The East Strickland or Strickland River languages are a family of Papuan languages.
| East Strickland | |
|---|---|
| Strickland River | |
| Geographic distribution | Strickland River region, Western Province and South Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea |
| Linguistic classification | Papuan Gulf ?
|
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | east2433 |
 Map: The East Strickland languages of New Guinea
The East Strickland languages
Trans–New Guinea languages
Other Papuan languages
Austronesian languages
Uninhabited | |
Languages
editThe East Strickland languages actually form a language continuum.[1] Shaw (1986) recognizes six languages, which are:[2][3]
Gobasi, Odoodee and Samo, but especially Gobasi, are also known as "Nomad".
Pronouns
editPronouns are:
sg du pl 1 *na, *ã *o-li, *a-la *oi 2 *nõ *nĩ-le *nĩ 3 *yõ *i-le *yã, *di
Vocabulary comparison
editThe following basic vocabulary words are from McElhanon & Voorhoeve (1970),[4] Shaw (1973),[5] and Shaw (1986),[6] as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database.[7]
The words cited constitute translation equivalents, whether they are cognate (e.g. ulugib, ulukib, ulʌkib for “head”) or not (e.g. dob, helehai, tano for “one”).
| gloss | Fembe | Gobasi (Oibae dial.) |
Gobasi (Bibo dial.) |
Gobasi (Honibo dial.) |
Gobasi | Konai | Kubo | Odoodee (Hesif dial.) |
Odoodee (Kalamo dial.) |
Samo |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| head | widua; wɔdiɔ | ulugib | ukib; ulukib | uligib | ulʌkib | wudio | odiu; wodio; wodiyo | uľugi | wiligi | ukibi; ulagibi; ulʌgibi |
| hair | wigiduae; wɔdiɔ tɔwɔ | orɔwɔ | otowa; tawa | utoʌ; utowa | o dɔsɔ | wudio towe | tɔwɛ; wodio toi; wodiyo toi | uľu tu | wudu | otowa; tawa; ulʌgibi |
| ear | du | dulu | dul; duːr | dulu | dulo | kʌhẽ | du; duwëw | dulu | dulu | duli; duːri |
| eye | d̲iho; gihã | hiɔ | hĩãwã; hio̧w | hiɔ; hiyo | hiɔ̃ | dihɔ | diəhã; diho̧; dihō | hɔwɔ̃ | hɔ̃wɔ̃ | hĩãwã; hĩɔwɔ; hi̧yowo |
| nose | go; migiyao | mi | mina; mini | mi̧ni; mĩni | mina | mɔkwã | mi | mɔdu | mudu | mini; mi̧ni; mĩnĩ |
| tooth | maeow; meyɔ | mɔɛ | mo̧i | moi; mɔi | mɔi | mẽ | mɔ̃yə̃; moyo; mɔyɔ | mei | mɛ̃ | mɔ̃yə̃; moyo̧; mɔ̃yɔ̃ |
| tongue | e; i | ilɪ | il(i); iri | ili | ili | i | i; iː | i | i | mȩnema̧ni; mẽnɛmãnĩ; meremai |
| leg | abogo; ɔbɔgɔ̃ | hɔm | homo | hom; hɔm | hɔma | ɔbɔgɔ̃ | obogo; ɔbɔgɔ | hɔmɔ | hɔmɔ̃ | homo; hɔmɔ̃ |
| louse | ou; ɔ̃u | ɔm | om | om | om | ɔ̃u | o̧u̧; oū | ɔu | õu | o̧u̧; õu; õw |
| dog | sɔ; sou | sɔf | sof; sɔf | sof; sɔf | sɔf | sɔ | so; sɔ | sɔ | sɔ | sɔfo; sofu; sɔfu |
| pig | wai | bɔɛ | bɔi | bɔi | wai | ʔo | bɛ | be | bɔyɔ | |
| bird | siu; siyɔ | sikɪ | sigo | si | sigɔ | siɔ | siu; siyu | ɔsigɔ | sɔʔ | sigo; sigɔ |
| egg | sioho; siyɔ hɔ | si kɔlɔ | holo | hol; si hɔl | wigɔ hɔlɔ | siɔ hɔ | hoo; siu ho | sɔʔ hɔ | sɔʔ hɔ | holo; sigɔ hɔlɔ |
| blood | iyou; ɔyɔ | sʌh | so̧ho̧u | sahau | sõho | kafi | ayo | sãwɔ̃ | kegãye | ayo; ayu |
| bone | dio; diɔ | kiːp | kib; kiːb; kibi | kib | kib | diɔ | dio; diu; diyo | ki | ki | kibi |
| skin | golo; kɔ̃fɔ̃ya | kɔrɔᵽ | kiari; sib | kolof; kɔlɔf | kɔlɔf | kɔlɔ | kolo; kɔlɔ; kɔrɔ | kulɔ | kɔlɔ | kolofu; kɔlɔfu; kɔrɔfu; sibi |
