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Senate Intelligence Committee report on Russian interference in the 2016 United States presidential election

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The Senate Intelligence Committee report on Russian interference in the United States presidential election, officially titled Report of the Select Committee on Intelligence United States Senate on Russian Active Measures Campaigns and Interference in the 2016 U.S. Election, is the official report in five volumes documenting the findings and conclusions of the United States Senate Intelligence Committee concerning the Russian attack efforts against election infrastructure, Russia's use of social media to affect the election, the U.S. government's response to Russian activities, review of the Intelligence Community Assessment, and counterintelligence threats and vulnerabilities. The redacted report is 1,313 pages long. It is divided into five volumes.

The redacted report, first volume of five volumes, of the Report of the Select Committee on Intelligence United States Senate on Russian Active Measures Campaigns and Interference in the 2016 U.S. Election was released to the public on July 25, 2019.

The first volume of the report was released on July 25, 2019, and the fifth and last volume was released to the public on August 18, 2020.[1][2] The Senate Intelligence Committee's investigation extended more than three years, includes interviews of more than 200 witnesses, and reviews more than one million documents.[2] Marco Rubio, acting committee head,[a] said that "no probe into this matter has been more exhaustive.”[4] On the stature of the report, the Senate Intelligence Committee said the report is "the most comprehensive description to date of Russia's activities and the threat they posed".[5]

The Republican-led Senate Intelligence Committee submitted the first part of its five-volume report in July 2019 in which it concluded that the January 2017 intelligence community assessment alleging Russian interference was "coherent and well-constructed". The first volume also concluded that the assessment was "proper", learning from analysts that there was "no politically motivated pressure to reach specific conclusions". The final and fifth volume, which was the result of three years of investigations, was released on August 18, 2020,[6] ending one of the United States "highest-profile congressional inquiries."[7][8] The Committee report found that the Russian government had engaged in an "extensive campaign" to sabotage the election in favor of Donald Trump, which included assistance from some of Trump's own advisers.[7]

Like the Mueller report that preceded it, the report does not find a criminal conspiracy between Russia and the Trump campaign, but it does go further than the Mueller report in detailing the many suspicious links between Trump associates and Russian officials and spies. In particular, it describes Paul Manafort as "a grave counterintelligence threat". According to the report, "some evidence suggests" that Konstantin Kilimnik, to whom Manafort provided polling data, was directly connected to the Russian theft of Clinton-campaign emails.[9][10] In addition, while Trump's written testimony in the Mueller report stated that he did not recall speaking with Roger Stone about WikiLeaks, the Senate report concludes that "Trump did, in fact, speak with Stone about WikiLeaks and with members of his Campaign about Stone's access to WikiLeaks on multiple occasions."[11]

Contents

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The report was completely released on August 18, 2020, when the fifth volume was released.[2] Much of the report is redacted, shown as  .

Volume I: Russian Efforts Against Election Infrastructure

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Volume I of the report is 67 pages long. In it, the committee describes "an unprecedented level of activity against state election infrastructure" by Russian intelligence in 2016.[12] The activity occurred in "all 50 states" and is thought by "many officials and experts" to have been "a trial run ... to probe American defenses and identify weaknesses in the vast back-end apparatus—voter-registration operations, state and local election databases, electronic poll books and other equipment" of state election systems.[13] The report warned that the United States "remains vulnerable" in the 2020 election.[12]

Of "particular concern" to the committee report was the Russians' hacking of three companies "that provide states with the back-end systems that have increasingly replaced the thick binders of paper used to verify voters' identities and registration status."

