Totora (Schoenoplectus californicus subsp. tatora) is a subspecies of the giant bulrush sedge. It is found in South America, notably on Lake Titicaca, the middle coast of Peru and on Easter Island in the Pacific Ocean. The genus Schoenoplectus is closely related to Scirpus and sometimes included therein. This plant can reach a height of 6 m (20 ft) and commonly reaches 4 m (13 ft).[1] The word totora comes from the Quechua language.[2]
| Totora | |
|---|---|
| |
| Totora flower | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Clade: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Cyperaceae |
| Genus: | Schoenoplectus |
| Species: | |
| Subspecies: | S. c. subsp. tatora
|
| Trinomial name | |
| Schoenoplectus californicus subsp. tatora | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
The people of the mid-coast region of Peru have used totora to build their caballitos de totora, small rowed and straddled fishing vessels, for at least 3,000 years.[3] The Uru people, an indigenous people predating the Inca civilisation, live on Lake Titicaca upon floating islands fashioned from this plant. The Uru people also use the totora plant to make boats (balsas) of the bundled dried plant reeds.[4] In Titicaca, it commonly grows at a water depth of 2.5–3 m (8.2–9.8 ft) but occurs less frequently as deep as 5.5 m (18 ft).[1]
The Rapa Nui people of Easter Island used totora reeds – locally known as nga'atu – for thatching and to make pora (swimming aids). These are used for recreation, and were formerly employed by hopu (clan champions) to reach offshore Motu Nui in the tangata manu (bird-man) competition.[5] How the plant arrived on the island is not clear; Thor Heyerdahl argued that it had been brought by prehistoric Peruvians, but it is at least as likely to have been brought by birds.[6] Recent work indicates that totora has been growing on Easter Island for at least 30,000 years, which is well before humans arrived on the island.[7][8]
References
edit- ^ a b Iltis, A., and P. Mourguiart (1992). Higher Plants: Distribution and biomass. Pp. 242-253 in: Dejoux, C., eds. (1992). Lake Titicaca: a synthesis of limnological knowledge. ISBN 0-7923-1663-0
- ^ "tutura - Quechua-Español Diccionario". Glosbe. Retrieved 2019-08-05.
- ^ "Caballitos de Totora: What to Know About the 3,000-Year-Old Tradition Dying on the Shores of Huanchaco, Peru". Culture Trip. 28 November 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Online: Lake Titicaca. Retrieved 12 July 2007.
- ^ "I Am Birdman, Hear Me Roar". Men's Journal. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
- ^ Heiser, Charles "The Totora ( Scirpus Californicus ) in Ecuador and Peru " Economic Botany Volume 32, Number 3 / July, 1978 [1]
- ^ Fischer, Steven R. Drought, vegetation change, and human history on Rapa Nui Reaktion Books, 2005 ISBN 978-1-86189-245-4 pp. 7-8 [2]
- ^ Easter Island Foundation Frequently Asked Questions Archived 2006-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
Further reading
edit- Henri J. Dumont; Christine Cocquyt; Michel Fontugne; Maurice Arnold; Jean-Louis Reyss; Jan Bloemendal; Frank Oldfield; Cees L. M. Steenbergen; Henk J. Korthals; Barbara A. Zeeb (1998). "The end of moai quarrying and its effect on Lake Rano Raraku, Easter Island". Journal of Paleolimnology. 20 (4): 409–422. Bibcode:1998JPall..20..409D. doi:10.1023/A:1008012720960. S2CID 127071479.