Wikipedia

School bullying

(Redirected from School Bully)
This article is about student-related bullying at school. For teacher-related bullying at school, see Bullying in teaching.

School bullying, like bullying outside the school context, refers to one or more perpetrators who have greater physical strength or more social power than their victim and who repeatedly act aggressively toward their victim.[2][3] Bullying can be verbal or physical.[2][3] Bullying, with its ongoing character, is distinct from one-off types of peer conflict.[4] Different types of school bullying include ongoing physical, emotional, and/or verbal aggression. Cyberbullying and sexual bullying are also types of bullying. Bullying even exists in higher education. There are warning signs that suggest that a child is being bullied, a child is acting as a bully, or a child has witnessed bullying at school.[5][6]

Bullying, one form of which is depicted in this staged photograph, is detrimental to students' well-being and development.[1]

The cost of school violence is significant across many nations but there are educational leaders who have had success in reducing school bullying by implementing certain strategies. Some strategies used to reduce or prevent school bullying include educating the students about bullying, restricting of recording devices in the classroom, employing security technology, and hiring school safety officers. How schools respond to bullying, however, varies widely. Effects on the victims of school bullying include feelings of depression, anxiety, anger, stress, helplessness, and reduced school performance[7][8] Empirical research by Sameer Hinduja and Justin Patchin involving a national sample of US youth have found that some victims of school bullying have attempted to commit suicide.[9]

This behavior is not a one-off episode; it must be repetitive and habitual to be considered bullying.[2][3] Students who are LGBTQIA+, have parents of lower educational levels, are thought to be provocative, are perceived to be vulnerable, or are atypical or considered outsiders are at higher risk of being victimized by bullies.[10][11][12][13] Baron (1977) defined such "aggressive behaviour as behaviour that is directed towards the goal of harming or injuring another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment".[14]

Historically, Thomas Hughes's 1857 novel Tom Brown's School Days details intensive school bullying, but the first major scholarly journal article to address school bullying appears to have been written in 1897.[15] Research in school bullying has dramatically expanded over time, rising from 62 citations in the 90 years between 1900 and 1990, to 562 in the 4 years between 2000 and 2004.[16] Since 2004, research on school bullying has mushroomed. A 2022 South Korean TV series The Glory drew renewed attention to the phenomenon.[17][18]

Criteria

edit

Bullying is a subcategory of aggressive behavior that is characterised by hostile intent (the harm caused is deliberate), imbalance of power (real or perceived power inequality between bully and victim), and repetition over a period of time.[19][20][21] More ordinary types of student-student conflicts, which are sometimes part of everyday school life, are not associated with an imbalance of power. In contrast to more ordinary conflicts, school bullying can severely harm victimized students.[22]

 
Difference between normal peer conflicts and bullying victimization and implications for teachers[23]

Power imbalance

edit

By definition, bullying involves an imbalance of power.[24] A bully has power over another student because of factors such as size, gender, age, standing among peers, and/or assistance by other students.[25][26] Among boys, bullying tends to involve differences in strength; among girls bullying is more focused on differences in physical appearance, emotional life, and/or academic status.[27]

Some bullies target peers with physical impairments, such as speech impediments (e.g., stuttering). Many stutterers experience some degree of bullying, harassment, or ridicule from peers and, sometimes, teachers.[28]

Warning signs

edit

Signs that a child is being bullied may include:

Signs that a child is bullying others may include:

  • Getting into physical or verbal fights,
  • Getting sent to the principal's office frequently
  • Having friends who bully others, and being problematic
  • Becoming increasingly aggressive in normal activities.[5][6]

Signs that a child has witnessed bullying include:

  • Poor school behavior,
  • Emotional disturbance,
  • Depression,
  • Post-traumatic stress,
  • Drug and alcohol abuse, and
  • Suicidal ideation.[5][6]

Control of bullying

edit

There are two main methods employed in controlling bullying: Prevention (acting before something happens) or reaction (acting when something is happening or has just happened).

Preventative solutions may include:

  • Education: The education of students, parents, and teachers as to what constitutes bullying may help people understand the harmful nature of bullying. Teachers, school bus drivers, and other school professionals are taught how and when to intervene.[29][30][31] Examples of activities used to teach students about bullying include: presentations, role-play, discussions about identifying and reporting bullying, teaching bystanders how and when to help, use of arts and crafts to build understanding of the effects of bullying, and classroom meetings to talk about peer relations.[32] A systematic review found that bullying is an indicator for later criminal behaviour, regardless of other major childhood risk factors, suggesting that anti-bullying programmes may be viewed as a form of early crime prevention.[33]
  • Restrictions on recording devices: It has been suggested that the use of mobile phones can lead to an increase in cyberbullying, which is why some schools have banned them throughout the school day.[34]
  • Security technologies: Schools may opt to install video cameras to monitor behaviour. However, skeptics argue that cameras may invade the students' privacy, especially if lax restrictions on the longevity of, and access to, the recordings leads to their misuse.[35]
  • Guards in the school: Schools may choose to employ internal security guards or watchmen[36] to ensure the students' safety. Experts believe that the use of security guards inside the schools may assist in reducing incidents of bullying as the guards get to know the students and who may then be able to predict and prevent issues before they arise.[37][38]

The recommended reactions to cases of bullying are manifold, and various methods may be called for, depending on the type of bullying, and the people who are involved.[citation needed] Some suggestions for appropriate reaction are:

  • Avoid rigid confrontations: It is recommended that bullies not be met with physical violence, to avoid contributing to promoting the apparition of violent environments in society.[39]
  • Reports of the witnesses: Witnesses, whether known to the victim or not, are an important source of information in cases of bullying. It is recommended that anonymity be maintained where possible.[40]
  • Intervention by a bystander: It is recommended that bystanders, and other third persons, avoid intervening in a conflict situation, due to their potential to aggravate the situation.[41]
  • Parental response: Experts advise that involved parents avoid talking directly to each other. Instead it is recommended to contact the school and allow the appropriate school personnel to take action, assume responsibility, and act as a mediator.[42]
  • Teacher response: Teacher interventions are considered important in many anti-bullying programs. In many countries teachers have a legal obligation to prevent their students from harm. Teachers can intervene by using authority-based interventions, by using non-punitive approaches to bullying, by supporting victims, and by involving other teachers or professionals.[19] Some other teacher interventions have been found to be helpful in reducing bullying. These interventions include clearly pointing out boundaries, making it clear that the behavior exhibited is not acceptable, and involving school principals. Discussing school bullying and the associated negative consequences with the entire class has also been found to be helpful in reducing bullying.[43]
  • Suspension and Expulsion: Where no other solution for bullying is working, or in cases where the bullying is very severe, it may be necessary to suspend or expel the offender.[citation needed] Severe measures such as detention, expulsion, and suspension could however also have iatrogenic effects and increase aggression.[44]
  • Moving: In cases that are more difficult to solve, the victim may consider a change of institution or even moving with his or her family to another location.[45]
  • Psychosocial support: After the bullying ends, victims of bullying may require support, such as help with making new friends and/or taking up new activities.[46]

Types of bullying

edit

There are a number of ways in which school bullying takes place. These include verbal, physical, psychological, cyber, and sexual bullying. Direct bullying refers to an open physical or verbal attack on a victim.[47] Indirect bullying is more subtle and harder to detect, but involves one or more forms of relational aggression, including social isolation via intentional exclusion, spreading rumors to defame the target's character or reputation, making faces or obscene gestures behind the target's back, and manipulating friendships or other relationships.[47] Pack bullying is bullying undertaken by a group. There is evidence that pack bullying was more common in high schools than in lower grades and lasts longer than bullying undertaken by individuals.[48]

 
A female bully, portrayed in the 1917 silent film Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm

Physical

edit
See also: Physical abuse

Physical bullying is any unwanted physical contact between the bully and the victim. This is one of the most easily identifiable forms of bullying. Examples include:[49][50] fighting, hazing, headlocks, inappropriate touching, kicking, pinching, poking, hair pulling, punching, pushing, slapping, spitting, stalking, or making unwanted and persistent eye contact with a victim, spilling liquids onto a victim, throwing small and lightweight objects at a victim, teasing, threatening, tickling, using weapons including improvised ones, theft and/or damaging of personal belongings.

