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List of World Heritage Sites in Scotland

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World Heritage Sites in Scotland are locations that have been included in the UNESCO World Heritage Programme list of sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common heritage of humankind. Historic Environment Scotland is responsible for 'cultural' sites as part of their wider responsibility towards the historic environment. The Environment Directorate is responsible for natural sites.[1]

Edinburgh Castle, with the New Town beyond, is at the heart of the Edinburgh World Heritage Site

There are currently seven sites in Scotland, with one further site undergoing a process of formal evaluation. Informal discussion of a site for "Þings" (Norse parliaments) has taken place.

Existing sites

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New Lanark
 
St Kilda
 
Edinburgh
 
Antonine Wall
 
Heart of Neolithic Orkney
 
Forth Bridge
 
Flow Country
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World Heritage Sites in Scotland

The seven existing sites are mapped to the right and described in detail below. They are:

  1. St. Kilda
  2. Edinburgh Old Town and New Town
  3. The Heart of Neolithic Orkney
  4. New Lanark
  5. The Antonine Wall
  6. The Forth Bridge
  7. The Flow Country

St. Kilda is a small, out-lying archipelago of Hebridean islands which was inscribed as a "natural" site in 1986.[2] In 2004, the site was extended to include a large amount of the surrounding marine features as well as the islands themselves.[3][4] In July 2005 it became one of the few World Heritage Sites to hold joint status for its natural and cultural qualities.[5] The islands were bequeathed to the National Trust for Scotland in 1957. They are also a Biosphere Reserve and a National Scenic Area.

"Edinburgh Old and New Towns" were together inscribed as a World Heritage Site in 1996. The former includes the medieval Royal Mile which runs from Edinburgh Castle to the Palace of Holyroodhouse, and is bordered to the north by the neo-classical 18th century "New Town" which includes Princes Street. It is managed by the Edinburgh World Heritage Trust.

"The Heart of Neolithic Orkney" includes Maeshowe, the Ring of Brodgar, Skara Brae, the Standing Stones of Stenness and other nearby sites. It was inscribed in 1999 and is managed by Historic Scotland.

New Lanark was inscribed in 2001. It is a restored 18th century industrial cotton mill village in South Lanarkshire constructed by Robert Owen as an experiment in utopian socialism. Restoration was organised by the New Lanark Conservation Trust, which was formed in 1974.

 
New Lanark

The Antonine Wall was inscribed in July 2008.[6] It is an extension to a wider series of sites in England, Austria, Germany and Slovakia entitled "Frontiers of the Roman Empire".[6] The Wall is the remains of a defensive line made of turf c. 20 feet high, with nineteen forts. It was constructed after 139 AD and extended for 37 miles between the Firth of Forth and the Firth of Clyde. The wall was overrun and abandoned soon after 160 AD, then occupied again for a brief period after 197 AD.

 
The 1890 Forth Bridge

The Forth Bridge was inscribed as a World Heritage Site on 5 July 2015. Its three iconic diamond-shaped towers form a cantilever bridge completed in 1890 carrying a dual-track railway line 46 metres (151 ft) above the waters of the Firth of Forth 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) north-west of Edinburgh over a distance of 2,517 metres (8,258 ft). Network Rail, the current owners of the bridge, made their initial opposition to a nomination clear, being concerned this could impose "additional burdens" on their ability to operate it.[7] Nonetheless, the bridge was nominated for inclusion in early 2014.[8] The listing recognised it as "an extraordinary and impressive milestone in bridge design and construction during the period when railways came to dominate long-distance land travel."[9]

Commenting on World Heritage Day in 2008, Linda Fabiani the then Scottish Minister for Europe, External Affairs and Culture stated: "We can... take the opportunity to reflect upon the contribution of our own World Heritage Sites and their place in the global story of humanity. We can celebrate, with justified pride, Scotland's contribution".[10]

A year later the then Culture Minister Mike Russell MSP announced at Mount Rushmore in the United States that Historic Scotland had launched a project called the Scottish Ten. This was to use laser scanners to create digital models of Scotland's five World Heritage Sites and for another five sites elsewhere, including the Mount Rushmore National Memorial. The aim is to use the digital imagery to aid in the "conservation, maintenance and management of these globally important sites". The amount of data stored will be significant. Similar work recently done on Rosslyn Chapel near Edinburgh resulted in the storage of terabytes of data, the scans being made up of 8 billion individual points. This information will be held on special secure servers[11] and a budget of £1.5 million has been allocated to the project.[12]

Also in 2009, the Clydesdale Bank commemorated Scotland's sites on the reverses of a new series of banknotes: an image based on a historical photograph of St Kilda residents appeared on the £5 notes; of the Old and New Towns of Edinburgh on the £10 notes; of New Lanark on the £20 notes; of the Antonine Wall on the £50 notes; and of Neolithic Orkney on the £100 notes.[13][14]

The Flow Country of Caithness and Sutherland in the north of Scotland was inscribed in July 2024.[15] It is one of the largest and most intact areas of blanket bog in the world, supporting a distinctive wildlife community. Its 4,000 square kilometres support numerous rare plants and insects and important populations of golden plover, dunlin, greenshank, and black-throated divers.

