Sarkis Torossian (Turkish: Sarkis Torosyan, also spelled Torosian, 1891 – August 17, 1954) was a decorated Ottoman Armenian captain who fought in the Gallipoli Campaign and according to his memoirs, was the first person to sink a British battleship.[1][2][3] After the Armenian genocide however, when most of his family was massacred, he switched sides and joined the fight against the Ottoman Empire.[2][3] He later moved to the United States where he wrote and published his memoirs, From Dardanelles to Palestine: a true story of five battle fronts of Turkey. The authenticity and accuracy of his memoirs have been debated by historians.[4][5] In anticipation of the publication of Torossian's memoirs in Turkey by Ayhan Aktar, Torosian's descendants were discovered by local historian Paul Vartan Sookiasian. From there, Taner Akçam interviewed Torossian's granddaughter who described her grandfather's life in detail.[6]
Sarkis Torossian | |
|---|---|
 Torossian as commander of Arab forces in Damascus during World War I | |
| Born | 1891 Everek (present-day: Develi), Ottoman Empire |
| Died | October 17, 1954 (aged 63) Bronx, New York, US |
| Resting place | Arlington Cemetery, Drexel Hill, Pennsylvania |
| Nationality | Ottoman |
| Military career | |
| Allegiance |  Ottoman Empire |
| Service | Ottoman Army |
| Years of service | 1914–1918 |
| Rank | Captain |
Life
editSarkis Torossian was born in the Armenian populated village of Everek (present-day: Develi) near Kayseri in 1891. He attended the local Armenian Parochial School. At an early age, Sarkis Torossian wanted to become a soldier, however Ottoman Turkish law forbade any non-Muslims to become soldiers until the Young Turk Revolution in 1908.[7] Torossian continued his education in Adrianople (Edirne) where he befriended an Arab named Muharrem whose father was a Brigadier General in Constantinople (Istanbul).[2] Through the help of Muharrem's father, Torossian was secured a position in the Military College and graduated in 1914 with the rank of Second Lieutenant of the Artillery.[2] During his frequent visits to Muharrem's father, Torossian began to develop a passion for his daughter (Muharrem's sister) Jemileh.[2]
Gallipoli Campaign
edit
Upon graduation from the military academy, Torossian was sent to Germany, to the Krupp's factory, where he remained for three months.[1] After the start of World War I, Torossian returned to Ottoman Empire where he was appointed to commander of Cape Helles.[1] Early in 1915 when the battle of Gallipoli Campaign was in its early stages, Torossian sunk the first British battleship.[clarification needed][2] In his memoirs, Sarkis Torossian claimed that he sunk a total of three English battlecruisers in the fighting between February 19 and March 18 as well as one submarine in April, which might possibly have been, according to him, HMS E15 of the British Royal Navy.[clarification needed][1] Cevat Pasha praised Torossian's efforts in the battle and pointed out that the forts under his command were the most effective in sinking British ships.[1][2] When Minister of War Enver Pasha heard of Torossian's deeds during the battle, he congratulated him and introduced him to high ranking German officers such as Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz and Liman von Sanders.[1] Enver Pasha also awarded Torossian with Osmanlı Devleti harp madalyası (Ottoman State War Medal).[8] In the morning of September 29, 1915, Torossian received word that Muharrem was critically injured during battle and rushed to see him. Just before Muharrem died, he made a confession about his sister Jemileh. According to Torossian's diary the confession is written in his diary as follows:[1][2]
During the Armenian massacres of 1896 my father was commander of an army brigade stationed near Mush. Even at that time he was deeply aggrieved over Turkish excesses in dealing with their Christian subjects. One day, while passing through an Armenian village, he picked up a little girl, hardly more than two years old, whom he found wandering aimlessly about the deserted streets. No trace of her parents was found, and out of pity, or love, or sorrow my father took her home with him. Eventually she was accepted into the family. My mother, however, objected to a cross tattooed on her upper left arm and applied an acid solution to destroy the Christian emblem; it left a queer shaped scar.
