The Seram mountain pigeon (Gymnophaps stalkeri) is a species of bird in the pigeon family Columbidae that is endemic to the island of Seram in Indonesia, where it inhabits hill forest. It was long considered to be a subspecies of the Buru mountain pigeon, but was split on the basis of differences in appearance. It is a medium-sized pigeon with a buff-pink face and breast, wine-pink underparts, a grey nape, crown, back of neck, and thighs, and dark chestnut belly and underside of the tail.
| Seram mountain pigeon | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Columbiformes |
| Family: | Columbidae |
| Genus: | Gymnophaps |
| Species: | G. stalkeri
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| Binomial name | |
| Gymnophaps stalkeri (Ogilvie-Grant, 1911)
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The Seram mountain pigeon feeds on fruit and feeds in flocks of up to 50 birds. The only known nest was observed in September in old-growth montane forest and contained one egg. It is listed as being of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) on the IUCN Red List due to its stable population and sufficiently large range.
Taxonomy and systematics
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The Seram mountain pigeon was described as Columba stalkeri by the Scottish ornithologist William Ogilvie-Grant in 1911 on the basis of specimens from the Kanobi Mountains on Seram, Indonesia.[3] It was subsequently merged with the Buru mountain pigeon in the genus Gymnophaps by the Australian amateur ornithologist Gregory Mathews in 1927.[4] It was again split as a distinct species on basis of differences in appearance in 2007 by Frank Rheindt and Robert Hutchinson.[5]
The generic name Gymnophaps is derived from the Ancient Greek words γυμνος (gumnos), meaning bare, and φαψ (phaps), meaning pigeon. The specific name stalkeri is in honour of Wilfred Stalker, an Australian natural history collector who collected the type specimens of the species on a British Ornithologists' Union expedition.[6] Seram mountain pigeon is the official common name designated by the International Ornithologists' Union.[7] Other common names for the species include Seram long-tailed mountain-pigeon.[8][9]
The Seram mountain pigeon is one of four species in the mountain pigeon genus Gymnophaps, which is found in Melanesia and the Maluku Islands. It forms a superspecies with the other species in its genus.[9] Within its family, the genus Gymnophaps is sister to Lopholaimus, and these two together form a clade sister to Hemiphaga.[10] The species has no subspecies.[7]
Description
editThe Seram mountain pigeon is a medium-sized pigeon that is 33–38.5 cm (13.0–15.2 in) long and weighs 330–338 g (11.6–11.9 oz). It has a deep buff-pink face and breast, paler on the chin, changing to wine-pink on the underparts. The thighs are grey and the nape, crown, and back of neck are pale, pure blue-grey, while the belly and underside of the tail are dark chestnut with wine-grey fringes to the feathers. The eyes are scarlet to yellow with purplish red to scarlet orbital skin, the bill is yellow with a purple cere, and the legs are purple. Juveniles have browner upperparts, have browner underparts, and are darker below the tail. They also have dull red orbital skin, dull red legs, and a white-tipped grey bill with a dull red cere.[9][11]
Distribution and habitat
editThe Seram mountain pigeon is endemic to Seram in the Maluku Islands. It mainly inhabits hill forest at elevations of 400–2,300 m (1,300–7,500 ft), but is typically more common above 1,200 m (3,900 ft). One record of the species found seven individuals at an elevation of 100 m (330 ft).[11][12]
Behaviour and ecology
editThe species is very social, frequently being seen in flocks of over 20 birds.[9] It feeds on fruit. Foraging flocks can have over 20 birds, with some being as large as 50 individuals.[11]
Breeding
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The Seram mountain pigeon has been observed making a display flight in February. The display is similar to that of Papuan mountain pigeons, males of which launch themselves upwards from a perch before plummeting down and returning. However, the display of the Seram mountain pigeon is lower and less steep, and it continues flying forward after descending instead of returning to the perch immediately.[12]
Its only known nest was observed in September in primary montane forest at an elevation of 2,300 m (7,500 ft). The nest was placed in a crevice on a dead, mossy branch 2.5 m (8.2 ft) above the ground. It was lined loosely with twigs and moss, and contained a single white egg.[11][13]
Status
editThe Seram mountain pigeon is listed as being of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) on the IUCN Red List due to its stable population and sufficiently large range. Its population has not been estimated, but it is reported as being more common than the Buru mountain pigeon is on Buru, and is especially common at altitudes of 1,300–1,700 m (4,300–5,600 ft).[11][1]
References
edit- ^ a b BirdLife International (2016-10-01). "Gymnophaps stalkeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016-10-01: e.T45448758A95156213. Retrieved 2021-11-11.
- ^ "Gymnophaps stalkeri (Seram Mountain-Pigeon)". Avibase. Retrieved 2021-11-19.
- ^ Ogilvie-Grant (1910). "Columba stalkeri, sp. n." Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 27: 104.
- ^ Mathews, Gregory M. (1927). Systema avium Australasianarum = A systematic list of the birds of the Australasian region. London: British Ornithologists' Union. p. 54.
- ^ Hutchinson, Robert; Rheindt, Frank (2007). "A photoshot odyssey through the confused avian taxonomy of Seram and Buru (southern Moluccas)". BirdingAsia. 7: 18–38.
- ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 182, 364. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
- ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela (eds.). "Pigeons". IOC World Bird List. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
- ^ "Gymnophaps stalkeri (Seram Mountain-Pigeon)". Avibase. Retrieved 2021-11-19.
- ^ a b c d Gibbs, David; Barnes, Eustace; Cox, John (2001). Pigeons and Doves: A Guide to the Pigeons and Doves of the World. Pica Press. pp. 578–579. ISBN 978-1-8734-0360-0. OCLC 701718514.
- ^ Nowak, Jennifer; Sweet, Andrew; Weckstein, Jason; Johnson, Kevin (2019-08-15). "A molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genera of fruit doves and allies using dense taxonomic sampling". Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin. 42: 2019001. doi:10.21900/j.inhs.v42.93. hdl:2142/107151. ISSN 2644-0687. S2CID 203895719.
- ^ a b c d e Baptista, Luis F.; Trail, Pepper W.; Horblit, H.M.; Kirwan, Guy M.; Garcia, Ernest (2020-03-04). Billerman, Shawn M.; Keeney, Brooke K.; Rodewald, Paul G.; Schulenberg, Thomas S. (eds.). "Seram Mountain-Pigeon (Gymnophaps stalkeri)". Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. doi:10.2173/bow.lotmop2.01. S2CID 243013984. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
- ^ a b Reeve, Andrew H.; Haryoko, Tri; Poulsen, Michael K.; Fabre, Pierre-Henri; Jønsson, Knud A. (2014-01-01). "New ornithological records from Buru and Seram, south Maluku, Indonesia, 1995–2012". Forktail. 30: 15.
- ^ Hutchinson, Robert O.; Rheindt, Frank E. (2009). "First Nest and Egg of the Seram Mountain-Pigeon Gymnophaps stalkeri of Maluku". Kukila. 14: 41–43. Archived from the original on 2022-03-06. Retrieved 2021-12-03.