Emotional

edit
See also: Psychological abuse

Emotional bullying is any form of bullying that causes damage to a victim's psyche and/or emotional well-being. Examples include:[49][50] spreading malicious rumors about people, "ganging up" on others (this could also be considered physical bullying), ignoring people (e.g. the silent treatment or pretending the victim is non-existent), provoking others, belittling or saying hurtful things (which are also forms of verbal bullying).[51]

Verbal

edit
See also: Verbal abuse

Verbal bullying are slanderous statements or accusations that cause the victim undue emotional distress. Examples include:[50] foul language or (profanity) directed at the victim; using derogatory terms or deriding the person's name; commenting negatively on someone's looks, clothes, body, etc., (personal abuse); tormenting, harassing, mocking and belittling,[51] threatening to cause harm,[52] taunting,[52] teasing,[52] and making inappropriate sexual comments.[52]

Cyberbullying

edit
See also: Cyberbullying

Coupled with the increasing use of computers and the internet, the use of such technology and social media has moved some bullying from the schoolyard to the internet.[53] According to the website Stop Cyberbullying, schools experience difficulties in controlling off-campus bullying due to the perception that their role stops at the gates of the schoolyard. Schools are under pressure to not exceed their authority and to avoid violating students' right to free speech.[54] Suggestions have been made that principals act to include cyberbullying in their code of ethics, allowing disciplining of bullying outside of school facilities and according to Professor Bernard James, "the timidity of educators in this context of emerging technology is working in the advantage of the bullies."[55] Educators do appear to have support from the students. For example, three high school students from Melville, New York, organized a Bullying Awareness Walk, where several hundred people turned out to show their support.[56]

Researcher Charisse Nixon found that students do not reach out for help with cyberbullying for four main reasons:

  • They do not feel connected to the adults around them
  • The students do not see cyberbullying as an issue that is worth bringing forward
  • They do not feel the surrounding adults have the ability to properly deal with the cyberbullying
  • The teenagers have increased feelings of shame and humiliation regarding the cyberbullying.[57]

Research suggests that cyberbullying is sometimes an extension of bullying already taking place elsewhere. [58] Students who are cyberbullied have, in many cases, also been bullied in other ways before (e.g., physically or verbally at school). There are few students who are bullied exclusively over the Internet. Some cyber victims are physically stronger than cyber bullies, which leads these bullies to prefer online confrontations to face-to-face contact.[59]

Sexual

edit
Main article: Sexual bullying

Sexual bullying is "any bullying behaviour, whether physical or non-physical, that is based on a person's sexuality or gender."[60] A BBC Panorama questionnaire aimed at English teens aged 11 to 19 found that, of the 273 respondents, 28 had been forced to do something sexual, 31 had seen it happen to someone else, and 40 had experienced unwanted touching.[61] U.K. government figures show that in the 2007–2008 school year, there were 3,450 fixed-period exclusions and 120 expulsions from schools in England due to sexual misconduct.[62] This included incidents such as groping and using sexually insulting language. From April 2008 to March 2009, ChildLine counselled a total of 156,729 children, 26,134 of whom spoke about bullying as a main concern and 300 of whom spoke specifically about sexual bullying.[63] Sexting cases are also on the rise and have become a major source of bullying and the circulation of explicit photos of those involved, either around school or on the internet, put the originators in a position to be scorned and bullied.[64]

Bullying in higher education

edit

About 15 percent[where?] of college students claim to have been victims of bullying.[65] The misconception that bullying does not occur in higher education began to receive attention after the suicide of college student Tyler Clementi. According to a recent study, around 21.5% of college students reported rarely being victims of cyberbullying while around 93.3% of students said they rarely bullied others.[66]

Bullying at private schools

edit

A 2020 report in the United Kingdom based on data from the Twins Early Development Study, a sample of twins born between 1994 and 1996 found that private school students were fifteen percent more likely to experience bullying during secondary school (ages eleven through sixteen). [67]

Some of the British boarding schools have become known for bullying as described in a 2019 article in the Guardian [68] as places where students were sent as young as six and the founders of the school thought emotional hardship made students tough when in fact it caused damage known as “boarding school syndrome”.[69] The writer meets with his bully in their thirties who apologizes and explains that the bully was also being sexually abused by teachers and senior boys and he took it out on younger students. The political leaders in Britain inevitably came from these schools before they went to Oxford or Cambridge and two Guardian writers attribute issues with British society to these early experiences.

The 2021 USA Today article "Bullying in Private Schools" [70] states that it is hard to say whether private or public schools have worse bullying issues in the United States. A bullying expert Dewey Cornell states in the article, "“In practice, bullying occurs everywhere, and it is a question of whether school authorities recognize the problem and make a concerted effort to respond to it or ignore it.”

In the U.S. independent (private) schools, the administration has the parents as their main customer as opposed to the public schools that serve the larger society, as Paul Tough illustrates in the 2011 New York Times Magazine article “What if failure is the key to success?” [71]

The private schools also have more autonomy on deciding how to handle bullying where public schools in most states are governed by state law that regulate responses including investigation and require efforts to stop the spread, according to a 2023 New York Times article, “After student’s suicide, elite school says it fell ’tragically short.’ [72]

The article describes the $76,000-year boarding school Lawrenceville in New Jersey where 17-year-old Jack Reid killed himself after a persistent false rumor was spread that he was a rapist and the school failed in their duty of care to him both to correct the rumor and to be available to him the night he killed himself. This is a rare admission of guilt [73] following a settlement with Reid’s family. [74][75]

The Latin School of Chicago in 2022 had to create new anti-bullying plans after a 15-year-old committed suicide. [76] The students family filed a lawsuit against the school stating that the school ignored the bullying harm done to their son. [77][78]

This is the same private school that in 2020 along with many other schools nationwide had alumni accuse the school of racist bullying during their time at the school through an Instagram page Latin Survivors.[79] [80]

Another difference with private schools in the U.S. is that overall they do not have to follow the First Amendment or its hate speech provisions although some states have different laws. [81] [82]

Girl-on-girl bullying

edit

In 2002, “Odd Girl Out: The Hidden Aggression in Girls” by Rachel Simmons [83] broke ground in addressing girl-on-girl bullying where girls fight with “body language and relationships instead of fists and knives.” She described a culture, most prevalent between ages 10 and 14, where friendship become weapons and girls turn on each other causing great harm to the target.

Simmons research was tailored mostly to white, affluent girls and their alternative aggressions. This covert aggression is often hard for educators to identify and often was attributed to lack of social skills by the target. There was a code of silence around it for girls who if bullied were deeply humiliated and tended to blame themselves. Simmons argues that the cultural of femininity doesn’t allow for girls to have open conflict the way boys do. She also looked at how bullying could infect close female friendships and become emotional abuse.

The 2004 Mean Girls film[84] was based on another seminal 2002 work by Rosalind Wiseman, “Queen Bees and Wannabe: Helping Your Daughter Survive Cliques, Gossip, Boyfriends, and the New Realities of Girl World.” [85] [86] This book delves more into all-girls cliques in adolescence as a guide for parents. She and Simmons emphasize that the damage done by adolescent bullying can last into adulthood and have long-term consequences. Wiseman describes a school reality where often the adults don’t get it.[87]

Wiseman divides adolescent cliques into types including the Queen Bee (who wields power over the clique and school), the Sidekick (number two who backs up the Queen Bee), Floaters (don’t belong to one group), Torn bystanders (often too scared to intervene) and Targets (victim of bullying).[88]

As the damage of bullying in adolescence gets understood more than it was in the early aughts, many now understand bullying causes long-term chronic damage. There’s also attention on how mothers can replicate the same roles and keep bullying cyclical.

In the 2009 piece "Examining the Invisibility of Girl-to-girl Bullying in Schools: A Call to Action,”[89] Susan SooHoo, professor of education at Chapman University, describes how often girl-to-girl bullying can be ignored by teachers. She describes "dehumanizing rituals and practices, passed on from mother to daughter" and how the "othering" bullying by females can continue into adulthood.

She defines girl-to-girl bullying as psychological warfare that uses, among other things, exclusion and relational aggression in a form of abuse intended to cause harm.