However, while intelligence the Committee reviewed found that all 50 states probably had been targeted for scanning operations by Russian cyber actors to identify vulnerabilities in elections infrastructure, the Committee found no evidence that vote tallying procedures had been compromised or that any voting machines had been manipulated and instead found the conclusions of the declassified January 2017 Intelligence Community assessment on the interference credible.[14][15] While the Committee found that voter registration databases in 2 states were accessed and saw some voter registration data exfiltrated before detection, the Committee found no evidence that any voter registration data had been modified or deleted.[16] In testimony before the Committee, multiple U.S. Intelligence Community officials stated that multiple checks and redundancies within U.S. elections infrastructure and the decentralized nature of the elections system is beneficial to its cybersecurity and make it nearly impossible for interference with the elections infrastructure to occur without detection.[17]

Nonetheless, U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security Jeh Johnson designated elections infrastructure as critical infrastructure in January 2017, and Congress appropriated $380 million to states to improve the cybersecurity of election administration under the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018 following a formula created under the Help America Vote Act.[18] While the Committee concluded that Russian cyber activities demand renewed attention to vulnerabilities in elections infrastructure, the Committee also recommended that states remain firmly at the forefront of election administration and that the federal government should ensure that states receive the necessary resources and information related to cybersecurity threats (while a minority of the Committee members provided additional views that dissented from some of the recommendations of the first volume of the report).[19]

Volume II: Russia’s Use of Social Media

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Volume II of the report is 85 pages long.

Like the first volume of the report issued by the Special Counsel investigation into the interference,[20][21] the joint press statement issued by the Department of Homeland Security and the Office of the Director of National Intelligence in October 2016,[22] and the declassified Intelligence Community assessment released in January 2017,[15] the second and fifth volumes of the report concluded that the Russian interference occurred primarily by hacking-and-dumping operations targeting the internal communications of the Democratic National Committee, the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee, and Clinton campaign officials (specifically John Podesta) and active measures social media campaigns (particularly on Facebook and Twitter) to influence the electorate to vote for Donald Trump over Hillary Clinton in the general election.[30]

The second volume of the report notes that the active measures social media campaign also attempted to influence voters to vote for Bernie Sanders over Hillary Clinton in the Democratic primary elections, for Donald Trump over Jeb Bush, Ted Cruz, and Marco Rubio in the Republican primary elections, Jill Stein as well as Donald Trump over Hillary Clinton in the general election, and targeted the consideration of Mitt Romney to serve as U.S. Secretary of State in the Trump administration with an opposition campaign during the Trump transition.[31] Other platforms identified by the second volume of the report as being used for Russian active measures on social media included Instagram, YouTube, Google+, Google Search, Gmail, Google Ads, Google Voice, Reddit, Tumblr, and LinkedIn, while other platforms were used as well.[32] While the second volume of the report cites a 2016 study published by the NATO Strategic Communications Center of Excellence that found that entities supported by the Russian government have employed paid online trolls to post misleading information on Wikipedia in the context of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, the report did not identify Wikipedia as one of the Web 2.0 services used by the Russian government to influence voters in the 2016 presidential election.[33]

Subsequent declassified Intelligence Community assessments and press statements released discussing Russian interference in the 2018 elections, the 2020 elections, and the 2022 elections have likewise concluded or stated that the interference occurred primarily by active measures social media influence campaigns and not by cyberattacks on U.S. elections infrastructure—including by spreading disinformation about the security of the elections infrastructure itself to undermine confidence in U.S. election processes and in democracy in the United States by the American public.[43][b][c]

Volume III: U.S. Government Response to Russian Activities

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Volume III of the report is 54 pages long.

Volume IV: Review of the Intelligence Community Assessment

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Volume IV of the report is 158 pages long.

Volume V: Counterintelligence Threats and Vulnerabilities

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Volume V of the report, with 966 pages, was released to the public on August 18, 2020, albeit heavily redacted.[49][50] The report concluded that "the Russian government engaged in an aggressive, multi-faceted effort to influence, or attempt to influence, the outcome of the 2016 presidential election".[49] The report investigated "many aspects of the counterintelligence threat posed by the Russian influence operation", which targeted both the Trump campaign and the election.[50]

Findings on the hack and leak of Democratic Party material

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The Senate Intelligence Committee concluded that Russian president Vladimir Putin had ordered the 2016 Democratic National Committee cyber attacks and the subsequent leaks of stolen material damaging to Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign.[51]

The committee described that Trump's presidential campaign "sought to maximize the impact of those leaks to aid Trump’s electoral prospects". The Trump campaign "created messaging strategies to promote and share" the material, and "encouraged further leaks". The Trump campaign tasked Trump associate Roger Stone to gather information about WikiLeaks' release of the material; Stone reported to Trump and senior campaign members.[52]