After hearing the confession, Muharrem had made it clear that he would like Torossian to marry his sister. Sarkis Torossian became engaged with Jemileh soon thereafter.[1]
Armenian Genocide
editDuring the initial stages of the Armenian Genocide when Armenians were forced to be deported, Sarkis Torossian received assurances from Enver Pasha that his family would not be deported.[1][9] However, the governor of the Kayseri province Salih Zeki Bey, ignored Enver Pasha's orders and continued with the deportation of Torossian's family.[9][10] Torossian's father Ohannes and mother Vartuhi were murdered and only his sister Bayzar survived.[9] To save his sister, Torossian went to Macedonia then Romania and finally to the Arabian deserts where he successfully found his sister in the Tel Halaf concentration camp.[1][2][9] Soon thereafter, however, both his sister Bayzar and Jemileh died from diseases.[1][2][9]
Jemileh happened to die in his arms and is quoted in the memoirs as saying, "I raised Jemileh in my arms, the pain and terror in her eyes melted until they were bright as stars again, stars in an oriental night...and so she died, as a dream passing".[1][3][11] Upon hearing the stories of his sister and having lost his father, mother, sister, and fiancée, Torossian vowed for "revenge" against the Turkish government.[1][2][3][9][10]
Arab Campaign
editIn September 1918, during the Battle of Nablus, Sarkis Torossian defected to the British and fought along with Arab rebels against the Ottoman Army.[3][9] In his memoirs, Torossian writes "I wanted to break the waist of the Turkish Army".[1][3][9] Sarkis Torossian soon led a platoon of Arab soldiers in Palestine and was in charge of 6,000 Arab horsemen in Damascus. For his bravery and leadership in Palestine, the British bestowed him with medals.[2]
French Armenian Legion
editThe French Armenian Legion was a foreign legion unit within French Army. The Armenian legion was established under the goals of the Armenian national liberation movement and was an armed unit besides the Armenian volunteer units and Armenian militia during World War I and later the Franco-Turkish War which fought against the Ottoman Empire. Sarkis Torossian used the opportunity of the French Armenian Legions to fight against the Turkish army.[11] The Turkish guerrillas under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal forces pushed back much of the French and Armenian forces in Cilicia and gain control of the region. Torossian suspected, as he noted in his diary, that the French forces gave weapons and ammunition to the Kemalists to allow the French army safe passage out of Cilicia.[11] Having felt betrayed, Torossian emigrated to the United States where he met his relatives. The French however decorated Torossian with medals as well.[2]
Later life in America
editSarkis Torossian settled in Philadelphia. In 1927, he published his memoirs in Boston called From Dardanelles to Palestine: a true story of five battle fronts of Turkey which describes his life and achievements in detail. His memoir has been used by historians to further analyze and research about World War I and the Armenian genocide. Sarkis Torossian died on October 17, 1954, in Bronx, New York at the age of 63 and is buried at the Arlington Cemetery in Drexel Hill, Pennsylvania.
Legacy
editAccording to author Ayhan Aktar, who edited and published Torossian's memoirs into Turkish, the Turkish official history erased Torossian's name from records and ignored his successes in the Gallipoli Campaign due to his Armenian origin.[3][10]
See also
edit- Seferyan Efendi, Ottoman Armenian physician
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Torossian, Sarkis (1947). From Dardanelles to Palestine: a true story of five battle fronts of Turkey and her allies and a harem romance. Boston: Meador Pub. Co. p. 219.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Sarkis Torossian: an Armenian hero of Dardanelle". Armenian Genocide Museum. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f g Aktar, Ayhan (2012). Yüzbaşı Sarkis Torosyan – Çanakkale'den Filistin Cephesi'ne (in Turkish). Istanbul: İletişim Yayınları. Archived from the original on 30 March 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
- ^ "Sarkis Torossian Debate". Taner Akçam. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
- ^ Cora, Yaşar Tolga (2017). "Cora on Cheterian, 'Open Wounds: Armenians, Turks, and a Century of Genocide'". H-Nationalism.
a historian may find troublesome the inclusion of the memoirs of Captain Torossian, which aroused great debate within academic circles in Turkey (mostly among scholars who recognize the genocide)
- ^ "O kitapta sadece dedemin savaşta yaşadıkları var". Radikal. June 1, 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
- ^ Pierce, James Wilson (1896). James Wilson Pierce (ed.). Story of Turkey and Armenia. R.H. Woodward Company. p. 26.
Indeed, the government goes so far as to prohibit Armenians from possessing arms of any kind.
- ^ Akçam, Taner (June 1, 2013). "O kitapta sadece dedemin savaşta yaşadıkları var". Radikal (in Turkish). Retrieved 2 February 2013.
Romanya toprağının işgali kararı üzerine taarruz eden müttefik ordularımıza iltihâkı için tayin olunan 51. Fırka olup mezkûr fırka Sahra Topçu Alayı 1. Tabur Kumandanlığı'na tayin olunan kolordumuzun 46. fırka sahra topçu alayının gözlem subayı Yüzbaşı Serkis Bey mezkûr Romanya cephesinin harp meydanında cesaret ve fedâkârâne harp ederek, [...] yaralandığı halde tekrar vazifesi başında bulunarak [...] müttefik ordularımızın ileri doğru taarruz hareketlerine kolaylık göstermiş olduğundan Alamanya, Avusturya ve Bulgar hükümetlerinin harp madalyasına nâil edilmiş olmakla keza Osmanlı Devleti harp madalyasından 'Osmaniye' nişanına da nâil olmuş olmakla işbu tasdikname [kendisine] verildi.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Çanakkale'nin unutturulan kahramanı Sarkis Torosyan". Agos (in Turkish). August 10, 2012. Archived from the original on 7 November 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
- ^ a b c "Torosyan neden ihanet etti?". Radikal (in Turkish). 2012-08-17. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
- ^ a b c "Robert Fisk: The forgotten holocaust". The Independent. 28 August 2007. Retrieved 3 January 2013.