At independent and boarding all-girls schools, alumnae can also support girl-on-girl bullying. Miss Porter's school in Farmington, Connecticut was infamous when there was a "mean girls lawsuit" covered in Vanity Fair and one key aspect is that alumnae moms would encourage the bullying on campus by a sanctioned group of older girls.[90] The Mean Girls film was also planned to be made into a sequel around 2015 called Mean Moms that would have starred Jennifer Aniston but is on hiatus.[91]

Characteristics of bullies

edit

Several main categories of bullying have been identified. Coloroso noted that some bullies need to feel superior to others (the "confident bully"). Bullies with low self-esteem often try to bring others down (the "social bully"). Other bullies appear tough but are cowardly; they tend to want to be seen as tough (the "fully armored bully").[92]

Other factors associated with being a bully is lower school performance and higher self-esteem.[59]

Additional information about bullying in school

edit

Bullying victims display a variety of defining characteristics, including emotional and physical behaviors. Increased susceptibility stands out as one prominent feature. Bullying frequently targets those who, for various reasons, may believe they are defenseless, different, or weak. Being introverted and feeling alone, they just avoid social situations at all costs. Because of this vulnerability, victims of bullying are more likely to experience anxiety, fear, and low self-esteem.[8] In an effort to deal with the stress brought on by bullying, victims could isolate themselves, withdraw socially, or have a hard time forming relationships.

The worsening of mental health is another trait of bullied individuals. A variety of emotional problems, including sadness, anxiety, and even post-traumatic stress disorder, can result from persistent teasing and bullying. They are lonely and easily distracted especially in school. The stress and distraction brought on by bullying may also cause victims to do worse academically.[8] The serious effects of bullying on a person's mental health are highlighted by the fact that some victims may turn to self-harm or even consider suicide as a means of escaping the suffering.

In conclusion, understanding the characteristics of bullying victims is essential for the prevention and intervention of bullying. By recognizing and addressing these traits, educators, parents, and society as a whole can work together to create a safer and more supportive environment for all individuals, reducing the prevalence and impact of bullying. Empowering victims, fostering empathy, and implementing anti-bullying programs are steps in the right direction to combat this pervasive issue.[93]

Characteristics of victims

edit

Victims of bullying tend to be physically smaller, more sensitive, unhappy, cautious, anxious, quiet, and withdrawn.[94] They are sometimes characterized as passive or submissive and might use self-deprecating or self-defeating humor styles.[95] Possessing these qualities makes these individuals vulnerable, as they are seen as being less likely to retaliate.[96]

Another risk factor for becoming a victim is low self-esteem; however, low self-esteem can also be a consequence of having been bullied.[59][97][98][99][100] Victims of cyberbullying, on the other hand, may not have lower scores than uninvolved students but might have higher body-related self-esteem than both victims of traditional bullying and bullies.[59]

Locations and contexts

edit

Bullying locations vary. Most bullying in elementary school happens on the playground. In middle school and high school, it occurs most often in hallways, which have little supervision. According to the U.S Department of Education's National Center for Education Statistics, more than 47% of victims report being bullied in hallways and stairways.[101] Bus stops and bus rides to and from school can also be sites of bullying; children tend to view the driver as someone with no disciplinary authority.[102]

Roles

edit

McNamee and Mercurio state that there is a "bullying triangle," consisting of the person doing the bullying, the victim, and the bystander.[103] Conversely, the US Department of Health and Human Services divides the participants into 7 actors, consisting of the initial "triangle" plus those who assist, those who reinforce the actions of the bully, those who aren't involved but witness the bullying ("outsiders"), and those who come to the assistance of the victim after the fact ("defenders").[5]

Complex cultural dynamics

edit

School bullying might not end with interaction between students; other dynamics may be visible within a school. Students may bully each other or others (teachers, staff, parents), but the students may also experience bullying from teachers or staff. These dynamics may also be in play between staff and teachers, parents and teachers, or any other combination thereof.[104][105]

Effects

edit

As a result of bullying, victims may feel depressed, anxious, angry, stressed, helpless, out of control, and may experience a significant drop in school performance, or, in rare cases, commit suicide (bullycide).[106] They tend to feel more lonely and have difficulties adjusting to school. Over the long term, they may feel insecure, lack trust, exhibit extreme sensitivity or hypervigilance, develop mental illnesses such as avoidant personality disorder or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or develop other health challenges.[59]

Victims of bullying may also desire revenge, sometimes leading them to torment others in return[107] or retaliate against their bullies with force.[108] A notable example of the latter was in 2011, when an Australian teenager named Casey Heynes became a viral sensation after throwing to the ground a bully who was punching him, which prompted both widespread public support for Heynes[109][110] and the concern of some experts.[111][112]

Anxiety, depression, and psychosomatic symptoms are common among both bullies and their victims.[8] Alcohol and substance abuse are at risk for developing later in life.[113] People suffering from depression often feel better when they talk to others about their lives; victims of bullying, however, may be reluctant to talk to others about their feelings because they fear being bullied for doing so, which can, in turn, worsen their depression.[114] According to Mental Health America, more than 10% of young people exhibit symptoms of depression strong enough to severely undermine their ability to function at school, at home, or whilst managing relationships.[115]

In the short term, bystanders who witnesses bullying may experience anger, fear, guilt, and sadness. If they are witness to regular episodes of bullying, they may begin to exhibit the same symptoms as the victims themselves.[47]

While most bullies, in the long term, grow up to be emotionally functional adults, many have an increased risk of developing antisocial personality disorder, which is linked to an increased risk of committing criminal acts (including domestic violence).[116] Bullies have been shown to have higher levels of loneliness and lower levels of adjustment to school.[59]

Educational quality and outcomes

edit

The educational effects on victims of school violence and bullying are significant. Violence and bullying at the hands of students may make the victims afraid to go to school and interfere with their ability to concentrate in class or participate in school activities.[117] It can also have similar effects on bystanders. Bullied students may miss classes, avoid school activities, skip school, or drop out of school altogether. Bullied students may also have lower grades, greater academic difficulties, and be less likely to anticipate going on to higher education.[118][8] International analyses highlight the impact of bullying on learning outcomes, showing that bullying is related to lower achievement.[119][117] Further, unsafe learning environments create a climate of fear and insecurity and a perception that teachers do not have control or do not care about the students, which reduces the quality of education for all.[117]

Social and economic costs

edit

The 2006 UN World Report on Violence Against Children shows that victims of corporal punishment, both at school and at home, may develop into adults who are passive and over-cautious or aggressive. Being bullied is also linked to a heightened risk of eating disorders and social and relationship difficulties.[117] A 1958 study of children born in England, Scotland, and Wales looked at 7,771 children who had been bullied at ages 7 and 11 and found that by age 50, those who had been bullied as children were less likely to have obtained school qualifications and were less likely to live with a spouse or partner or to have adequate social support. These victims also scored lower in tests designed to measure cognitive IQ and were more likely to report that they had poor health.[120]

The economic impact of violence against children and adolescents is substantial.[121] Youth violence in Brazil alone is estimated to cost nearly US$19 billion every year, of which US$943 million can be linked to violence in schools, while the estimated cost to the economy in the USA is US$7.9 billion a year.[122][117] Studies show that school-related gender-based violence alone can be associated with the loss of one primary grade of schooling, which translates to an annual cost of around US$17 billion to low- and middle-income countries.[123][117] In Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, and Nigeria it is estimated that US$974 million, US$301 million, and US$1,662 million respectively are lost due to failures in the equal education of girls and boys, with violence in school listed as one of the key factors contributing to the under-representation of girls in education.[124][125][117] In Argentina, the cost of early dropping out is estimated to be 11.4% of GDP, and in Egypt, nearly 7% of potential earnings is lost as a result of the number of children dropping out of school.[117] It is not clear how much of these preceding losses may be attributable to school bullying.