Findings on Paul Manafort and Konstantin Kilimnik

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The Senate Intelligence Committee assessed that Trump campaign chairman Paul Manafort's "high-level access and willingness to share information with individuals closely affiliated with the Russian intelligence services" was a "grave counterintelligence threat".[50] The foremost individual was Manafort's employee Konstantin Kilimnik, a Russian.[50] The committee identified Kilimnik as a "Russian intelligence officer"; describing that Manafort and Kilimnik had a "close and lasting relationship" even through the 2016 election.[53] Manafort repeatedly tried to "secretly share internal Campaign information with Kilimnik", including "sensitive internal polling data or Campaign strategy".[53]

The Senate Intelligence Committee introduced a new allegation regarding Kilimnik, that he "may have been connected" to the Russian military intelligence's hack and leak of Democratic Party material. However, the report's discussions on this topic are redacted.[54] Manafort's connection with the Russian hack and leak operation is "largely unknown", but possible, given "two pieces of information" the committee found; the details of such information were also redacted.[53]

Findings on the Transition

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The report in the Transition section of the report, mentions that "Russia took advantage of members of the Transition Team's relative inexperience in government, opposition to Obama Administration policies, and Trump's desire to deepen ties with Russia to pursue unofficial channels through which Russia could conduct diplomacy."[55][56]

Background on Page and Limitations on the Committee's Investigation

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Inspector General of the Department of Justice found serious FBI errors applying for surveillance on Carter Page, a former Trump campaign aide, while concluding that Page's travels in Russia and his past connections with Russian intelligence officers justified the FBI's concern.[11][57] Despite Page producing electronic documents and sitting for an interview that lasted six and a half hours, "The Committee had significant challenges in its attempt to understand Page's activities, including his role as a foreign policy adviser to the Trump Campaign."[11][58]

The Steele Dossier: Its Origins and Handling

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The report notes that the Steele dossier, a private intelligence report written by Christopher Steele, alleging a "well-developed conspiracy of co-operation" between the Trump campaign and the Russian government, "found that the tradecraft reflected in the dossier is generally poor relative to IC standards; the Department of Justice (DOJ) Office of the Inspector General (OIG) and many who the Committee spoke with at the FBI also found serious fault with Steele's tradecraft."[11][59]

Additional Views of Senators Risch, Rubio, Blunt, Cotton, Cornyn, and Sasse

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The aforementioned Republican senators stated:

"The committee found no evidence that then-candidate Donald Trump or his campaign colluded with the Russian government in its efforts to meddle in the election... After more than three years of investigation by this Committee, we can now say with no doubt, there was no collusion."[60][61]

Additional Views of Senators Heinrich, Feinstein, Wyden, Harris, and Bennet

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The aforementioned Democratic senators stated:

"It is our conclusion, based on the facts detailed in the Committee's Report, that the Russian intelligence services' assault on the integrity of the 2016 U.S. electoral process[,] and Trump and his associates' participation in and enabling of this Russian activity, represents one of the single most grave counterintelligence threats to American national security in the modern era."[62][63]

Reactions

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President Donald Trump

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President Donald Trump, when asked about the report on August 18, 2020, said he "didn't read it".[64][65]

Democrats

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Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer responded to the fifth volume release by saying "Despite nearly four years of repeated warnings from America’s national security officials, President Trump has failed to protect America’s elections and even opened the door for Vladimir Putin to again attack our country in the same insidious way."[66]

