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Sarah Biffin

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Sarah Biffin (25 October 1784 – 2 October 1850), also known as Sarah Biffen, Sarah Beffin or by her married name Mrs E. M. Wright, was an English painter born with no arms and only vestigial legs. She was born in 1784 in Somerset. Despite her disability she learned to read and write, and to paint using her mouth.

Sarah Biffin
Sarah Biffin's self-portrait, 1830
Born25 October 1784 (1784-10-25)
East Quantoxhead, Somerset, England
Died (aged 65)
Liverpool, England
Resting placeSt James Cemetery, Liverpool
Other namesSarah Biffin; Sarah Beffin; Mrs E. M. Wright
Known forPainting
StyleMouth and foot painting
SpouseWilliam Stephen Wright (m. 1824)
Patron(s)George Douglas, the Earl of Morton

She was apprenticed to a man named Emmanuel Dukes, who exhibited her as an attraction throughout England. In the St. Bartholomew's Fair of 1808, she came to the attention of George Douglas, the Earl of Morton, who went on to sponsor her to receive lessons from a Royal Academy of Arts painter, William Craig. The Society of Arts awarded her a medal in 1821 for a historical miniature and the Royal Academy accepted her paintings. The Royal Family commissioned her to paint miniature portraits of them.

When the Earl of Morton died in 1827, Biffin was left without a noble sponsor and she ran into financial trouble. Queen Victoria awarded her a Civil List pension and she retired to a private life in Liverpool.

Biography

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Sarah Biffin was born on 25 October 1784 in East Quantoxhead, Somerset[1] to her father Henry Biffin, a shoemaker, and his wife Sarah. She was born with no arms and undeveloped legs – a result of the congenital condition phocomelia,[2] and would grow to a height of 37 inches. Biffin lived with her parents and four siblings in a farmworker's cottage, just outside East Quantoxhead.[3] She learned to read and, despite her disability, later was able to write using her mouth.[4]

When she was around the age of 13, her family apprenticed her to a man named Emmanuel Dukes, who exhibited her in fairs and sideshows throughout England.[5][6] Dukes marketed her as "The Eighth Wonder", who was skilled at writing and sewing with her mouth.[3] At some point during the time, she learnt to paint holding the paint-brush in her mouth.[7] During this period, she held exhibitions, sold her paintings and autographs, and took admission fees to let others see her sew, paint and draw.[8] She drew landscapes or painted portrait miniatures on ivory with contemporaries praising her skill. Her miniatures were sold for three guineas each,[a] however, Biffin may have received as little as £5 a year while she was with Dukes.[9][b]

 
A portrait by Sarah Biffin

Biffin attended the St. Bartholomew's Fair of 1808, where she was depicted as a mermaid on the side of a showman's van.[3][11] There George Douglas, the Earl of Morton wanted to see if Biffin could really paint unaided, sitting in multiple sessions and taking the unfinished miniature with him so no one else could change it.[11] Once he was convinced, he sponsored her to receive lessons from a Royal Academy of Arts painter, William Craig,[6][12] and gain favour of George III. She would go on to paint for George IV, William IV and Victoria.[3]

Some time after 1817,[11] Biffin left Duke's apprenticeship, and under the Earl of Morton's sponsorship opened a studio on the Strand, London.[3] The Society of Arts awarded her a medal in 1821 for a historical miniature and the Royal Academy accepted her paintings and travelled to Brussels with the Earl of Morton where she received commissions from the royal court.[3] Charles Dickens mentioned her in Nicholas Nickleby, Martin Chuzzlewit, and Little Dorrit, and in "A Plated Article", when describing pottery figures spoiled in the firing process.[3]

On 6 September 1824, she married a banker's clerk, William Stephen Wright[13] and paused her painting,[11] but the relationship did not last. In spite of their separation, he took control of the money Biffin had earned and provided her with a salary of £40 each year.[3][c] The Earl of Morton died in 1827. Without the support of a noble sponsor, Biffin ran into financial trouble.[14] She returned to painting as "Mrs. E. M. Wright"[15] and exhibited at the Royal Academy in the early 1830s.[3]

