The northern chestnut-tailed antbird, or Zimmer's antbird[2], (Sciaphylax castanea) is a species of bird in subfamily Thamnophilinae of family Thamnophilidae, the "typical antbirds". It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.[3]
| Northern chestnut-tailed antbird | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Thamnophilidae |
| Genus: | Sciaphylax |
| Species: | S. castanea
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| Binomial name | |
| Sciaphylax castanea (Zimmer, JT, 1932)
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| Synonyms | |
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Taxonomy and systematics
editThe northern chestnut-tailed antbird was originally described by the American ornithologist John Zimmer in 1932 as a subspecies of the then chestnut-tailed antbird with the trinomial name Myrmeciza hemimelaena castanea.[4] In the early 21st century it was recognized as a separate species, M. castanea, and split from H. hemimemaena. At that time a second subspecies of it was also recognized.[5][6] Some taxonomic systems call it the "northern chestnut-tailed antbird" and the reduced M. hemimelaena the "southern chestnut-tailed antbird".[3][7] Other systems called the newly-separated M. castanea "Zimmer's antbird" and retained "chestnut-tailed antbird" for M. hemimelaena.[2][8]
A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2013 found that genus Myrmeciza, as then defined, was polyphyletic. In the resulting rearrangement to create monophyletic genera M. hemimelaena and M. castanea were moved to a newly erected genus Sciaphylax.[9][10][3]
The two subspecies of the northern chestnut-tailed antbird are the nominate S. c. castanea (Zimmer, JT, 1932) and S. c. centunculorum (M.L. Isler, A. Alvarez, P.R. Isler, Valqui, Begazo & Whitney, 2002).[3]
Description
editThe northern chestnut-tailed antbird is 11 to 12 cm (4.3 to 4.7 in) long and weighs 16 to 17 g (0.56 to 0.60 oz). Males of the nominate subspecies have a mostly gray head with black centers to the feathers. Their hindcrown, nape, and upper mantle are a browner gray. The rest of their upperparts, their tail, and their flight feathers are dark yellowish red-brown. They have a white patch between the scapulars with black spots near the tips of the feathers. Their wing coverts are black with large white to buff-white tips. Their throat, upper breast, and sides of their belly are black, the center of their belly white, and the rest of their underparts yellowish red-brown. Females have paler upperparts than males and mostly reddish yellow-brown underparts with a white belly. Both sexes have a black bill. Males of subspecies S. c. centunculorum have a more uniformly gray crown and more white on the underparts than the nominate. Females are paler than the nominate.[11][12][13][14]
Distribution and habitat
editThe nominate subspecies of the northern chestnut-tailed antbird is found in southeastern Ecuador's Zamora-Chinchipe Province and northern Peru's Department of San Martín. Subspecies S. c. centunculorum is found from Putumayo Department in extreme southern Colombia south very locally through eastern Ecuador into northeastern Peru's Department of Loreto. The species primarily inhabits the understorey and floor of terra firme forest. It almost exclusively occurs in somewhat stunted forest growing on nutrient-poor sandy soils. In elevation it ranges between 125 and 1,000 m (400 and 3,300 ft) in Colombia and up to 1,350 m (4,400 ft) in Peru. In Ecuador it mostly occurs below 350 m (1,100 ft) but locally reaches 1,450 m (4,800 ft).[11][12][13][14]
Behavior
editMovement
editThe northern chestnut-tailed antbird is believed to be a year-round resident throughout its range.[11]
Feeding
editThe northern chestnut-tailed antbird's diet has not been detailed; it is assumed to feed on insects and other arthropods. Single birds, pairs, and family groups usually forage on the ground or within about 1 m (3 ft) of it and only rarely higher. It rarely joins mixed-species feeding flocks or attends army ant swarms. Its other foraging behavior is assumed to be similar to that of its former "parent" S. hemimelaena, which see here.[11][13]
Breeding
editNothing is known about the northern chestnut-tailed antbird's breeding biology.[11]
Vocalization
editThe northern chestnut-tailed antbird's song is "a slow but accelerating, rising series of loud whistled notes TEW TEW-tew-tu'ti'ti'ti'ter'tu" whose last note or two are occasionally at a lower pitch. Its calls are "a quiet, descending, throaty churred rattle" and "a dry tchit or tchit-it, often in a short series".[14]
Status
editThe IUCN has assessed the northern chestnut-tailed antbird as being of Least Concern. Its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified.[1] It occurs in one protected area in Peru. The nominate "has [an] extremely limited range, within a region that is under intense human pressure for cultivation of coca, coffee and other crops, as well as exploitation of forest for firewood and human settlement". "Lowland subspecies centunculorum is less geographically restricted but has [a] patchy distribution, and its known varillal and irapayal habitats are under intense human pressure."[11]
References
edit- ^ a b BirdLife International (2016). "Northern Chestnut-tailed Antbird Sciaphylax castanea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22733153A95054886. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22733153A95054886.en. Retrieved 24 June 2024.
- ^ a b Clements, J. F., P.C. Rasmussen, T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, A. Spencer, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2023. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2023. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved October 28, 2023
- ^ a b c d Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2024). "Antbirds". IOC World Bird List. v 14.1. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
- ^ Zimmer, John Todd (1932). Studies of Peruvian birds VI, The formicarian genera Myrmoborus and Myrmeciza in Peru. American Museum Novitates. New York: American Museum of Natural History. pp. 1–24 [23]. hdl:2246/4198.
- ^ Isler, Morton L.; Alvarez Alonso, José; Isler, Phyllis R.; Valqui, Thomas; Begazo, Alfredo; Whitney, Bret M. (2002). "Rediscovery of a cryptic species and description of a new subspecies in the Myrmeciza hemimelaena complex (Thamnophilidae) of the Neotropics". The Auk. 119 (2): 362–378.
- ^ Remsen, J.V. Jr. (2002). "Proposal (16) to South American Classification Committee: Elevate Myrmeciza hemimelaena castanea to species rank". South American Classification Committee. Retrieved June 23, 2024.
- ^ HBW and BirdLife International (2023). Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 8. Available at: https://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy retrieved December 28, 2023
- ^ Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 4 March 2024. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved March 5, 2024
- ^ Isler, M.L.; Bravo, G.A.; Brumfield, R.T. (2013). "Taxonomic revision of Myrmeciza (Aves: Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae) into 12 genera based on phylogenetic, morphological, behavioral, and ecological data" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3717 (4): 469–497. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3717.4.3. PMID 26176119.
- ^ Isler, Morton; Bravo, Gustavo; Brumfield, Robb (2014). "Proposal (628) to South American Classification Committee: Reassign species currently placed in Myrmeciza into 12 genera". South American Classification Committee. Retrieved June 23, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f Zimmer, K. and M.L. Isler (2020). Zimmer's Antbird (Sciaphylax castanea), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.zimant1.01 retrieved June 24, 2024
- ^ a b McMullan, Miles; Donegan, Thomas M.; Quevedo, Alonso (2010). Field Guide to the Birds of Colombia. Bogotá: Fundación ProAves. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-9827615-0-2.
- ^ a b c Ridgely, Robert S.; Greenfield, Paul J. (2001). The Birds of Ecuador: Field Guide. Vol. II. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 425. ISBN 978-0-8014-8721-7.
- ^ a b c Schulenberg, T.S., D.F. Stotz, D.F. Lane, J.P. O’Neill, and T.A. Parker III. 2010. Birds of Peru. Revised and updated edition. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. Plate 171.