Russia

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Russian state news service TASS responded to the release of the fifth volume on August 18, citing a statement by Dmitry Peskov, a spokesperson for Russian president Vladimir Putin, saying "The Kremlin regrets that as the U.S. presidential elections in November 2020 approach, more and more reports of alleged attempts by Russia to interfere in the electoral process will appear," such statements "have nothing to do with the truth".[67]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The committee had been led by Senator Richard Burr (R-NC), until he stepped down from the chair position when the FBI began a probe of his stock-trading activities.[3]
  2. ^ Similarly, a report prepared for the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee released in January 2018 detailed allegations of Russian government interference in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum including by active measures on social media,[44] while the Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament released a report in July 2020 that likewise noted that open source studies have concluded that Russian interference occurred in the referendum including by active measures on social media.[45]
  3. ^ The Intelligence and Security Committee report also notes that open source studies have concluded that a Russian influence campaign occurred in the 2014 Scottish independence referendum,[46] and both the Intelligence and Security Committee report and the Senate Foreign Relations Committee report both detail the hack-and-leak operation alleged to have been conducted by the Russian government during the 2017 French presidential election.[47][48]

References

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  1. ^ Farrington, Dana (25 July 2019). "READ: Senate Intelligence Report On Russian Interference In The 2016 Election". NPR.org. Archived from the original on 2021-02-15. Retrieved 2020-08-19.
  2. ^ a b c "Press | Intelligence Committee". www.intelligence.senate.gov. Archived from the original on 2021-02-15. Retrieved 2020-08-19.
  3. ^ Bolton, Alexander (May 15, 2020). "Burr problem grows for GOP". The Hill. Archived from the original on February 15, 2021. Retrieved September 2, 2020.
  4. ^ "Senate Intel Committee Concludes Russia Took Advantage of 'Inexperienced' Trump Team, FBI Gave Steele Dossier Too Much 'Credence'". news.yahoo.com. 18 August 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-02-15. Retrieved 2020-08-19.
  5. ^ "Trump campaign Russia ties were 'grave threat'". BBC News. 2020-08-19. Archived from the original on 2021-02-15. Retrieved 2020-08-19.
  6. ^ Treene, Zachary; Basu, Alayna (August 18, 2020). "Senate report finds Manafort passed sensitive campaign data to Russian intelligence officer". Axios. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  7. ^ a b Mazzetti, Mark; Fandos, Nicholas (August 18, 2020). "G.O.P.-Led Senate Panel Details Ties Between 2016 Trump Campaign and Russian Interference". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 9, 2021. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  8. ^ "Russian Efforts Against Election Infrastructure With Additional Views" (PDF). Report Of The Select Committee On Intelligence United States Senate On Russian Active Measures Campaigns And Interference In The 2016 U.S. Election (Report). Vol. 1. 2020. p. 67. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-07-27. Retrieved 2020-08-19.
  9. ^ Mallin, Alexander; Mosk, Matthew; Pecorin, Allison. "Senate report details Russia's efforts to meddle in 2016, ties to Trump associates". ABC News. Archived from the original on 2021-02-15. Retrieved 2020-08-19.
  10. ^ Miller, Greg; Demirjian, Karoun (August 18, 2020). "Senate report details security risk posed by 2016 Trump campaign's Russia contacts". Washington Post. Retrieved 2020-08-25.
  11. ^ a b c d Dilanian, Ken (August 18, 2020). "Six revelations in Senate intel report on 2016 Russian interference". NBC News. Archived from the original on February 15, 2021. Retrieved September 2, 2020.
  12. ^ a b Sanger, David E.; Edmondson, Catie (25 July 2019). "Russia Targeted Election Systems in All 50 States, Report Finds". The New York Times. New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 July 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
  13. ^ Rosenberg, Matthew; Perlroth, Nicole; Sanger, David E. (10 January 2020). "'Chaos Is the Point': Russian Hackers and Trolls Grow Stealthier in 2020". The New York Times. New York Times. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
  14. ^ Senate Intelligence Committee 2019a, pp. 3–22, 38.