Tentative list

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The United Kingdom tentative list comprises sites which may be nominated for inscription over the next 5–10 years. Including the now-inscribed Antonine Wall, four Scottish sites were on the 2006 list.[16] Several sites were then added in 2010, of which only three were selected for a short list created in 2011.[17] The one short-listed candidate remaining after designation of the Flow Country in 2024 is the Zenith of Iron Age Shetland including Mousa Broch, Old Scatness and Jarlshof as a cultural candidate.

 
 
Mousa, Jarlshof and Old Scatness
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Scottish sites currently on the Tentative List for World Heritage status

The 2010 applications to join the Tentative List that were not carried forward were: Arbroath Abbey; Buildings of Charles Rennie Mackintosh in Glasgow; and St Andrews, Medieval Burgh and Links.[18][19][20] (Arbroath Abbey's application was made on the basis of its link with the 14th century Declaration of Arbroath.[21] The signing of the declaration is celebrated in the Abbey each year on 6 April, an event that now coincides with Tartan Day in the US.[22])

In 2010, Secretary of State for Scotland Michael Moore said: "All these sites have something special that draws people to them and they are recognisable across the world. I am delighted that so many of Scotland’s attractions have stepped forward and answered the UK government’s call for world heritage status.[23]

The Minister for Culture and External Affairs, Fiona Hyslop MSP (who took on the post from Fabiani in 2009)[24] said: "Many groups, individuals and local authorities across Scotland put work into nominating places that mean a lot to them and I would like to thank them for the enthusiasm they have shown for our historic environment".[25]

Mike Cantlay, the chairman of VisitScotland said: "We sell Scotland to the world, bringing millions of visitors and billions of pounds to the economy and World Heritage status certainly helps make Scotland an even more attractive option for visitors in search of interesting things to see and do".[25] The Heart of Neolithic Orkney site has certainly been a marketing success, with annual tourist numbers visiting Skara Brae alone now exceed 55,000 per annum.[26] However some applications have drawn criticism based on the potential costs involved.[7] The Cairngorm Mountains, a massif at the heart of the Cairngorms National Park was on the 2006 Tentative List,[16] but is no longer under active consideration.[Note 1]

Other explorations

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Law Ting Holm

In April 2010 delegates of the THING project (which is supported by the EU's Northern Periphery Programme) explored the possibility of a transnational World Heritage nomination, based on an expansion of Iceland's existing World Heritage Site Thingvellir. Shetland Amenity Trust place names officer, Eileen Brooke Freeman, said: "We can identify many of the assembly sites throughout areas of Scandinavian influence by their common ting, thing, ding and fing place names". Examples quoted include Gulating (Norway), Tinganes (Faroe Islands), Tingwall in both Shetland and in Orkney, Dingwall (Highland) and Tynwald (Isle of Man).[28] It has also emerged that Thynghowe in Sherwood Forest, England is a contender to be part of such an initiative.[29]

In May 2010, just a few weeks before the announcement of The Crucible of Iron Age Shetland's application, the Shetland Islands Council sponsored "Move.Shetland" newsletter publicised the Thing initiative, and listed various Shetland "Thing" districts such as Aithsting, Sandsting, Nesting, Lunnasting and Delting and the islet of Law Ting Holm, the former location of the national þing, or Norse parliament of Shetland.[30][31]

Public sector involvement and support

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According to Historic Scotland "Scottish Ministers identify and put forward sites to the Department for Culture, Media and Sport for nomination".[32] In August 2010 Hyslop stated that guidance on the revised application process would become available from Historic Scotland in due course.[33] They have stated that "the participation of a wide variety of stakeholders, including site managers, local and regional governments, local communities, NGOs and other interested parties and partners" is encouraged.[34]

 
The Antonine Wall near Twechar

Assistance to local authorities is available from LAWHF - Local Authorities Working Together for World Heritage. Established in 1996, this organisation represents communities across the UK "which have existing or potential World Heritage Sites within their areas."[35] Historic Scotland and LAWHF have liaison meetings from time to time.[36]

Edinburgh World Heritage is a charity funded in 1999 through donations, from the City of Edinburgh Council and Historic Scotland, with the role of conserving, enhancing and promoting the city's World Heritage Site.[37] In 2010 it was announced that Edinburgh City Council are considering a 2% "transient guest tax" on visitors staying in larger hotels. If implemented, the tax could raise £3 million or more, which would be used for marketing the city and on maintenance work designed to retain the existing World Heritage Site status.[38]

