Banská Štiavnica (Slovak pronunciation: [ˈbanskaː ˈʂcɪɐʋɲitsa] ; German: Schemnitz; Hungarian: Selmecbánya (Selmec), pronounced [ˈʃɛlmɛd͡zbaːɲɒ]) is a town in central Slovakia, in the middle of an immense caldera created by the collapse of an ancient volcano. For its size, the caldera is known as the Štiavnica Mountains. Banská Štiavnica has a population of more than 10,000. It is a completely preserved medieval town. Because of their historical value, the town and its surroundings were proclaimed by the UNESCO to be a World Heritage Site on December 11, 1993.
Banská Štiavnica | |
|---|---|
 Trinity Square (Námestie svätej Trojice)
in Banská Štiavnica | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
  Banská Štiavnica Location of Banská Belá in the Banská Bystrica Region  Banská Štiavnica Location of Banská Belá in Slovakia | |
| Coordinates: 48°27′29″N 18°53′47″E / 48.45806°N 18.89639°E | |
| Country |  Slovakia |
| Region |  Banská Bystrica Region |
| District | Banská Štiavnica District |
| First mentioned | 1156 |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Nadežda Babiaková |
| Area | |
• Total | 46.74 km2 (18.05 sq mi) |
| (2022) | |
| Elevation | 621[2] m (2,037[2] ft) |
| Population | |
• Total | 9,426 |
| • Density | 200/km2 (520/sq mi) |
| Population by ethnicity (2011) | |
| • Slovak | 86.5% |
| • Roma | 0.5% |
| • Czech | 0.4% |
| • Hungarian | 0.4% |
| • Other | 0.2% |
| • Unreported | 12% |
| Population by religion (2011) | |
| • Roman Catholic | 55% |
| • Lutheran | 6.7% |
| • Greek Catholic | 0.4% |
| • Jehovah's Witness | 0.3% |
| • Adventist | 0.3% |
| • Other | 2.3% |
| • Non-religious | 19.4% |
| • Unreported | 15.6% |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 969 01[2] |
| Area code | +421 45[2] |
| Car plate | BS |
| Website | www.banskastiavnica.sk |
| Official name | Historic Town of Banská Štiavnica and the Technical Monuments in its Vicinity |
| Criteria | iv, v |
| Reference | 618 |
| Inscription | 1993 (17th Session) |
History
editThe fate of Banská Štiavnica has been closely linked to the exploitation of its abundant resources of silver ore. According to evidence from excavations, the site was settled during the Neolithic period.
The first mining settlement was founded by Celts in the 3rd century BC. It was probably occupied by the Celtic Cotini tribe. Roman authors mentioned mining activities of the Cotini, who had lived in present-day central Slovakia until they were deported to Pannonia within the Marcomannic Wars by Rome. The site was also settled by early Hungarians and an old Hungarian fortified settlement was situated here in the 10th and 11th century. The site was called “terra banensium” (the land of miners) as early as 1156. The local Slavic population gave the name „Štiavnica“ (acidic stream) to the settlement in the valley, and the settlement on the hill above (Ligotavá hora, or Glanzenberg – the shiny mountain) came to be called „Bánya“ (the mine). The single common name „Schebnyzbana“ was documented for the first time in 1255.[6] The local Slavic population was joined by skilled German settlers who started arriving in the 13th century. They adapted the local name to the German "Schemnitz". Banská Štiavnica gained the status of a royal town in 1238, as one of the first towns in the Kingdom of Hungary.
In the High and Late Middle Ages, the town was the main producer of silver and gold in the Kingdom of Hungary. During the Ottoman Wars, the Turks made concerted efforts to conquer rich mining towns in Upper Hungary (Banská Štiavnica, Banská Bystrica, and Kremnica). This new threat led Banská Štiavnica to build powerful fortifications, including two castles, in the 16th century. As one of the most important centers of the Protestant Reformation in the country, the town belonged to the Protestant "League of Seven Mining Towns" together with Banská Belá, Banská Bystrica, Kremnica, Ľubietová, Nová Baňa, and Pukanec.
The town was also a leading center of innovation in the mining industry. In 1627, gunpowder was used there in a mine for one of the first times in the world (After Le Thillot, France). To drain water from the flooded mines, a sophisticated system of water reservoirs and channels, known as tajchy, was designed and built by the local scientists Jozef Karol Hell, Maximilian Hell, and Samuel Mikovíny in the 18th century. Tajchy not only saved the mines from being closed, but also provided energy for the early phase of industrialization.
Its Mining Academy, founded there in 1735 by Samuel Mikovíny, was the first mining school in the Kingdom of Hungary. Beginning in 1763, the Hofkammer in Vienna, with support from Queen Maria Theresa, transformed the school into the Academy of Mining.[7] In 1807, a Forestry Institute was "established under the decision of Emperor Franz I"; in 1848 the school was renamed the Academy of Mining and Forestry, 'the first technical university in the world'.[8] In 1919, after the creation of Czechoslovakia, the Academy was moved to Sopron in Hungary. The student traditions of the Academy (School traditions of Selmec) are still living in its successors, the University of Miskolc and Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava,[9] and colleges in Sopron, Székesfehérvár, and Dunaújváros.[citation needed]
In 1782, Banská Štiavnica was the third biggest town in the Kingdom of Hungary (with 23,192 or incl. suburbs 40,000 inhabitants), after Pozsony (today Bratislava) and Debrecen. But the town's development was too closely linked to the mining activity which had been progressively declining since the second half of the 19th century. Nowadays, Banská Štiavnica is an important center of recreation and tourism, benefiting from its rich historical heritage.
