This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. (May 2017) |
During World War II, a sea defense zone (Seeverteidigung) was a tactical area in the organization of the Kriegsmarine intended to provide operational command of all German naval forces, within a given geographical area, in the event of actual enemy attack on the coastline of occupied Europe.
History
editThe first sea defense zones were established in the spring of 1940 to protect the large amount of coast line which Germany had acquired after invading the Low Countries, Denmark, Norway, and France. Originally, commanders of the sea defense zones were known as "coastal commanders" (Küstenbefehlshaber). In the summer of 1940, in preparation for Operation Sea Lion, the Kriegsmarine established seven "sea command sectors" (Seebefehlsstellen) which were commanded by officers ranked Kapitän zur See. All of the sea command sectors had been disestablished by the end of 1941.
Original Sea Command Sectors (1940)
- Seebefehlsstelle Antwerpen - Antwerp (Sep 1940 - May 1941)
- Seebefehlsstelle Boulogne - Boulogne-sur-Mer (Aug - Oct 1940)
- Seebefehlsstelle Dünkirchen - Dunkirk (Aug - Oct 1940)
- Seebefehlshaber Le Havre - Le Havre (Aug - Oct 1940)
- Seebefehlshaber Rotterdam - Rotterdam (Jun 1940 - Dec 1940)
- Seebefehlshaber Ostende - Ostend (Aug - Oct 1940)
- Seebefehlshaber West - Calais (Aug 1940 - Mar 1941)
In the spring 1940, the Kriegsmarine began to reorganize coastal defense under a new position known as Kommandant der Seeverteidigung (Sea Defense Zone Commander). Between 1941 and 1945, the sea defense zones were expanded and retracted, gaining and losing territory to other zones or to the advance of allied or Red Army (Soviet) forces. Logistically, the sea defense zones were strictly a Navy command, but were integrated into the Atlantic Wall which was generally overseen by the German Army.
Command and control
editSea defense zones were normally commanded by an officer ranked as either Kapitän zur See or Konteradmiral. The sea defense zone commander answered to a Navy regional commander and would take tactical control over all shore forces in a given area should an enemy launch an attack against a segment of German coastline.
The only units permanently assigned to a sea defense zone were naval artillery batteries and anti-aircraft units. These units also maintained their own administrative chain of command in addition to falling under operational control of a sea defense zone. During an actual enemy attack, the sea defense commander became the direct superior for all Navy units in the zone's geographical area. This included all harbor defense units as well as naval infantry regiments. Typically, the sea defense zone commander would appoint as a deputy the commander of a major German port. The defense zone commander would himself report to a naval region commander who then acted in the capacity as a ground forces divisional commander. The ultimate command authority for all sea defense zones were the Navy Group commanders.
List of sea defense zones
edit| Defense zone | Established | Headquarters | Region | Group | Disestablished |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| "Albanien" | Sep 1943 | Tirana | Adriatic | South | Jan 1945 |
| "Attika" | Feb 1941 | Corinth | Oct 1944 | ||
| "Baltischen Inseln" | Sep 1944 | Lithuania | Eastern Baltic | North | Nov 1944 |
| "Bergen" | Apr 1940 | Hardanger | Central Norway | Apr 1944 | |
| "Boulogne" | July 1940 | Boulogne | France | West | Dec 1940 |
| "Brest" | Brest | ||||
| "Bretagne" | Sep 1944 | ||||
| "Calais" | Calais | Dec 1941 | |||
| "Dänische Inseln" | Apr 1944 | Copenhagen | Denmark | North | May 1945 |
| "Dalmatien" | Sep 1943 | Split | Adriatic | South | Apr 1944 |
| "Dodekanes" | Dec 1943 | Porto Lago | Oct 1944 | ||
| "Drontheim" | Jul 1940 | Trondheim | Northern Norway | North | May 1945 |
| "Dünkirchen" | Dunkirk | France | West | Dec 1941 | |
| "Elbe-Weser" | Nov 1944 | Cuxhaven | German Bight | North | Jan 1945 |
| "Estland" | Feb 1944 | Lithuania | Eastern Baltic | Sep 1944 | |