Queen Victoria awarded her a Civil List pension of £12 per annum,[3][d] and she travelled to Liverpool in 1841 where she would spend her final years.[6] She set up a studio, and went back to signing her works as "Miss Biffin".[3] Her supporters in Liverpool, led by Richard Rathbone and including Jenny Lind, arranged a public subscription in 1847 to finance her for her final years.[9]

Sarah Biffin died on 2 October 1850 at the age of 66.[9] She is buried in St James Cemetery in Liverpool,[16] though her gravestone no longer exists[3]

Legacy

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According to Mouth and Foot Painting Artists, Biffin was the first recorded British mouth painter.[17] A self-portrait engraved by RW Sievier and published in London in June 1821 was sold at Sotheby’s in 1986 and again at Sotheby’s on 5 December 2019.[4] The sale was of the collection of the late Dr Erika Pohl-Ströher. The auction estimate was £800–1200 but the final sale price was £137,500.[18]

The first exhibition of Biffin’s work for 100 years Without Hands: the Art of Sarah Biffin, was held at the galleries of Philip Mould & Company, London in 2022.[19]

In February 2024, BBC news reported that the Museum of Somerset in Taunton, which holds a large collection of Sarah Biffin's work, had acquired a self-portrait by the artist. A watercolour by Biffin dated circa 1812 is located in the Welcome Collection in Euston Station in London. Additional works can be found at the National Portrait Gallery, London.[20]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ About £320 today.
  2. ^ About £510 today, indexed to prices rather than earnings.[10]
  3. ^ About £4,450 today, indexed to prices rather than earnings.[10]
  4. ^ About £1,370 today, indexed to prices rather than earnings.[10]

References

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  1. ^ "Sarah Biffin". South West Heritage Trust. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
  2. ^ Alberge, Dalya (22 May 2022). "'The lady without legs or arms': how an artist shattered Victorian ideas about disability". The Observer.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Biffin [Beffin; married name Wright], Sarah (1784–1850)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/2368. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  4. ^ a b "Who was Sarah Biffin?". Philip Mould & Company. 12 December 2019. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
  5. ^ "Sarah Biffin: the celebrated nineteenth-century artist born without arms or legs | Art UK". artuk.org. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
  6. ^ a b c "Sarah Biffen (1784–1850)". Journey into art. 7 June 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  7. ^ Chester, Laura (16 December 2019). "Biffin's powerful story recognised with £110,000 self-portrait". Antique Trades Gazette. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
  8. ^ Creathorne, Ellen (1876). English Female Artists. Vol. 1. Tinsley Brothers. pp. 395–7.
  9. ^ a b c Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1886). "Biffin, Sarah". Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 5. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 19.
  10. ^ a b c UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
  11. ^ a b c d Morley, Henry (1892). Memoirs of Bartholomew Fair (4th ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 364–8.
  12. ^ "Museum of Somerset buys self-portrait by Victorian artist Sarah Biffin". 18 February 2024. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
  13. ^ "Sarah Biffin: the celebrated nineteenth-century artist born without arms or legs | Art UK". artuk.org. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  14. ^ "Sarah Biffen — the limbless artisan". Human marvels. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2024.
  15. ^ "Sarah Biffin, Mrs E.M. Wright, 1784–1850. Artist (Self-portrait)". www.nationalgalleries.org. The National Galleries of Scotland. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
  16. ^ Jaleel, Gemma (23 January 2017). "Where to visit the graves of Liverpool's most famous people". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
  17. ^ "International | MFPA". The Mouth and Foot Painting Artists. Retrieved 8 November 2024.
  18. ^ "Sarah Biffin, Later Mrs Wright Self-Portrait Before Her Easel, Circa 1821". Sotheby's. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
  19. ^ "First show in 100 years of disabled Victorian artist Sarah Biffin opens in London". the Guardian. 31 October 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
  20. ^ https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp60194/sarah-biffin-beffin [bare URL]
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