  15. ^ a b Assessing Russian Activities and Intentions in Recent US Elections (PDF) (Report). Office of the Director of National Intelligence. January 6, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  16. ^ Senate Intelligence Committee 2019a, pp. 5, 22–28, 38.
  17. ^ Senate Intelligence Committee 2019a, pp. 5, 38–47.
  18. ^ Senate Intelligence Committee 2019a, pp. 4–5, 47–49, 54.
  19. ^ Senate Intelligence Committee 2019a, pp. 4–5, 54–61, AV1–AV6.
  20. ^ Desjardins, Lisa; Brangham, William (June 17, 2019). "All of the Mueller report's major findings in less than 30 minutes". PBS NewsHour. WETA. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  21. ^ Justice Department 2020a, pp. 14–65.
  22. ^ "Joint Statement from the Department of Homeland Security and Office of the Director of National Intelligence on Election Security" (Press release). Office of the Director of National Intelligence. October 7, 2016. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  23. ^ Senate Intelligence Committee 2019b.
  24. ^ Senate Intelligence Committee 2020, pp. 170–258.
  25. ^ Mak, Tim (October 8, 2019). "Senate Report: Russians Used Social Media Mostly To Target Race In 2016". NPR. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  26. ^ Dilanian, Ken (October 8, 2019). "Bipartisan senators weigh new laws to block foreign interference in elections on social media". NBC News. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  27. ^ Dilanian, Ken (August 18, 2020). "Six revelations in Senate intel report on 2016 Russian interference". NBC News. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  28. ^ "Putin's Revenge". FRONTLINE. Season 36. Episode 5. PBS. WGBH. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  29. ^ "The Facebook Dilemma". FRONTLINE. Season 37. Episode 4–5. PBS. WGBH. Retrieved November 10, 2022.
  30. ^ [23][24][25][26][27][28][29]
  31. ^ Senate Intelligence Committee 2019b, pp. 32–37.
  32. ^ Senate Intelligence Committee 2019b, pp. 43–62.
  33. ^ Senate Intelligence Committee 2019b, pp. 19, 43–62.
  34. ^ "Joint Statement from the ODNI, DOJ, FBI and DHS: Combating Foreign Influence in U.S. Elections" (Press release). Office of the Director of National Intelligence. October 19, 2018. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  35. ^ "DNI Coats Statement on the Intelligence Community's Response to Executive Order 13848 on Imposing Certain Sanctions in the Event of Foreign Interference in a United States Election" (Press release). Office of the Director of National Intelligence. December 21, 2018. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  36. ^ "Statement by NCSC Director William Evanina: 100 Days Until Election 2020" (Press release). Office of the Director of National Intelligence. July 24, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  37. ^ "Statement by NCSC Director William Evanina: Election Threat Update for the American Public" (Press release). Office of the Director of National Intelligence. August 7, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  38. ^ Foreign Threats to the 2020 US Federal Elections (PDF) (Report). Office of the Director of National Intelligence. March 10, 2021. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  39. ^ Annual Threat Assessment of the U.S. Intelligence Community (PDF) (Report). Office of the Director of National Intelligence. February 6, 2023. p. 15. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  40. ^ Senate Intelligence Committee 2019a, pp. 33–37.
  41. ^ Final Report of the Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol (PDF) (Report). U.S. Government Publishing Office. December 22, 2022. pp. 806–811. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
  42. ^ "Plot to Overturn the Election". FRONTLINE. Season 40. Episode 9. PBS. WGBH. Retrieved July 6, 2023.
  43. ^ [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42]
  44. ^ Senate Foreign Relations Committee 2018, pp. 116–120.
  45. ^ UK Intelligence and Security Committee 2020, pp. 12–14.
  46. ^ UK Intelligence and Security Committee 2020, p. 13.
  47. ^ Senate Foreign Relations Committee 2018, pp. 121–126.
  48. ^ UK Intelligence and Security Committee 2020, pp. 5, 9.
  49. ^ a b Prokop, Andrew (August 18, 2020). "The Senate Intelligence Committee's new Russia report, explained". Vox. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
  50. ^ a b c d Scribner, Herb (August 18, 2020). "The Senate Intelligence Committee released a new report on the 2016 election investigation. Here's what it said". Deseret News. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
  51. ^ Mallin, Alexander; Mosk, Matthew; Pecorin, Allison (August 19, 2020). "Senate report details Russia's efforts to meddle in 2016, ties to Trump associates". ABC News. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