| breast | bu | tɔ̃ː | tol; tor | bu | tɔnu | bu | bu | tɔ̃ | to | bu |
| tree | habe; hebẽ | hɔmɔlɔ | homu | homol; hɔmɔl | hɔmɔ̃n | hʌbe | home; hɔme | hɔmɔ | hɔmɔ | hɔmãnẽ; home |
| man | o; or | ɔs | os | os | os | ɔ | o | ɔľu | ɔlɔga | oso; ouson |
| woman | dobas̲ie; sʌbɔ sãi | uliɔ | uliya | uliʌ; uliya | uliʌ | sʌsai | sobo; sɔbɔ | subɔ | sɔbɔ | sobo; sɔbɔ |
| sun | aso; ʌsɔ̃ | ɔ̃s | a̧s; ãs | o̧s; õːs | õs | ʌsɔ | ãsã; o̧so̧; ōsō | ɔsugɔ | osigɔ̃ | ãsã; oso̧; ɔ̃sɔ̃ |
| moon | ʌgwa; oguao | ɔgɔ | aib | ɔgwʌ; ogwa | ogɔ | ʌgwɔ | ogwʌ; ogwa | a | nɔ̃ligɔ | ogwʌ; ogwa |
| water | hoi; hwɔ̃e | hɔu | hãu; ho̧u̧ | hãũ; ho̧u̧ | hõ | hwẽi | hũi; hũĩ; hwi̧; hwī | hɔ̃wɔ̃ | hɔ̃wɔ̃ | hõ; ho̧u̧; hũ |
| fire | dou; dɔu | dɔlu | dau; dolu | dolu; dɔlu | dɔbu | dou | dou; dɔu; dow | dɔu | dɔu | dolo; dɔlɔ; dɔrɔ |
| stone | yaw; yɔu | yɔ | yo | yo | yo | yo | yo; yɔ | yɔ | yo | yo |
| road, path | ori | ai | ari | |||||||
| name | hũ; husolo | hũ | hu̧ti; hũti | hũni | hũ | hũ; hu̧ti; hũti | hũ | hũ; hu̧ti; hũti | ||
| eat | nale; nɔlu | nɔwal | na- | nowal; nɔwal | nɔwalaga | nɔlu | na; naiɔ; naiyo | nelaːbugɔ | nãye | na; na̧la; nãla |
| one | dano; sisãfe | helɛ | dob | helehai | hele | tano | tano; tanɔ | hɔmakɔna | dihɔ̃ | helenu; helenũ |
| two | balo; sisãma | bena | behino̧w | bẽnabugu; bȩnabugu | bihinɔ̃n | bʌnɔu | beaũ; beya̧u̧ | wɔlugu | hɔma kɔna | bȩnau; bẽnãu |
Evolution
editProposed East Strickland reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are:[1]
- (da)subu ‘ashes’ < *sumbu
- si- ‘burn’ < *nj(a,e,i)-
- na- ‘eat’ < *na-
- magara ‘mouth’ < *maŋgat[a]
- korofu ‘skin’ < *(ŋg,k)a(n,t)apu
- mere(ma) ‘tongue’ < *me(l,n)e
- mini ‘nose’ < *mundu
- (da)suf ‘ashes’ < *sumbu
- fulu(ma) ali ‘to fly’ < *pululu-
References
edit- ^ a b Pawley, Andrew; Hammarström, Harald (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 21–196. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
- ^ Shaw, Daniel. 1986. The Bosavi language family. In Papers in New Guinea Linguistics 24, 45-76. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. (Papers in New Guinea linguistics No. 24, 45-76).
- ^ (NewGuineaWorld)
- ^ McElhanon, K.A. and Voorhoeve, C.L. The Trans-New Guinea Phylum: Explorations in deep-level genetic relationships. B-16, vi + 112 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1970. doi:10.15144/PL-B16
- ^ Shaw, R.D. "A Tentative Classification of the Languages of the Mt Bosavi Region". In Franklin, K. editor, The linguistic situation in the Gulf District and adjacent areas, Papua New Guinea. C-26:187-215. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1973. doi:10.15144/PL-C26.187
- ^ Shaw, R.D. "The Bosavi language family". In Laycock, D., Seiler, W., Bruce, L., Chlenov, M., Shaw, R.D., Holzknecht, S., Scott, G., Nekitel, O., Wurm, S.A., Goldman, L. and Fingleton, J. editors, Papers in New Guinea Linguistics No. 24. A-70:45-76. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1986. doi:10.15144/PL-A70.45
- ^ Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.
- Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.