Statistics

edit
 
Percentage of boys and girls who experienced bullying in the past 12 months

According to the American Psychological Association, "40% to 80% of school-age children experience bullying at some point during their school careers."[126] Various studies show that students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds and students with disabilities experience bullying more often than other students.[127][128]

Victims

edit
  • Statistics show that in the U.S. school system 1 in 3 children are affected by bullying in their lifetime, and 30% report being involved in some manner.[129]
  • In a 1997 study of five Seattle high schools, students recorded their peers' hallway and classroom conversations. It was discovered that the average high school student hears about 25 anti-gay remarks a day.[130]
  • U.S. students who are homosexual, bisexual, or transgender are five times as likely to miss school because they feel unsafe after being bullied due to their sexual orientation or gender identity.[131]
  • According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the percentage of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students who did not go to school at least one day during the 30 days preceding the survey, due to safety concerns, ranged from 11% to 30% for gay and lesbian students and 12% to 25% for bisexual students.[132]
  • 61.1% of LGBTQIA+ middle- or high-school students were more likely than their non-LGBTQIA+ peers to feel unsafe or uncomfortable as a result of their sexual orientation.[132]
  • In the United States, a 2013 nationwide survey indicated that 20% of high school students were bullied on school property in the past year, 15% of the students were bullied electronically, and 8% of students ages 12–18 reported ongoing bullying on a weekly basis.[133]
  • According to the journal of Evolutionary Psychological Science, victims of bullying are more likely to be sexually inactive compared to bullies.[134]
  • In a Canadian study that surveyed 2,186 students across 33 middle and high schools, 49.5% reported being bullied online in the previous three months. 33.7% of the sample reported being the perpetrator of cyberbullying.[135]
  • At least 1 in 3 adolescent students in Canada has reported being bullied.[136]
  • 47% of Canadian parents report having a child who is a victim of bullying.[136]
  • The most common form of cyberbullying involved receiving threatening or aggressive emails or instant messages, reported by 73% of Canadian victims.[136]
  • A nationwide survey conducted by Trinity College Dublin, of bullying in first- and second-level schools in Ireland, estimates that some 31% of primary and 16% of secondary students have been bullied at some time.[137]
  • In a study of 32 Dutch elementary schools, 16.2% of the 2,766 participating children reported being bullied regularly (at least several times a month).[138]

Statistics referencing the prevalence of bullying in schools may be inaccurate and tend to fluctuate. In a U.S. study of 5,621 students ages 12–18, 64% of the students had experienced bullying and did not report it.[139]

Bullies

edit
  • In a 2005 survey, 3,708,284 students reported being a perpetrator of bullying in the U.S. school system.[129]
  • Studies have shown bullies report having more friends than children who are victims.[140]
  • Bullying behavior in perpetrators is shown to decrease with age.[141]
  • Developmental research suggests bullies are often morally disengaged and use egocentric reasoning strategies.[142]
  • Bullies often come from families that use physical forms of discipline.[96] Adolescents who experience violence or aggression in the home, or are influenced by negative peer relationships, are more likely to bully. This suggests that positive social relationships reduce the likelihood of bullying.[143]
  • Bullies may show signs of mental health disorders. This trend is most evident in adolescents diagnosed with depression, anxiety, or ADHD.[144]
  • Poor theory of mind is associated with bullying.[145]
  • Up to 25% of students may encourage bullying, and more than 50% will not intervene in bullying situations.[146]
  • A study by Lisa Garby shows that 60% of bullies in middle school will have at least one criminal conviction by the age of 24.[147]
  • 10.6% of surveyed children said they sometimes bullied other children (moderate bullying), 8.8% said they had bullied others once a week or more (frequent bullying), and 13% said they had engaged in moderate or frequent bullying of others. 6.3% had experienced bullying and also been a bully.[148]

School shootings

edit
Main article: School shooting

Although research suggests that there might be a weak association between school bullying and school shootings,[149] there is some evidence that having been a victim of school bullying is related to increased risk of a school shootings.[150] The media have portrayed some individuals, such as Charles Andrew Williams, Eric Hainstock, Seung-Hui Cho, Luke Woodham, Michael Carneal, Wellington Menezes Oliveira, Karl Pierson, Jose Reyes, and Jeff Weise, as having experienced bullying and then becoming school shooters. However, research suggests that the vast majority of individuals who have been victims of bullying do not become school shooters.[151][152][153][149]

Institutional prevention

edit

Studies have shown that bullying programs set up in schools with the engagement of staff and faculty have been shown to reduce peer victimization and bullying.[154] Incidents of bullying are noticeably reduced when the students themselves disapprove of bullying.[155] Classroom activities where students reflect on bullying decrease the cases of bullying while increasing the communication between students and school staff.[156]

The current literature shows that school-based anti-bullying programs are also effective in reducing bullying perpetration and bullying victimization by ~15%, based on moderate-quality evidence.[157] However, as there is variation in the effectiveness of anti-bullying programs, further research is required to identify specific programmatic features that make programs effective.[157] A 2019 study found that school-based anti-bullying programs may lower the incidence of bullying by as much as 25%.[158]

Measures such as instituting zero tolerance for fighting or placing troubled students in the same group or classroom are actually ineffective in reducing bullying. Methods that are effective include increasing empathy for victims; adopting a program that includes teachers, students, and parents; and having students lead anti-bullying efforts.[159] Success is most associated with beginning interventions at an early age, constantly evaluating programs for effectiveness, and having some students take online classes to avoid bullies at school.[160] Another way to help victims is to provide peer support.[161] Peer support can help a victim improve his or her school performance.[161]

Effective national responses

edit

Based on UNESCO case studies of six countries that have succeeded in reducing school violence and bullying (Eswatini, Italy, Jamaica, Lebanon, Republic of Korea and Uruguay) as well as two countries that have maintained low levels over time (the Netherlands and Sweden), there are a number of factors that contribute to effective national responses.[162]

Factors that contribute to effective national responses include:[162]

  • Political leadership and high-level commitment, together with a robust legal and policy framework that addresses violence against children and school violence and bullying. Many successful countries also have an emphasis in national policies that promote a safe learning environment, a positive school and classroom climate, and a strong commitment to child rights and empowerment.[162]
  • Collaboration and partnerships. At the national level, this includes partnerships between the education sector and other sector ministries, civil society organizations, academic institutions, professional associations, and the media. At the school level, it includes partnerships involving all stakeholders in the school community, including head teachers, teachers, other staff, parents and students, local authorities, and professionals in other sectors. More specifically, the involvement of all students, including bystanders, and the use of peer approaches, have been a key factor in countries that have made the most progress.[162]
  • Evidence-based approaches, informed by accurate and comprehensive data and systematic evaluation of the effectiveness of existing programmes. Effective systems for routine reporting and monitoring of school violence and bullying and rigorous evaluation of the impact of programmes and interventions are critical.[162] Bullying prevention programs that reach parents through trainings and material sent home, as well as role-playing scenarios that students can work through, have been found as relevant components to reduce the problem behavior according to research from David Finkelhor and colleagues from the University of New Hampshire's Crimes Against Children Center.[163]
  • Training and support for teachers and care and support for affected students. Training in successful countries has focused on developing skills to prevent and respond to school violence and bullying and to use positive approaches to classroom management.[162]

The case studies also identified a number of factors that can limit the effectiveness and impact of national responses. These include lack of data on specific aspects of school violence and bullying and on the sub-groups of students who are most vulnerable, low coverage of interventions, lack of systematic monitoring of school violence and bullying, and of robust evaluation of the impact of programmes.[162]

 
Some U.S. states have implemented laws to address school bullying.
  Law that prohibits discrimination against students based on sexual orientation and gender identity
  School regulation or ethical code for teachers that address discrimination and/or bullying of students based on sexual orientation and gender identity
  Law that prohibits discrimination against students based on sexual orientation only
  School regulation or ethical code for teachers that address discrimination and/or bullying of students based on sexual orientation only
  Law that prohibits bullying of students based on sexual orientation and gender identity
  Law that forbids local school districts from having anti-bullying policies that enumerate protected classes of students
  Law that prohibits bullying in school but lists no categories of protection
  No statewide law that specifically prohibits bullying in schools

Anti-bullying legislation and court rulings

edit
Main article: Anti-bullying legislation

United Kingdom

edit

Section 89 of the Education and Inspections Act 2006 provides for an anti-bullying policy for all state schools to be made available to parents.

