Sangir, also known as Sangihé, Sangi, Sangil, or Sangih, is an Austronesian language spoken on the islands linking northern Sulawesi, Indonesia, with Mindanao, Philippines by the Sangir people. It belongs to the Philippine group within the Austronesian language family.[1]
| Sangir | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Indonesia Philippines |
| Region | North Sulawesi North Maluku Davao del Sur Davao Occidental Davao Oriental |
| Ethnicity | Sangir |
Native speakers | Sangir: 170,000 (2010)[1] Sangil: 15,000 (1996)[1] |
Austronesian
| |
| Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Either:sxn – Sangirsnl – Sangil |
| Glottolog | nort2871 |
Some lexical influence comes from Ternate and Spanish,[2][3] as well as Dutch and Malay.[4] Many of the Sangirese have migrated to areas outside of the Sangihe archipelago, including mainland Sulawesi, as well as the Philippines, where the language remains vigorous.[5] Sangir is also spoken by Sangirese migrants in North Maluku, Indonesia.[6]
Manado Malay is commonly used among the Sangirese, sometimes as a first language. Manado Malay is particularly influential in Tahuna and Manado.[5]
Phonology
editConsonants
edit| Labial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | ʔ | ||
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | ||||
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||
| Fricative | β | s | ɣ | h | |||
| Rhotic | ɾ | ||||||
| Lateral | l | 𝼈 | |||||
| Approximant | w | j | |||||
/ɣ/ is mainly heard in the Sangihé dialect.[7]
Vowels
edit| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ɨ | u |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Open | a |
- Vowels /i, e, a, o, u/ may also be heard as [ɪ, ɛ, ə, ɔ, ʊ] within syllables.
- /ɨ/ can be heard as [ɨ], [ɯ], [ə].[8]
References
edit- ^ a b c Sangir at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Sangil at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ Chlenov, M. A. (1998). "Sangirtsy". In Tishkov, V. A. (ed.). Narody i religii mira: Entsiklopediya (in Russian). Moskva: Nauchnoye Izdatelstvo "Bolshaya Rossiyskaya Entsiklopediya". p. 468. ISBN 5-85270-155-6. OCLC 40821169.
- ^ Hayase, Shinzō (2007). Mindanao Ethnohistory Beyond Nations: Maguindanao, Sangir, and Bagobo Societies in East Maritime Southeast Asia. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-971-550-511-6. OCLC 154714449.
- ^ Sneddon, James N. (1984). Proto-Sangiric and the Sangiric languages. Pacific Linguistics. Vol. B-91. Canberra: Australian National University. p. 13. doi:10.15144/PL-B91. ISBN 0-85883-306-9. OCLC 11871135.
- ^ a b Mead, David, "Sangir", Sulawesi Language Alliance, archived from the original on 2023-01-17, retrieved 2023-01-17
- ^ Grimes, Charles E.; Grimes, Barbara D. (1994). "Languages of the North Moluccas: a preliminary lexicostatistic classification". In Masinambow, E.K.M. (ed.). Maluku dan Irian Jaya. Buletin LEKNAS. Vol. 3(1). Jakarta: LEKNAS-LIPI. pp. 35–63. OCLC 54222413.
- ^ Maryott, Kenneth R. (1986). "Pre-Sangir *l, *d, *r and Associated Phonemes". Notes on Linguistics. 34: 25–40.
- ^ Maryott, Kenneth R. (1977). "The Phonemes of Sarangani Sangiré". Studies in Philippine Linguistics. 1 (2): 264–279.
Further reading
edit- ADRIANI, N. (1894). "SANGIREESCHE TEKSTEN (Vervolg)". Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië (in Dutch). 44 (1): 1–168. JSTOR 25737775. Accessed 10 Feb. 2023.
External links
edit
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