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Chain fountain

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The chain fountain phenomenon, also known as the self-siphoning beads, Mould effect, or Newton beads is a physical phenomenon observed with a chain placed inside a jar. One end of the chain is pulled from the jar and is allowed to fall under the influence of gravity. This process establishes a self-sustaining flow of the chain which rises over the edge and goes down to the floor or ground beneath it, as if being sucked out of the jar by an invisible siphon. For chains with small adjacent beads, the arc can ascend into the air over and above the edge of the jar with a noticeable gap; this gap is greater when the chain falls farther.[1]

Snapshot of chain fountain process

The self-siphoning effect is also observed in non-Newtonian fluids.

History

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The self-siphoning phenomenon has been known for some time, and had become a topic of public discussion many times in the past. Science entertainer Steve Spangler presented this phenomenon on TV in 2009, both with beads and viscoelastic liquids.[2][3] This phenomenon is classically known as Newton's beads.[4]

The effect is most pronounced when using a long ball chain. The higher the jar containing the chain is placed above the ground, the higher the chain will rise above the jar during the "siphoning" phase. As demonstrated in an experiment, when the jar is placed 30 metres (98 ft) above the ground and the chain is sufficiently long, the arc of the chain fountain can reach a height of about 2.1 m (6 ft 11 in) above the jar.[non-primary source needed][5]

The phenomenon with the rising chain was already described in 2011 as an open problem[note 1] for the 2012 International Young Physicists' Tournament (IYPT)[6][4] and subsequently brought to widespread public attention in a video made by science presenter Steve Mould (namesake of the effect) in 2013.[7] Mould's YouTube video[8] in which he demonstrated the phenomenon of self-siphoning rising beads, and his subsequent proposed explanation on a BBC show,[9] brought the problem to the attention of academics John Biggins and Mark Warner of Cambridge University,[10][11] who published their findings in Proceedings of the Royal Society about what they called "chain fountain" or "Mould effect".[12][13][14][7]

Explanation

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Video showing chain fountain dynamics

A variety of explanations have been proposed as to how the phenomenon can best be explained in terms of kinematic physics concepts such as energy and momentum.[15][16][17][18] Biggins and Warner suggest that the origin of the upward force is related to the stiffness of the chain links, and the bending restrictions of each chain joint.[7][12]

Furthermore, because the beads of the chain can drag laterally within the jar across other stationary links, the moving beads of the chain can bounce or jump vertically when they strike the immobile links.[12][17] This effect contributes to the chain's movement, but is not the primary cause.

In non-Newtonian fluids

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The self-syphoning phenomena can be also observed in viscoelastic fluids[19] that are mainly composed of long polymers, like polyethylene glycol.[2][20]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Yam, Philip (July 3, 2013). "Gravity-Defying, Self-Siphoning Metal Beads Explained [Video]". Scientific American.
  2. ^ a b Arney, Helen; Mould, Steve (2017-10-05). The Element in the Room: Science-y Stuff Staring You in the Face. Octopus. ISBN 978-1-78840-004-6.
  3. ^ Sick Science (2009-07-29), Newton's Beads - Cool Science Experiment, retrieved 2021-07-24
  4. ^ a b Martchenko, Ilya; Malinowski, Maciej; Oszmaniec, Michał (October 9, 2011). "Preparation to the Young Physicists' Tournaments' 2012" (PDF). International Young Physicist Tournament.
  5. ^ 第1期-刘谦郎朗被吊起"命悬一杯" 撒贝宁对大炮求虐【加油！向未来20160703】 (in Chinese).
  6. ^ "Problems". IYPT archive. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-03-01.
  7. ^ a b c Gibney, Elizabeth (January 15, 2014). "Physicists explain 'gravity-defying' chain trick". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2014.14523.
  8. ^ Mould, Steve (February 20, 2013). "Self siphoning beads". YouTube.
  9. ^ "Amazing bead chain experiment in slow motion". YouTube. BBC Earth Unplugged. June 27, 2013.
  10. ^ "Understanding the chain fountain: A problem-solving partnership (w/ Video)". Phys.org. Jan 15, 2014.
  11. ^ Wade, Lizzie (14 January 2014). "Video: How the 'Chain Fountain' Defies Gravity". Science.
  12. ^ a b c Biggins, J. S.; Warner, M. (2014). "Understanding the chain fountain". Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 470 (2163): 20130689. arXiv:1310.4056. Bibcode:2014RSPSA.47030689B. doi:10.1098/rspa.2013.0689. S2CID 37699566.
  13. ^ Royal Society (2014-01-15). "Understanding the chain fountain". YouTube. Retrieved 2021-07-24.
  14. ^ Steve Mould, Investigating the "Mould Effect", TEDxNewcastle, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wmFi1xhz9OQ
  15. ^ Goodman, William (June 25, 2013). "See physics phenomenon of self siphoning beads". CBS News.
  16. ^ Bhatia, Aatish (July 1, 2013). "The physics of that gravity-defying chain of metal beads". Wired. Retrieved January 15, 2014.
  17. ^ a b Flekkøy, Eirik G.; Moura, Marcel; Måløy, Knut J. (2018). "Mechanisms of the Flying Chain Fountain". Frontiers in Physics. 6: 84. Bibcode:2018FrP.....6...84F. doi:10.3389/fphy.2018.00084. hdl:10852/68287. ISSN 2296-424X.
  18. ^ Pantaleone, J. (2017-05-16). "A quantitative analysis of the chain fountain". American Journal of Physics. 85 (6): 414–421. arXiv:1910.03125. Bibcode:2017AmJPh..85..414P. doi:10.1119/1.4980071. ISSN 0002-9505. S2CID 125247401.
  19. ^ Graebel, William (2001-01-19). Engineering Fluid Mechanics. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-56032-733-2.
  20. ^ "Gravi-Goo: A Self-Siphoning Gel". Steve Spangler. Retrieved 2024-11-13.

Notes

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  1. ^ Statement of problem 3. String of beads: "A long string of beads is released from a beaker by pulling a sufficiently long part of the chain over the edge of the beaker. Due to gravity the speed of the string increases. At a certain moment the string no longer touches the edge of the beaker. Investigate and explain the phenomenon.")
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