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Second Epistle to the Corinthians

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The Second Epistle to the Corinthians[a] is a Pauline epistle of the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The epistle is attributed to Paul the Apostle and a co-author named Timothy, and is addressed to the church in Corinth and Christians in the surrounding province of Achaea, in modern-day Greece.[3] According to Jerome, Titus was the amanuensis of this epistle.[4]

Papyrus 124 contains a fragment of 2 Corinthians (6th century AD)

Composition

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While there is little doubt among scholars that Paul is the author, there is discussion over whether the Epistle was originally one letter or composed from two or more of Paul's letters.[5]: 8 

Although the New Testament contains only two letters to the Corinthian church, the evidence from the letters themselves is that he wrote at least four and the church replied at least once:

  1. 1 Corinthians 5:9 ("I wrote unto you in an epistle not to company with fornicators", KJV) refers to an early letter, sometimes called the "warning letter"[6] or the "previous letter."
  2. 1 Corinthians
  3. The Severe Letter: Paul refers to an earlier "letter of tears" in 2 Corinthians 2:3–4 and 7:8. 1 Corinthians does not match that description, so this "letter of tears" may have been written between 1 Corinthians and 2 Corinthians.
  4. 2 Corinthians

1 Corinthians 7:1 states that Paul was replying to certain questions written and sent to him by the church in Corinth.

The abrupt change of tone from being previously harmonious to bitterly reproachful in 2 Corinthians 10–13 has led many to infer that chapters 10–13 form part of the "letter of tears" which were in some way appended to Paul's main letter.[7] Those who disagree with this assessment usually say that the "letter of tears" is no longer extant.[8] Others argue that although the letter of tears is no longer extant, chapters 10–13 come from a later letter.[9]

The seemingly sudden change of subject from chapter 7 to chapters 8–9 leads some scholars to conclude that chapters 8–9 were originally a separate letter, and some even consider the two chapters to have originally been distinct themselves. Other scholars dispute this claim, however.[10]

Some scholars also find fragments of the "warning letter", or of other letters, in chapters 1–9,[11] for instance that part of the "warning letter" is preserved in 2 Cor 6:14–7:1,[12] but these hypotheses are less popular.[13]

Date

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There is evidence that Paul wrote 2 Corinthians from Macedonia in 55 or 56 AD, roughly a year after writing 1 Corinthians and a year before he wrote his letter to the Romans from Corinth.[14][15]

Structure

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The first page of II Corinthians from a 1486 Latin Bible (Bodleian Library).

The book is usually divided as follows:[8]

  • 1:1–11 – Greeting
  • 1:12 – 7:16 – Paul defends his actions and apostleship, affirming his affection for the Corinthians.
  • 8:1 – 9:15 – Instructions for the collection for the poor in the Jerusalem church.
  • 10:1 – 13:10 – A polemic defense of his apostleship
  • 13:11–13 – Closing greetings

Background

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Paul's contacts with the Corinthian church can be reconstructed as follows:[8]

  1. Paul visits Corinth for the first time, spending about 18 months there (Acts 18:11). He then leaves Corinth and spends about 3 years in Ephesus (Acts 19:8, 19:10, 20:31). (Roughly from AD 53 to 57, see 1 Corinthians article).
  2. Paul writes the "warning letter" in his first year from Ephesus (1 Corinthians 5:9).
  3. Paul writes 1 Corinthians from his second year at Ephesus.
  4. Paul visits the Corinthian church a second time, as he indicated he would in 1 Corinthians 16:6. Probably during his last year in Ephesus. 2 Corinthians 2:1 calls this a "painful visit".
  5. Paul writes the "letter of tears".
  6. Paul writes 2 Corinthians, indicating his desire to visit the Corinthian church a third time (2 Cor 12:14, 2 Cor 13:1). The letter does not indicate where he is writing from, but it is usually dated after Paul left Ephesus for Macedonia (Acts 20), from either Philippi or Thessalonica in Macedonia.[16]
  7. Paul presumably made the third visit after writing 2 Corinthians, because Acts 20:2–3 indicates he spent 3 months in Greece. In his letter to Rome, written at this time, he sent salutations from some of the principal members of the church to the Romans.[16]

Content

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In Paul's second letter to the Corinthians, he again refers to himself as an apostle of Christ Jesus by the will of God and reassures the people of Corinth that they will not have another painful visit, but what he has to say is not to cause pain but to reassure them of the love he has for them. It is shorter in length in comparison to the first and can be confusing if the reader is unaware of the social, religious, and economic situation of the community. Paul felt the situation in Corinth was still complicated and felt attacked.

