0% [142]
  Northern Ireland YouGov 2019 55% - - [143][144]


Notes

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  1. ^ a b Because some polls do not report 'neither', those that do are listed with simple yes/no percentages in parentheses, so their figures can be compared.
  2. ^ a b Comprises: Neutral; Don't know; No answer; Other; Refused.
  3. ^ a b c [+ more urban/educated than representative]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Excluding Guernsey and Overseas Territories (except Gibraltar).
  2. ^ Unió estable de parella since 2005. Unió civil from 2014 until 2023.
  3. ^ Eingetragene Partnerschaft since 2010.
  4. ^ Cohabitation légale, wettelijke samenwoning, gesetzliches Zusammenwohnen since 2000, also cohabitation de fait gives some rights to non-married couples.
  5. ^ Registreret partnerskab from 1989 until 2012.
  6. ^ Kooselulepingu since 2016.
  7. ^ Rekisteröity parisuhde, registrerat partnerskap from 2001 until 2017.
  8. ^ Pacte civil de solidarité since 1999.
  9. ^ Lebenspartnerschaft from 2001 until 2017.
  10. ^ Not legal in the Monastic community of Mount Athos[citation needed], which maintains its own sovereignty within Greece and the European Union.
  11. ^ Σύμφωνο συμβίωσης since 2015.
  12. ^ Staðfesta samvist from 1996 until 2010, óvígð sambúð since 2006
  13. ^ . Páirtnéireacht shibhialta, civil partnership from 2010 until 2015.
  14. ^ Eingetragene Partnerschaft from 2011 until 2024.
  15. ^ Partnerschaft, Partenariat since 2004.
  16. ^ . Unjoni ċivili, civil union since 2014.
  17. ^ Geregistreerd partnerschap since 1998, also samenwonen gives some rights to non-married couples.
  18. ^ Registrert partnerskap from 1993 until 2008.
  19. ^ (unregistered)uniões de facto since 2001.
  20. ^ Registrirana partnerska skupnost between 2006 and 2017. Partnerska zveza from 2017 until 2023.
  21. ^ Pareja de hecho available in each autonomous community, legalized between 1998 and 2018. Since 1994, limited rights for cohabiting couples.
  22. ^ Registrerat partnerskap from 1994 until 2009.
  23. ^ Eingetragene Partnerschaft, partenariat enregistré, unione domestica registrata from 2004 until 2022.
  24. ^ Civil partnership since 2004; same-sex marriage in England, Scotland, and Wales since 2014 and in Northern Ireland since 2020.
  25. ^ Unregistered cohabitation between 2003 and 2014. Life partnerships životno partnerstvo since 2014.
  26. ^ Excluding the disputed region of Northern Cyprus.
  27. ^ Excluding the disputed region of Northern Cyprus.
  28. ^ Unregistered cohabitation since 2001 and registered partnerships registrované partnerství since 2006. Limited rights for a "close person" (Osoba blízká) since 1964.
  29. ^ Unregistered cohabitation élettársi kapcsolat and registered partnerships bejegyzett élettársi kapcsolat since 2009.
  30. ^ Unione civile and Contratto di convivenza since 2016.
  31. ^ Legalised by judicial decision in 2022. Partnerību since 2024.
  32. ^ Limited residency rights for foreign spouses since 2012.
  33. ^ Limited rights for a "close person" (blízke osoby) since 1964.
  34. ^ While Armenia's Constitutional Court has never confirmed that the Constitution of Armenia actually bans same-sex marriage, following the 2015 constitutional referendum article 35 now states that "A woman and a man having attained the marriageable age shall have the right to marry and form a family with free expression of their will." (in Armenian: Ամուսնական տարիքի հասած կինը և տղամարդը միմյանց հետ իրենց կամքի ազատ արտահայտությամբ ամուսնանալու և ընտանիք կազմելու իրավունք ունեն). The article 143 of the Family Code recognizes foreign marriages as long as they conform with the legality of the territory where they were celebrated. Article 152, however, limits the application of foreign family law norms that contradict the internal public order, thus making the registration of same-sex marriages performed overseas possibly incompatible with Armenian law.

References

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