United States

edit

The victims of some school shootings have sued both the shooters' families and the schools.[164] At one point only 23 states had anti-bullying laws. In 2015, Montana became the last state to enact an anti-bullying law. At that point, all 50 states had an anti-bullying law. These laws are not going to abolish bullying, but it does bring attention to the behavior, and they let the aggressors know it will not be tolerated.[165]

Canada

edit

In 2016, a legal precedent was set by a mother and her son, after the son was bullied at his public school. The mother and son won a court case against the Ottawa-Carleton District School Board, making this the first case in North America where a school board has been found negligent in a bullying case for failing to meet the standard of care ("duty of care") that the school board owes to its students. A similar bullying case was won in Australia in 2013 (Oyston v. St. Patricks College).[166]

Taiwan

edit

The Ministry of Education has launched a series of projects. In 2006, they started the 'anti-bully plan'. In 2008, they launched the "prevent-bully video from public project"—which included encouraging informants and monitoring the school—in the hope that it could improve education quality.[167]

South Africa

Bullying is still not recognized as a specific crime in South Africa. However, four laws protect children in South Africa:

The South African Schools Act 84 of 1996 (SASA)

The Children’s Act 38 of 2005

The Child Justice Act 75 of 2008

The Protection from Harassment Act 17 of 2011

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ U.S. National Center for Education Statistics. Student Reports of Bullying: Results From the 2001 School Crime Supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey (PDF) (Report).
  2. ^ a b c Nansel, Tonja R.; Overpeck, Mary; Pilla, Ramani S.; Ruan, W. June; Simons-Morton, Bruce; Scheidt, Peter (25 April 2001). "Bullying behaviors among U.S. youth: Prevalence and association with psychosocial adjustment". JAMA. 285 (16). American Medical Association: 2094–2100. doi:10.1001/jama.285.16.2094. PMC 2435211. PMID 11311098.
  3. ^ a b c Nansel, Tonja R.; Craig, Wendy; Overpeck, Mary D.; Saluja, Gitanjali; Ruan, W. June (1 August 2004). "Cross-national consistency in the relationship between bullying behaviors and psychosocial adjustment". Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 158 (8). American Medical Association: 730–736. doi:10.1001/archpedi.158.8.730. PMC 2556236. PMID 15289243.
  4. ^ Burger, C. (2022). "School bullying is not a conflict: The interplay between conflict management styles, bullying victimization and psychological school adjustment". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 19 (18): 11809. doi:10.3390/ijerph191811809. ISSN 1661-7827. PMC 9517642. PMID 36142079.
  5. ^ a b c d e US Department of Health and Human Services (16 October 2012). "The Roles Kids Play". What is Bullying. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
  6. ^ a b c d Fisher, Bonnie; Lab, Steven; Miller, Holly Ventura; Miller, J. Mitchell (2010). "School-Based Bullying Prevention". Encyclopedia of Victimology and Crime Prevention. California: SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 818–820. doi:10.4135/9781412979993.n274. ISBN 978-1-4129-6047-2.
  7. ^ Halliday, S., Gregory, T., Taylor, A., Digenis, C., Turnbull, D. (2021). "The impact of bullying victimization in early adolescence on subsequent psychosocial and academic outcomes across the adolescent period: A systematic review". Journal of School Violence. 20 (3): 351–373. doi:10.1080/15388220.2021.1913598. ISSN 1538-8220. S2CID 235204391.
  8. ^ a b c d e Center For Disease Control and Prevention (2019). "Preventing Bullying" (PDF).
  9. ^ Hinduja, S., Patchin, J. W. (2019). "Connecting adolescent suicide to the severity of bullying and cyberbullying". Journal of School Violence. 18 (3): 333–346. doi:10.1080/15388220.2018.1492417. ISSN 1538-8220. S2CID 150186205.
  10. ^ Jeffrey, Linda R.; Miller, Demond; Linn, Margaret (2001). "Middle school bullying as a context for the development of passive observers to the victimization of others". Journal of Emotional Abuse. 2 (2–3). Informa UK Limited: 143–156. doi:10.1300/j135v02n02_09. S2CID 145004242.
  11. ^ Wong, Ching-Tsai; Cheng, Ying-Yao; Chen, Li-Ming (2013). "Multiple perspectives on the targets and causes of school bullying". Educational Psychology in Practice. 29 (3). Informa UK Limited: 278–292. doi:10.1080/02667363.2013.837030. S2CID 145731042.
  12. ^ Kosciw, J. G.; Greytak, E. A.; Giga, N. M.; Villenas, C.; Danischewski, D. J. (2016). The 2015 National School Climate Survey: The experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer youth in our nation's schools (Report). New York, NY: GLSEN. ERIC ED574780.
  13. ^ Pervanidou, P.; Makris, G.; Bouzios, I.; Chrousos, G.; Roma, E.; Chouliaras, G. (1 October 2019). "Bullying victimization: Associated contextual factors in a Greek sample of children and adolescents". Psychiatriki. 30 (3). Hellenic Psychiatric Association: 216–225. doi:10.22365/jpsych.2019.303.216. PMID 31685453. S2CID 207897798.
  14. ^ Baron, R. A. (1977). Human aggression. New York: Plenum. ISBN 978-0-306-31050-8.
  15. ^ Koo, Hyojin (1 April 2007). "A time line of the evolution of school bullying in differing social contexts". Asia Pacific Education Review. 8 (1): 107–116. doi:10.1007/BF03025837. S2CID 27359151.
  16. ^ Stassen Berger, Kathleen (March 2007). "Update on bullying at school: Science forgotten?". Developmental Review. 27 (1): 90–126. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2006.08.002.
  17. ^ Jun-hee, Park (11 January 2023). "Hair curler bullying scene in 'The Glory' stirs memories of similar case from 2006". The Korea Herald.
  18. ^ Burt, Kayti (10 March 2023). "The Real Stories of Bullying Behind Netflix's 'The Glory'". Time.
  19. ^ a b Burger, Christoph; Strohmeier, Dagmar; Spröber, Nina; Bauman, Sheri; Rigby, Ken (October 2015). "How teachers respond to school bullying: An examination of self-reported intervention strategy use, moderator effects, and concurrent use of multiple strategies". Teaching and Teacher Education. 51: 191–202. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2015.07.004.
  20. ^ Olweus, D. (1999). The nature of school bullying: A cross-national perspective. In P. K. Smith, J. Junger-Taqs, D. Olweus, R. Catalano, & P. Slee (Eds.), The nature of school bullying: A cross-national perspective (pp. 7–27). New York: Plenum.
  21. ^ Goldsmid, S.; Howie, P. (2014). "Bullying by definition: An examination of definitional components of bullying". Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties. 19 (2): 210–225. doi:10.1080/13632752.2013.844414. S2CID 145146347.  
  22. ^ Burger, C. (2022). "School bullying is not a conflict: The interplay between conflict management styles, bullying victimization and psychological school adjustment". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 19 (18): 11809. doi:10.3390/ijerph191811809. ISSN 1661-7827. PMC 9517642. PMID 36142079.
  23. ^ Burger, C. (2022). "School bullying is not a conflict: The interplay between conflict management styles, bullying victimization and psychological school adjustment". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 19 (18): 11809. doi:10.3390/ijerph191811809. ISSN 1661-7827. PMC 9517642. PMID 36142079.   Picture was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
  24. ^ Meyer, Doug (December 2016). "The Gentle Neoliberalism of Modern Anti-bullying Texts: Surveillance, Intervention, and Bystanders in Contemporary Bullying Discourse". Sexuality Research and Social Policy. 13 (4): 356–370. doi:10.1007/s13178-016-0238-9. S2CID 148471672.
  25. ^ Noorden, T. H. J. van, Haselager, G. J. T., Cillessen, A. H. N., Bukowski, W. M. (2015). "Empathy and involvement in bullying in children and adolescents: a systematic review". Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 44 (3): 637–657. doi:10.1007/s10964-014-0135-6. hdl:2066/138695. ISSN 0047-2891. PMID 24894581. S2CID 35937769.
  26. ^ Sylvester, Betty (1 January 2011). "Teacher as Bully: Knowingly or Unintentionally Bullying Students". The Delta Kappa Gamma Bulletin: The International Journal for Professional Educators. 77 (2): 42–45.
  27. ^ Beaty, LA; Alexeyev, EB (2008). "The problem of school bullies: What the research tells us" (PDF). Adolescence. 43 (169): 1–11. PMID 18447077.