Some challenged his authority as an apostle, and he compares the level of difficulty to other cities he has visited who had embraced it, like the Galatians. He is criticized for the way he speaks and writes and finds it just to defend himself with some of his important teachings. He states the importance of forgiving others, and God's new agreement that comes from the Spirit of the living God (2 Cor. 3:3), and the importance of being a person of Christ and giving generously to God's people in Jerusalem, and ends with his own experience of how God changed his life (Sandmel, 1979).

Uniqueness

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According to Easton's Bible Dictionary,

This epistle, it has been well said, shows the individuality of the apostle more than any other. "Human weakness, spiritual strength, the deepest tenderness of affection, wounded feeling, sternness, irony, rebuke, impassioned self-vindication, humility, a just self-respect, zeal for the welfare of the weak and suffering, as well as for the progress of the church of Christ and for the spiritual advancement of its members, are all displayed in turn in the course of his appeal." —Lias, Second Corinthians.[16]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The book is sometimes called the Second Letter of Paul to the Corinthians, or simply 2 Corinthians.[1] It is most commonly abbreviated as "2 Cor."[2]

References

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  1. ^ ESV Pew Bible. Wheaton, IL: Crossway. 2018. p. 964. ISBN 978-1-4335-6343-0. Archived from the original on June 3, 2021.
  2. ^ "Bible Book Abbreviations". Logos Bible Software. Archived from the original on April 21, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
  3. ^ 2Cor.1:1
  4. ^ Jerome, Letter 120: "Therefore Titus served as an interpreter, as Saint Mark used to serve Saint Peter, with whom he wrote his Gospel..."
  5. ^ Harris, Murray J. (2005). The Second Epistle to the Corinthians. The New International Greek Testament Commentary. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-7126-8.
  6. ^ 1 Cor. 5:9
  7. ^ Adolph Hausrath, Der Vier-Capitel-Brief des Paulus an die Korinther (Heidelberg: Bassermann, 1870); similarly, James Houghton Kennedy, "Are There Two Epistles in 2 Corinthians?" The Expositor 6 (1897); reprinted in idem, The Second and Third Epistles of St. Paul to the Corinthians (London: Methuen, 1900). More recently see L. L. Welborn, “The Identification of 2 Corinthians 10-13 with the ‘Letter of Tears’," Novum Testamentum 37 (1995): 138-153.
  8. ^ a b c 2 Corinthians: Introduction, Argument, and Outline, by Daniel Wallace at bible.org
  9. ^ B. J. Oropeza, Exploring Second Corinthians: Death and Life, Hardship and Rivalry (Atlanta: SBL Press, 2016), 2-15 ISBN 978-0884141235; Victor Paul Furnish, II Corinthians (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1984).
  10. ^ Garland, David E. (1999). 2 Corinthians: An Exegetical and Theological Exposition of Holy Scripture. The New American Commentary. Nashville, TN: B&H Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0805401295.
  11. ^ New Testament Letter Structure, from Catholic Resources by Felix Just, S.J.
  12. ^ THE SECOND LETTER TO THE CORINTHIANS, from "An Introduction to the New Testament" by Edgar J. Goodspeed, 1937
  13. ^ "An Introduction to the Bible", by John Drane (Lion, 1990), p.654
  14. ^ Acts 20:2-3
  15. ^ "Introduction to the Book of 2 Corinthians". ESV Study Bible. Crossway. 2008. ISBN 978-1433502415.
  16. ^ a b c Corinthians, Second Epistle to the, in Easton's Bible Dictionary, 1897
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