After the 2008 inscription, the "Access to the Antonine Wall" project was created by the Central Scotland Forest Trust, North Lanarkshire Council and Falkirk Council. It has provided better information about the best routes to visit the Wall and provides information about other local facilities.[39]

See also

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References and footnotes

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Notes

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  1. ^ "Sites that were on the previous tentative list, including the Forth Rail Bridge, the Cairngorms and the Flow Country, will not automatically be included on the new one and will have to apply alongside other sites."[27]

Citations

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  1. ^ "What is A World Heritage Site?". Historic Environment Scotland. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  2. ^ "Scotland's National Nature Reserves—News and Events" Archived 12 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine (9 December 2004) National Trust for Scotland. Retrieved 17 March 2007.
  3. ^ Marine Environment gains World Heritage Protection Archived 3 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine (2 July 2004) The National Trust for Scotland. Retrieved 4 December 2008.
  4. ^ "World Heritage Sites in Scotland" Archived 29 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine (21 July 2007) Scottish Parliament Information Centre. Research Note RN 01/73. Retrieved 3 January 2007.
  5. ^ "Dual World Heritage Status For Unique Scottish Islands" Archived 2 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine (14 July 2005) National Trust for Scotland. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
  6. ^ a b "Wall gains World Heritage status'" BBC News. Retrieved 8 July 2008.
  7. ^ a b "Forth Rail Bridge owners oppose world heritage status". BBC News. 20 July 2010.
  8. ^ "Forth Bridge in UK's latest World Heritage bid". BBC News. 24 January 2014.
  9. ^ "Forth Bridge given world heritage status". BBC News. 5 July 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
  10. ^ Fabiani, Linda (18 April 2008). "History that is worth preserving – and worth celebrating, too". The Scotsman. Edinburgh. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  11. ^ "Laser Scanning". Historic Scotland. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
  12. ^ "Minute of Board Meeting" - Scottish Ten and Joint Venture with Glasgow School of Art (HSB 40/09). (17 December 2009). Historic Scotland.
  13. ^ "Banknote Design Features : Clydesdale Bank World Heritage Series". The Committee of Scottish Clearing Bankers. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
  14. ^ "Banknote designs mark Homecoming". BBC News. 14 January 2008. Retrieved 20 January 2009.
  15. ^ Rowlatt, Justin. "Scottish bog gets world heritage status". BBC News. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
  16. ^ a b Tentative list of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, UNESCO, 19 January 2006, retrieved 1 January 2010
  17. ^ "Sites make Unesco world heritage status bid shortlist". BBC News. 22 March 2011.
  18. ^ "From Chatham to Chester and Lincoln to the Lake District - 38 UK places put themselves forward for World Heritage status" (7 July 2010). United Kingdom Department for Culture, Media and Sport. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
  19. ^ McArdle, Helen (8 July 2010) "Six Scottish sites bid for UNESCO World Heritage Status" Glasgow: The Herald. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
  20. ^ "Six Scottish sites bid for UNESCO World Heritage Status". The Courier. 8 July 2010. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  21. ^ "Welcome to the Campaign website" Archived 26 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Arbroath Abbey World Heritage Campaign. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
  22. ^ "History" Archived 26 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Arbroath Abbey World Heritage Campaign. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
  23. ^ "World Heritage status sought for Mousa, Old Scatness and Jarlshof" Shetland Times. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
  24. ^ "Demoted SNP education secretary endorses successor" (1 December 2009) BBC News. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
  25. ^ a b Herbert, Dean (8 July 2010) "Forth Wonder of the World". Daily Express. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
  26. ^ "Increase in tourist numbers poses threat to Skara Brae" Orkneyjar, quoting The Orcadian. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
  27. ^ "Creating a new tentative list". Historic Scotland. Retrieved 6 August 2010.
  28. ^ The Shetland News (15 April 2010) Retrieved 29 April 2012.
  29. ^ "Sherwood Forest's Viking Assembly Site represented at International Conference " vikinglandscape.com. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
  30. ^ "May 2010 Newsletter" move.shetland.org. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
  31. ^ "Thing" Shetlopedia. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
  32. ^ "What is a World Heritage Site" Historic Scotland. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
  33. ^ "World Heritage Sites : From the Scottish Parliament" Archived 18 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine (1 April 2010) Scotland Branch: Institute of Historic Building Conservation. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
  34. ^ "Achieving World Heritage Site status". Historic Scotland. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
  35. ^ "LAWHF - World Heritage at the grass roots" Archived 21 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine LAWHF. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
  36. ^ "Written Answers Wednesday 5 May 2010" The Scottish Parliament/Pàrlamaid na h-Alba. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
  37. ^ "What We Do" Edinburgh World Heritage. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
  38. ^ Didcock, Barry (9 August 2010) "City plans for future festival-goers". Glasgow: The Herald.
  39. ^ "Access to the Antonine Wall" Archived 22 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine Rural Gateway. Retrieved 13 August 2010.

General references

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