During World War II, Banská Štiavnica was taken by Soviet troops of the 53rd Army on 7 March 1945.[10]
Landmarks
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The heart of the town is the historical Trinity Square (Slovak: Trojičné námestie) dominated by a monumental plague column. The square is used for frequent cultural events and there is also a mineralogical museum. Two castles, the so-called “old” one (Slovak: Starý zámok) and “new” one (Slovak: Nový zámok), have been transformed into museums.
The open air mining museum offers a 1.5-kilometre (0.93 mi) long underground excursion in mines dating from the 17th century. Visitors will receive helmets, cloaks and lamps to use during the tour.[11] It is also possible to have an English, German or Hungarian speaking guide if this is requested in advance. Another ancient mine open to the public (Slovak: Glanzenberg) is even older. This mine, situated just under the center of the town, has attracted numerous famous visitors, from Emperor Joseph II to Prince Albert of Monaco.
The town is surrounded by ancient artificial mining water reservoirs called tajchy. Sixty reservoirs were built in the 15th through 18th centuries in order to provide energy for the booming mining industry. They are connected by a more than 100-kilometre (62 mi) long network of channels. These extraordinary historical monuments are now used mainly for recreation.
Churches
editIn Kalvária Banská Štiavnica there is a complex of churches and chapels near Ostry vrch which was built in the eighteenth century by the Jesuits.
Demographics
edit| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 9,118 | — |
| 1980 | 9,342 | +2.5% |
| 1991 | 10,756 | +15.1% |
| 2001 | 10,874 | +1.1% |
| 2011 | 10,409 | −4.3% |
| 2021 | 9,628 | −7.5% |
| Source: Censuses[12][13] | ||
dBanská Štiavnica has a population of 10,674 (as of December 31, 2005). According to the 2001 census, 93.9% of inhabitants were Slovaks and 2% Romani people. Many people are descendants of the Carpathian Germans, who played a very important role in the medieval history of the town. The religious makeup was 65% Roman Catholics, 18.9% people with no religious affiliation, and 7.6% Lutherans.[14]
Twin towns – sister cities
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Notable people
edit- Ulrika Babiaková, astronomer
- Jozef Karol Hell, Hungarian inventor and mining engineer
- Maximilian Hell, Hungarian astronomer
- Dezső Hoffmann, photographer
- Anton Hykisch, writer, diplomat and politician
- Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin, Austrian scientist
- Irena Káňová, politician[16]
- Andrej Kmeť, scientist
- Domokos Kosáry, Hungarian historian
- Ľudovít Lačný, chess problem composer
- Master MS, Hungarian painter
- Samuel Mikovíny, mathematician, engineer and cartographer
- Alexander Pituk, Hungarian chess problem composer
- Emília Vášáryová, actress
- Magdaléna Vášáryová, actress and diplomat
- Andrej Sládkovič, Lutheran pastor, poet, critic, publicist and translator
Genealogical resources
editThe records for genealogical research are available at the state archive in Banská Bystrica (Slovak: Štátny archív v Banskej Bystrici).
- Roman Catholic church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1627–1892 (parish A)
- Lutheran church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1594–1925 (parish A)
Gallery
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See also
edit- List of municipalities and towns in Slovakia
- School traditions of Selmec
- Senica, Slovakia (German: Senitz)
References
edit- ^ Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic (www.statistics.sk). "Hustota obyvateľstva - obce". www.statistics.sk. Retrieved 2024-02-08.
- ^ a b c d "Základná charakteristika". www.statistics.sk (in Slovak). Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. 2015-04-17. Retrieved 2022-03-31.
- ^ Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic (www.statistics.sk). "Počet obyvateľov podľa pohlavia - obce (ročne)". www.statistics.sk. Retrieved 2024-02-08.
- ^ "SODB - Banská Štiavnica, 2011" (PDF).
- ^ "SODB - Banská Štiavnica, 2011" (PDF).
- ^ "Banská Štiavnica - Stredovek". Banskastiavnica.sk. Archived from the original on 2019-04-11. Retrieved 2017-03-07.
- ^ Memorial plaque, Academy of Mining and Forestry.
- ^ "Slovakia in the UNESCO Treasury - Banská Štiavnica". Cestaunesco.sk. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
- ^ "History of the Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava". Stuba.sk. Retrieved 2014-05-05.
- ^ https://www.soldat.ru/spravka/freedom/11-czechoslovakia.html. In Russian. Retrieved September 18, 2021.
- ^ "Banské múzeum v prírode | Slovenské banské múzeum". Muzeumbs.sk. Archived from the original on 2017-11-29. Retrieved 2017-03-07.
- ^ "Statistical lexikon of municipalities 1970-2011" (PDF) (in Slovak).
- ^ "Census 2021 - Population - Basic results". Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. 2021-01-01.
- ^ "Municipal Statistics from the Statistical Office of the Slovak republic". Archived from the original on May 13, 2007.
- ^ "Partnerské mestá". banskastiavnica.sk (in Slovak). Banská Štiavnica. Archived from the original on 2012-03-19. Retrieved 2021-04-07.
- ^ Mináč, Vladimir (1989). Slovenský biografický slovník: od roku 833 do roku 1990 [Slovak Biographical Dictionary: From 833 to 1990] (in Slovak). Vol. 3. Matica slovenská. p. 32. ISBN 978-80-7090-070-3.
External links
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Banská Štiavnica travel guide from Wikivoyage- Official website Archived 2008-08-04 at the Wayback Machine
- Map of Banská Štiavnica
- Tourist information about Banská Štiavnica Archived 2021-03-01 at the Wayback Machine
- History of Banská Štiavnica
- Banská Štiavnica Photo Gallery
- The Calvary Mount of Banská Štiavnica
- Surnames of living people in Banská Štiavnica