  28. ^ Hugh-Jones S, Smith PK (1999). "Self-reports of short- and long-term effects of bullying on children who stammer". The British Journal of Educational Psychology. 69 ( Pt 2) (2): 141–58. doi:10.1348/000709999157626. PMID 10405616.
  29. ^ "Creating a Safe and Respectful Environment in Our Nation's Classrooms Training Toolkit | Safe Supportive Learning". 27 March 2018. Archived from the original on 27 March 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
  30. ^ "Creating a Safe and Respectful Environment on Our Nation's School Buses Training Toolkit | Safe Supportive Learning". 27 March 2018. Archived from the original on 27 March 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
  31. ^ "Creating a Supportive Bus Climate: Preventing Bullying" (PDF). 25 January 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 January 2017. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
  32. ^ "See Something, Do Something: Intervening in Bullying Behavior" (PDF). 9 February 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 February 2017. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
  33. ^ TTOFI, Maria M.; Farrington, David P.; Lösel, Friedrich; Loeber, Rolf (April 2011). "The predictive efficiency of school bullying versus later offending: A systematic/meta-analytic review of longitudinal studies". Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health (Systematic review and meta-analysis). 21 (2): 80–89. doi:10.1002/cbm.808. PMID 21370293.
  34. ^ Riley, Naomi Schaefer (7 February 2017). "To fight cyberbullying, ban cellphones from school". New York Post. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
  35. ^ "Body cameras in schools: Are School Resource Officers (SROs) and principals missing the big picture? - School SecuritySchool Security". 15 February 2017. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
  36. ^ "SROs work with schools to address bullying | Local News | somerset-kentucky.com". 8 July 2020. Archived from the original on 8 July 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
  37. ^ "School Resource Officers and Violence Prevention: Best Practices (Part One)". FBI: Law Enforcement Bulletin. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
  38. ^ "School Resource Officers and Violence Prevention: Best Practices (Part Two)". FBI: Law Enforcement Bulletin. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
  39. ^ "Helping Your Child - What Parents Should Know About Bullying - PACER's National Bullying Prevention Center". pacer.org. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
  40. ^ "Anonymous Reporting for Bullying and Cyberbullying Incidents". Cyberbullying Research Center. 29 November 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
  41. ^ "How to talk to your child's school about bullying". Unicef.
  42. ^ Affairs (ASPA), Assistant Secretary for Public (24 September 2019). "Support the Kids Involved". StopBullying.gov. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  43. ^ Burger, C., Strohmeier, D., Kollerová, L. (2022). "Teachers can make a difference in bullying: Effects of teacher interventions on students' adoption of bully, victim, bully-victim or defender roles across time". Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 51 (12): 2312–2327. doi:10.1007/s10964-022-01674-6. ISSN 0047-2891. PMC 9596519. PMID 36053439. S2CID 252009527.
  44. ^ Swearer, S. M., Martin, M., Brackett, M., Palacios, R. A., II (2017). "Bullying intervention in adolescence: The intersection of legislation, policies, and behavioral change". Adolescent Research Review. 2 (1): 23–35. doi:10.1007/s40894-016-0037-9. ISSN 2363-8346. S2CID 52024268.
  45. ^ "Bullying in Schools". Center for Injury Research and Prevention. 29 January 2014. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
  46. ^ "Bullying in the Middle Years | Westchester Health". 8 July 2020. Archived from the original on 8 July 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
  47. ^ a b c Hirsch, Lee; Lowen, Cynthia; Santorelli, Dina (2012). Bully: An action plan for teachers and parents to combat the bullying crisis. New York: Weinstein Books. ISBN 978-1-60286-184-8. OCLC 792879631.
  48. ^ "Facts About School Bullies and Bullying Behaviors". Bullying Statistics. 8 July 2015.
  49. ^ a b "So what is bullying?". Stop Bullying Now!. Archived from the original on 20 February 2009.
  50. ^ a b c Bolton, José; Graeve, Stan (2005). No room for bullies: from the classroom to cyberspace. Nebraska: Boys Town Press. ISBN 978-1-889322-67-4.
  51. ^ a b "The Effects of Belittling". Counselling Connect. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
  52. ^ a b c d stopbullying.gov
  53. ^ Kowalski, R. M.; Limber, S.; Agatston, P. W. (2012). Cyberbullying: bullying in the digital age (2nd ed.). Malden, M.A: Wiley-Blackwell.
  54. ^ "What is cyberbullying, exactly?". Stop cyberbullying. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
  55. ^ Hoffman, Jan (28 June 2010). "Online Bullies Pull Schools Into the Fray". The New York Times.
  56. ^ Eidler, Scott (6 March 2013). "Anti-bullying walk held in North Hempstead". Newsday. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
  57. ^ Nixon, Charisse L (1 July 2014). "Current perspectives: the impact of cyberbullying on adolescent health". Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics. 5: 143–158. doi:10.2147/AHMT.S36456. PMC 4126576. PMID 25177157.
  58. ^ Waasdorp, T.E.; Bradshaw, C.P. (2015). "The overlap between cyberbullying and traditional bullying". Journal of Adolescent Health. 56 (5): 483–488. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.12.002. PMID 25631040.
  59. ^ a b c d e f Burger, C.; Bachmann, L. (2021). "Perpetration and victimization in offline and cyber contexts: A variable- and person-oriented examination of associations and differences regarding domain-specific self-esteem and school adjustment". Int J Environ Res Public Health. 18 (19): 10429. doi:10.3390/ijerph181910429. PMC 8508291. PMID 34639731.
  60. ^ "NSPCC working definition of Sexual Bullying" (PDF). NSPCC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 June 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
  61. ^ "Rising problem of sexual bullying in schools". BBC Panorama. 5 January 2009. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
  62. ^ "Permanent and Fixed Period Exclusions from Schools in England 2007/08". UK Government's Department for Children, Schools and Families. 30 July 2009. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
  63. ^ "NSPCC policy summary" (PDF). NSPCC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 June 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
  64. ^ "Sexting". EyePAT. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
  65. ^ King, Michelle (14 November 2012). "The Truth About Bullying in College". HerCampus.com. Retrieved 22 March 2017.
  66. ^ Walz, Garry (2016). "Cyberbullying on Social Media Among College Students" (PDF). Vistas Online: 8.
  67. ^ "Bullying worse in private schools, new research shows | Tes Magazine".
  68. ^ Monbiot, George (7 November 2019). "Boarding schools warp our political class – I know because I went to one". The Guardian.
  69. ^ Renton, Alex (8 June 2015). "Boarding School Syndrome review – education and the pain of separation". The Guardian.
  70. ^ https://www.usnews.com/education/k12/articles/bullying-in-private-schools-versus-public-schools
  71. ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/18/magazine/what-if-the-secret-to-success-is-failure.html
  72. ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/30/nyregion/lawrenceville-school-suicide.html?auth=login-email&campaign_id=44&emc=edit_ur_20230501&instance_id=91467&login=email&nl=new-york-today&regi_id=97405739&segment_id=131796&te=1&user_id=d20b3ae6d50b534e512cd1f9848c6399
  73. ^ "Together as a Community - the Lawrenceville School".
  74. ^ "Parents speak out after son's suicide at elite New Jersey boarding school". 2 May 2023.
  75. ^ "Parents talk bullying after elite New Jersey boarding school admits fault in son's death".
  76. ^ "Latin School of Chicago lays out anti-bullying plans after 15-year-old student's suicide". 29 April 2022.
  77. ^ https://static.fox32chicago.com/www.fox32chicago.com/content/uploads/2022/04/571542471-Bronstein-Complaint-Filed-4-25-22.pdf
  78. ^ "Bullycide | Psychology Today".
  79. ^ "Instagram".
  80. ^ "Students and alums reveal racist culture at top Chicago private school". 30 June 2020.