| "Französische Riviera" | Sep 1943 | Toulon | Southern France | West | Jan 1944 |
| "Gascogne" | Jul 1941 | Bordeaux | Atlantic Coast | ||
| "Hammerfest" | Mar 1942 | Nordkinnhalvøya | Polar Coast | North | |
| "Harstad" | Jan 1945 | Narvik | May 1945 | ||
| "Istrien" | Sep 1943 | Susak | Adriatic | South | Dec 1944 |
| "Italienische Riviera" | Nizza | Southern France | |||
| "Kanalinseln" | Jul 1942 | Channel Islands | Channel Coast | West | Jul 1944 |
| "Kirkenes" | Mar 1941 | Porsangerfjorden | Polar Coast | North | Mar 1942 |
| "Kreta" | Jun 1941 | Crete | Aegean Sea | South | Oct 1944 |
| "Kristiansand-Süd" | May 1940 | Langesund | Southern Norway | North | Aug 1940 |
| "Languedoc" | Jan 1941 | Toulon | Southern France | West | Jul 1944 |
| "Lemnos" | Jul 1941 | Lemnos | Aegean Sea | South | Apr 1944 |
| "Lettland" | Jan 1942 | Libau | Eastern Baltic | North | Sep 1944 |
| "Libau" | Apr 1941 | Jan 1943 | |||
| "Loire" | Dec 1940 | Carnac | Atlantic Coast | West | Jun 1944 |
| "Mecklenburg" | Apr 1945 | Heiligendamm | Western Baltic | North | May 1945 |
| "Mittelholland" | Nov 1944 | Amsterdam | Netherlands | West | |
| "Molde" | May 1940 | Stadtlandet | Central Norway | North | |
| "Narvik" | Jun 1940 | Narvik | Polar Coast | ||
| "Norddalmatien" | Apr 1944 | Sebenico | Adriatic | South | Nov 1944 |
| "Nordfriesland" | Nov 1944 | Husum | German Bight | North | May 1945 |
| "Nordgriechenland" | Apr 1944 | Thessaloniki | Aegean Sea | South | Oct 1944 |
| "Nordholland" | Jun 1940 | Scheveningen | Netherlands | West | Feb 1945 |
| "Nordjütland" | Apr 1940 | Frederikshavn | Denmark | Nov 1944 | |
| "Normandie" | Feb 1941 | Cherbourg | Channel Coast | Jun 1944 | |
| "Oslofjord" | Apr 1941 | Larvik | Norway | North | May 1944 |
| "Ostende | Aug 1940 | Calais | Channel Coast | West | Dec 1941 |
| "Ostfriesland" | Feb 1944 | Tidofeld | German Bight | North | Apr 1945 |
| "Ost und Westpreußen | Dec 1944 | Gotenhafen | Eastern Baltic | North | Jan 1945 |
| "Ostpreußen" | Jan 1945 | Pillau | May 1945 | ||
| "Pas de Calais" | Dec 1941 | Calais | Channel Coast | West | Oct 1944 |
| "Peloponnes" | Sep 1943 | Kalamata | Aegean Sea | South | Sep 1944 |
| "Polarküste" | Jul 1940 | Finnfjordbotn | Polar Coast | North | Apr 1945 |
| "Pommern" | Nov 1944 | Swinemünde | Western Baltic | ||
| "Saloniki" | Feb 1941 | Kevalla | Aegean Sea | South | Apr 1944 |
| "Sandnessjöen" | Jul 1940 | Rørvik | Northern Norway | North | May 1945 |
| "Schleswig-Holstein und Mecklenburg" | Nov 1944 | Kiel | Western Baltic | ||
| "Seine-Somme" | Feb 1941 | Le Havre | Channel Coast | West | Sep 1944 |
| "Stavanger" | May 1940 | Haugesund | Central Norway | North | May 1945 |
| "Südddalmatien" | Apr 1944 | Split | Adriatic | South | Nov 1944 |
| "Südholland" | Jun 1940 | Middelburg | Netherlands | West | |
| "Südjütland"[N 1] | Apr 1940 | Copenhagen | |||
| "Tromsö" | Jul 1940 | Finnfjordbotn | Polar Coast | North | May 1945 |
| "Ukraine"[N 2] | Nov 1941 | Nikolajew | Black Sea | Independent | Dec 1942 |
| May 1943 | Dec 1943 | ||||
| "Westkrim"[N 3] | Aug 1942 | May 1943 | |||
| "Westadria"" | Sep 1943 | Lido bei Venedig | Adriatic | South | Apr 1945 |
| "Westgriechenland" | Aug 1943 | Patras | Aegean Sea | Oct 1944 | |
| "Westpreußen" | Jan 1945 | Gotenhafen | Eastern Baltic | North | Mar 1945 |
References
edit- Lohmann W. & Hildebrand H., Die Deutsche Kriegsmarine, Verlag Hans-Henning Podzun, Bad Nauheim (1956)
Notes
edit- ^ From 1940 to 1944 the command was known in its full title as "Der Kommandant im Bereich Südjütland und Dänische Inseln". The name was shortened to simply "Südjütland" in April 1944.
- ^ Originally established as Seekommandant "V" before changing names in January 1942 to Seekommandant "U". By the summer of 1942 was known by the final name of Kommandant der Seeverteidigung Ukraine. Reestablished in May 1943 after being disbanded the previous winter.
- ^ Established in August 1942 as Seekommandant "X". By the start of 1943 was known as Seekommandant Kaspisches Meer. Shifted that summer to the command's final name of Kommandant der Seeverteidigung Westkrim. Merged with the Ukraine sea defense zone in May 1943.