  52. ^ Spencer, Saranac (9 October 2020). "Partisan Claims of 'Russia Hoax' Revived Ahead of 2020 Election". FactCheck.org. Archived from the original on February 15, 2021. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
  53. ^ a b c Bump, Philip (August 18, 2020). "New evidence revives an old question: What counts as Trump-Russia collusion?". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
  54. ^ Wire, Sarah; Megerian, Chris (August 18, 2020). "Senate panel: Trump 2016 camp contacted Russian intelligence". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 16, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
  55. ^ "Senate Intel Committee Concludes Russia Took Advantage of 'Inexperienced' Trump Team, FBI Gave Steele Dossier Too Much 'Credence'". news.yahoo.com. 18 August 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-02-15. Retrieved 2020-08-19.
  56. ^ "(U) Russia took advantage of members of the Transition Team's relative inexperience in government, opposition to Obama Administration policies, and Trump's desire to deepen ties with Russia to pursue unofficial channels through which Russia could conduct diplomacy." Counterintelligence Threats and Vulnerabilities" Archived 2021-01-22 at the Wayback Machine, p. xii
  57. ^ "3663 (U) The Carter Page FISA order and renewals are examined in detail in the DOJ OIG FISA Report. While there were several problems with the FBI's FISA renewals for Page, the Committee assesses that Page's previous ties to Russian intelligence officers, coupled with his Russian travel, justified the FBI's initial concerns about Page." "Volume V: Counterintelligence Threats and Vulnerabilities" Archived 2021-01-22 at the Wayback Machine, p. 555
  58. ^ "(U) The Committee had significant challenges in its attempt to understand Page's activities, including his role as a foreign policy adviser to the Trump Campaign." "Volume V: Counterintelligence Threats and Vulnerabilities" Archived 2021-01-22 at the Wayback Machine, p. 529
  59. ^ "The Committee found that the tradecraft reflected in the dossier is generally poor relative to IC standards; the Department ofJustice (DOJ) Office of the Inspector General (OIG)5651 and many who the Committee spoke with at the FBI also found serious fault with Steele's tradecraft. For example, FBI and DOJ OIG investigations discovered that Steele's sources were sometimes several steps removed from the information they provided, and Steele did not adequately convey that separation in the memos. Further, some information Steele logically would have known did not appear in the documents for unclear reasons, and the Committee found several opportunities for interested parties to insert disinformation." "Volume V: Counterintelligence Threats and Vulnerabilities" Archived 2021-01-22 at the Wayback Machine, p. 846
  60. ^ "Volume V: Counterintelligence Threats and Vulnerabilities" Archived 2021-01-22 at the Wayback Machine, p. 941
  61. ^ Blake, Aaron (August 19, 2020). "Analysis - Marco Rubio's curious summary of his committee's Russia report". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 26, 2022. In other words [Blake writes], it's not a report that treats this as a settled issue in any way. It seems to go out of its way to say precisely the opposite and raise the possibility of coordination. It repeatedly calls the Manafort-Kilimnik nexus the centerpiece of its investigation. It notes that we unfortunately have limited insight into these very significant events, but that some evidence does indeed point to the Trump campaign chairman's potential implication in Russia's efforts.
  62. ^ "Volume V: Counterintelligence Threats and Vulnerabilities" Archived 2021-01-22 at the Wayback Machine, p. 948
  63. ^ "Trump campaign Russia contacts were 'grave threat', says Senate report". BBC News. August 19, 2020. Retrieved May 25, 2022.
  64. ^ "Trump campaign Russia ties were 'grave threat'". BBC News. 2020-08-19. Archived from the original on 2021-02-15. Retrieved 2020-08-19.
  65. ^ Colson, Thomas. "Trump told Putin 'I'm a big fan of yours' and asked him to be the guest of honor at a Miss Universe pageant, in a series of fawning letters". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 2021-02-15. Retrieved 2020-08-19.
  66. ^ Marks, Riley, Joseph, Tonya (August 19, 2020). "The Cybersecurity 202: Democrats use Senate's Russia report to make their closing argument against Trump". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 15, 2021. Retrieved August 19, 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  67. ^ Shinkman, Paul D. (August 18, 2020). "Russia Fires Back at Senate Report on 2016 Election Interference, Trump Ties". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on 2021-02-15. Retrieved 2020-08-19.

Works cited

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