  81. ^ https://www.findlaw.com/legalblogs/findlaw-for-teens/student-rights-at-school-free-speech/
  82. ^ "Free speech rights play out differently at private schools than at public schools".
  83. ^ Odd Girl Out: The Hidden Culture of Aggression in Girls. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2002. ISBN 978-0-15-100604-5.
  84. ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/27/movies/from-internet-chat-to-related-projects-mean-girls-endures.html
  85. ^ Queen Bees and Wannabes: Helping Your Daughter Survive Cliques, Gossip, Boyfriends, and the New Realities of Girl World. Potter/TenSpeed/Harmony. 13 October 2009. ISBN 978-0-307-45997-8.
  86. ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/12/style/mean-girls-rosalind-wiseman.html
  87. ^ https://www.adl.org/resources/tools-and-strategies/rosalinds-classroom-conversations
  88. ^ "Queen Bees and Wannabes: Helping Your Daughter Survive …".
  89. ^ Soohoo, Suzanne (January 2009). "Examining the Invisibility of Girl-to-Girl Bullying in the Schools: A Call to Action". Education Faculty Articles and Research.
  90. ^ "The Code of Miss Porter's School". Vanity Fair. 9 June 2009.
  91. ^ "Jennifer Aniston's Mean Moms Might Not be Happening as Soon as We Thought". 12 December 2015.
  92. ^ Coloroso, Barbara (2004). The Bully, the Bullied, and the Bystander: From Preschool To High School – How Parents and Teachers Can Help Break the Cycle of Violence. New York: Collins Living [HarperResource]. pp. 11–41. ISBN 978-0-06-174460-0.
  93. ^ "Identifying Bullies & Victims". 2 October 2014.
  94. ^ Olweus D. (1994). "Bullying at school: Basic facts and effects of a school based intervention program". The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 35 (7): 1171–1190. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01229.x. PMID 7806605.
  95. ^ Burger, C. (2022). "Humor styles, bullying victimization and psychological school adjustment: Mediation, moderation and person-oriented analyses". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 19 (18): 11415. doi:10.3390/ijerph191811415. ISSN 1661-7827. PMC 9517355. PMID 36141686.
  96. ^ a b Nelson, E. D.; Lambert, R. D. (2001). "Sticks, Stones and Semantics: The Ivory Tower Bully's Vocabulary of Motives". Qualitative Sociology. 24 (1): 83–106. doi:10.1023/A:1026695430820. S2CID 142541203.
  97. ^ Andreou E. (2000). "Bully/victim problems and their association with psychological constructs in 8-to 12-year-old Greek schoolchildren". Aggressive Behavior. 26 (1): 49–56. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2337(2000)26:1<49::AID-AB4>3.0.CO;2-M.
  98. ^ Austin S.; Joseph S. (1996). "Assessment of bully/victim problems in 8 to 11 year-olds". British Journal of Educational Psychology. 66 (4): 447–456. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1996.tb01211.x. PMID 9008423.
  99. ^ Callaghan S.; Joseph S. (1995). "Self-concept and peer victimization among schoolchildren". Personality and Individual Differences. 18 (1): 161–163. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(94)00127-E.
  100. ^ Neary A.; Joseph S. (1994). "Peer victimization and its relationship to self-concept and depression among schoolgirls". Personality and Individual Differences. 16 (1): 183–186. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(94)90122-8.
  101. ^ "Hallways, stairwells are bullying hot spots". The New Bullying. 16 February 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
  102. ^ "The places where bullying occurs; where bullying takes place". Child Safety and Abuse Prevention Programs. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
  103. ^ McNamee, Abigail; Mercurio, Mia (1 August 2008). "School-Wide Intervention in the Childhood Bullying Triangle". Childhood Education. 84 (6): 370–378. doi:10.1080/00094056.2008.10523045. S2CID 145062847.  
  104. ^ Parsons, Les (2005). Bullied Teacher – Bullied Student: How to Recognize the Bullying Culture in Your School And What to Do About It. Pembroke Publishers Limited. ISBN 978-1-55138-190-9.
  105. ^ Dake, J. A.; Price, J. H.; Telljohann, S. K. (2003). "The nature and extent of bullying in school" (PDF). The Journal of School Health. 73 (5): 173–80. doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2003.tb03599.x. PMID 12793102.
  106. ^ "The Devastating Effects of School Bullying". Northland Child Psychiatry. 1 May 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  107. ^ Dombeck, Mark (15 March 2019). "The Long Term Effects of Bullying".
  108. ^ Healy, Karyn (23 January 2023). "Fighting back may stop some children from being bullied". The Conversation. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
  109. ^ Klein, Nathan (21 March 2011). "Bully victim Casey breaks his silence". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
  110. ^ McKinnon, Alex (24 March 2011). "Video of bully retaliation in Australia sparks global interest". MassLive. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
  111. ^ "Teen wrong to body-slam alleged bully: expert". CBS News. 21 March 2011. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
  112. ^ Broderick, Elizabeth (23 March 2011). "Bystanders must join fight against bullying (2011)". Australian Human Rights Commission. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
  113. ^ KALTIALA HEINO, RIITTAKERTTU; RIMPELÄ, MATTI; RANTANEN, PÄIVI; RIMPELÄ, ARJA (1 December 2000). "Bullying at school—an indicator of adolescents at risk for mental disorders". Journal of Adolescence. 23 (6): 661–674. doi:10.1006/jado.2000.0351. PMID 11161331.
  114. ^ Olweus, D (1993). Bullying at school. Malden, MA.
  115. ^ "The State of Mental Health in America". Mental Health America. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
  116. ^ Pappas, Stephanie (20 February 2013). "Long-Term Effects Of Bullying: Pain Lasts Into Adulthood (STUDY)". Huffington Post. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
  117. ^ a b c d e f g h UNESCO (2017). School Violence and Bullying: Global Status Report (PDF). Paris, UNESCO. pp. 17, 29, 31. ISBN 978-92-3-100197-0.
  118. ^ Nakamoto, Jonathan; Schwartz, David (May 2010). "Is Peer Victimization Associated with Academic Achievement? A Meta-analytic Review". Social Development (Meta-analysis). 19 (2): 221–242. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2009.00539.x.
  119. ^ Devries, K. M; Child, J. C; Allen, E; Walakira, E; Parkes, J; Naker, D (2014). "School violence, mental health, and educational performance in Uganda". Pediatrics. 133 (1): e129–37. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-2007. PMID 24298004. S2CID 22862719.
  120. ^ Hidden in plain sight: A statistical analysis of violence against children (Report). New York: UNICEF. 2014. ISBN 978-92-806-4767-9. OCLC 890360182.
  121. ^ WHO (2016). Inspire. Seven strategies for ending violence against children.
  122. ^ Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children (2012). Tackling violence in schools: A global perspective bridging the gap between standards and practice.
  123. ^ RTI International (2015). What is the cost of school-related gender-based violence? (Report). USAID.
  124. ^ Children in Focus: Paying the Price - The Economic Cost of Failing to Educate Girls (PDF) (Report). Plan Ltd. 2008. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
  125. ^ Antonowicz, Laetitia; Castle, Sarah; Diallo, Violet. Too Often in Silence: A report on school-based violence in West and Central Africa (PDF) (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
  126. ^ Graham, Sandra. "Bullying: A Module for Teachers". American Psychological Association. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
  127. ^ Agirdag, O.; Demanet, J.; Van Houtte, M.; Van Avermaet, P.; Bettelheim, K. A. (2011). "Ethnic school composition and peer victimization: A focus on the interethnic school climate". International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 35 (4): 465–473. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2010.09.009.
  128. ^ Jackson, Dylan B.; Vaughn, Michael G.; Kremer, Kristen P. (17 September 2018). "Bully victimization and child and adolescent health: new evidence from the 2016 NSCH". Annals of Epidemiology. 29: 60–66. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2018.09.004. PMID 30287165. S2CID 52922598.
  129. ^ a b Smokowski, P. R.; Kopasz, K. H. (2005). "Sign In". Children & Schools. 27 (2): 101–110. doi:10.1093/cs/27.2.101.
  130. ^ Meyer, Ilan H. (September 2003). "Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence". Psychological Bulletin. 129 (5): 674–697. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674. ISSN 1939-1455. PMC 2072932. PMID 12956539.
  131. ^ "Gay Bullying Statistics – Bullying Statistics". Bullying Statistics. 7 July 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  132. ^ a b "LGBT Youth". Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
  133. ^ "CDC Bullying Fact Sheet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
  134. ^ "Why Bullies Have More Sex". 23 December 2017.
  135. ^ Mishna, F.; Cook, C.; Gadalla, T.; Daciuk, J.; Solomon, S. (2010). "Cyber bullying behaviors among middle and high school students" (PDF). American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 80 (3): 362–374. doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01040.x. hdl:1807/71862. PMID 20636942.
  136. ^ a b c "Canadian Bullying Statistics". Canadian Institutes of Health Research. 28 September 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
  137. ^ "Nationwide Study on Bullying Behaviour in Irish Schools (O'Moore 1997), Anti Bullying Centre, Trinity College Dublin". Archived from the original on 16 November 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
  138. ^ Fekkes, M.; Pijpers, F. I. M.; Verloove-Vanhorick, S. P. (2005). "Bullying: Who does what, when and where? involvement of children, teachers and parents in bullying behavior". Health Education Research. 20 (1): 81–91. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.498.9838. doi:10.1093/her/cyg100. PMID 15253993.
  139. ^ Petrosino, A.; Guckenburg, S.; DeVoe, J.; Hanson, T. (2010). What characteristics of bullying, bullying victims, and schools are associated with increased reporting of bullying to school officials? (PDF). Issues & Answers Report (Report). Regional Educational Laboratory Northeast and Islands.
  140. ^ Eslea, Mike (27 January 2004). "Friendship and loneliness among bullies and victims: Data from seven countries". Aggressive Behavior. 30 (1). Ersilia Menesini, Yohji Morita Mona O'Moore Joaquin A. Mora-Merchán Beatriz Pereira Peter K. Smith: 71–83. doi:10.1002/ab.20006. hdl:1822/23300.
  141. ^ Dake, Joseph A.; Price, James H.; Telljohann, Susan K. (1 May 2003). "The Nature and Extent of Bullying at School". Journal of School Health. 73 (5): 173–180. doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2003.tb03599.x. PMID 12793102.
  142. ^ Perren, S.; Gutzwiller-Helfenfinger, E.; Malti, T.; Hymel, S. (2012). "Moral Reasoning and Emotion Attributions of Adolescent Bullies, Victims, and Bully-Victims" (PDF). British Journal of Developmental Psychology. 30 (4): 511–530. doi:10.1111/j.2044-835x.2011.02059.x. PMID 23039330.
  143. ^ Keelan, C.; Schenk, A.; McNally, M.; Fremouw, W. (2014). "The interpersonal worlds of bullies: Parents, peers, and partners". Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 29 (7): 1338–1353. doi:10.1177/0886260513506278. PMID 24305866. S2CID 33190375.  
  144. ^ Turcotte Benedict, Frances; Vivier, Patrick M.; Gjelsvik, Annie (March 2015). "Mental Health and Bullying in the United States Among Children Aged 6 to 17 Years". Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 30 (5): 782–795. doi:10.1177/0886260514536279. PMID 24920001. S2CID 22725181.
  145. ^ Shakoor, S.; Jaffee, S. R.; Bowes, L.; Ouellet-Morin, I.; Andreou, P.; Happé, F.; Arseneault, L. (2012). "A prospective longitudinal study of children's theory of mind and adolescent involvement in bullying". Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry. 53 (3): 254–261. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02488.x. PMC 3272094. PMID 22081896.
  146. ^ Wilde, Marian. "The bully and the bystander". GreatSchools. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
  147. ^ Garby, Lisa (2011). "Direct Bullying: Criminal Act or Mimicking What Has Been Learned?". Education. 20 (1): 449.
  148. ^ NIH (26 June 2006). "Bullying Widespread in U.S. Schools, Survey Finds". NICHD Archive.
  149. ^ a b Mears, Daniel P.; Moon, Melissa M.; Thielo, Angela J. (24 October 2017). "Columbine Revisited: Myths and Realities About the Bullying–School Shootings Connection". Victims & Offenders. 12 (6). Informa UK Limited: 939–955. doi:10.1080/15564886.2017.1307295. S2CID 148745392.
  150. ^ Moore, David W. (5 April 2001). "Americans Look to Parents to Stop School Shootings". Gallup. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
  151. ^ Langman, Peter (2009). Why kids kill: inside the minds of school shooters. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-10148-7. OCLC 240189360.
  152. ^ Vossekuil; Fein; Reddy; Borum; Modzeleski (2004). Final Report and Findings of the Safe School Initiative: Implications for the Prevention of School Attacks in the United States, 2004 (Report).
  153. ^ Newman, Katherine S. (2004). Rampage: The Social Roots of School Shootings. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-05103-8.[page needed]
  154. ^ O'Brennan, L. M.; Waasdorp, T. E.; Bradshaw, C. P. (2014). "Strengthening bullying prevention through school staff connectedness". Journal of Educational Psychology. 106 (3): 870–880. doi:10.1037/a0035957.
  155. ^ Guerra, Nancy G; Williams, Kirk R (2010). "Implementing bullying prevention in diverse settings : geographic, economic, and cultural influences". In Vernberg, Eric M; Biggs, Bridget K (eds.). Preventing and treating bullying and victimization. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-533587-3. OCLC 426066162.
  156. ^ Ansary, Nadia S.; Elias, Maurice J.; Greene, Michael B.; Green, Stuart (1 October 2015). "Bullying in schools: research has yet to precisely prescribe a remedy for school bullying, but some guidelines are emerging to help schools choose programs that best fit their situation". Phi Delta Kappan. 97 (2): 30. doi:10.1177/0031721715610088. S2CID 146317934. Gale A434296315.
  157. ^ a b Gaffney, Hannah; Ttofi, Maria M.; Farrington, David P. (June 2021). "Effectiveness of school-based programs to reduce bullying perpetration and victimization: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis". Campbell Systematic Reviews. 17 (2): e1143. doi:10.1002/cl2.1143. PMC 8356322. PMID 37131921. S2CID 233556486.
  158. ^ "TXABC". TXABC. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  159. ^ Berger, Kathleen Stassen (2014). Invitation to the Life Span. New York: Worth Publishers. ISBN 978-1464172052.
  160. ^ Berger, Kathleen Stassen (2007). "Update on bullying at school: Science forgotten?" (PDF). Developmental Review. 27: 90–126. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2006.08.002.
  161. ^ a b Tzani-Pepelasi, Calli; Ioannou, Maria; Synnott, John; McDonnell, Dean (June 2019). "Peer Support at Schools: the Buddy Approach as a Prevention and Intervention Strategy for School Bullying" (PDF). International Journal of Bullying Prevention. 1 (2): 111–123. doi:10.1007/s42380-019-00011-z. S2CID 151013214.
  162. ^ a b c d e f g Behind the numbers: ending school violence and bullying. UNESCO. 2019. ISBN 978-92-3-100306-6.
  163. ^ Finkelhor, David; Vanderminden, Jennifer; Turner, Heather; Shattuck, Anne; Hamby, Sherry (1 April 2014). "Youth exposure to violence prevention programs in a national sample". Child Abuse & Neglect. 38 (4): 677–686. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.01.010. PMID 24630440.
  164. ^ Brownstein, Andrew (December 2002). "The bully pulpit: post-Columbine harassment victims take schools to court". Trial.
  165. ^ Temkin, Deborah (27 April 2015). "All 50 States Now have a Bullying Law. Now What?". Huffington Post.
  166. ^ Murray, Melissa (19 June 2016). "Family wins precedent-setting case against public school board". Ottawa Community News.
  167. ^ 陳利銘; 鄭英耀; 黃正鵠 (2010). "反霸凌政策之分析與改進建議" [Analyzing Anti-bullying Policies in Taiwan]. 教育政策論壇. 13 (3): 1–25.

Sources

edit

  This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 (license statement/permission). Text taken from School Violence and Bullying: Global Status Report​, 17, 29–31, UNESCO, UNESCO. UNESCO.

  This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO. Text taken from Behind the numbers: ending school violence and bullying​, 70, UNESCO, UNESCO. UNESCO.

Further reading

edit
edit
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to School bullying.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=School_bullying&oldid=1259971379"