Serfs' Emancipation Day, observed annually on 28 March, is a holiday in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China that celebrates the emancipation of serfs in Tibet. The holiday was adopted by the Tibetan legislature on 19 January 2009 and it was promulgated that same year. In modern Tibetan history, the Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai declared the dissolution of the Tibetan government on 28 March 1959 and he replaced it with the temporary Preparatory Committee for the Tibet Autonomous Region (PCTAR), with the Panchen Lama also replacing the Dalai Lama as its acting chairman.[1]
| Serfs' Emancipation Day | |
|---|---|
| Also called | Serfs' Liberation Day |
| Date | 28 March |
| Next time | 28 March 2025 |
| Frequency | Annual |
| Serfs' Emancipation Day | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simplified Chinese | 西藏百万农奴解放纪念日 | ||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 西藏百萬農奴解放紀念日 | ||||||
| Literal meaning | Tibet one million serfs liberation commemoration day | ||||||
| |||||||
History
editThe holiday was announced to mark the 50th anniversary of the beginning of democratic reform of the Tibetan social structure on 28 March 1959, where according to China, one million people were freed from serfdom.[2] The People's Republic of China had been established since 1949, and has had control over Tibet since 1951. According to Chinese state-run media, Mao Zedong had entered into negotiations with the 14th Dalai Lama to initiate land reform, but was told in 1957 that any reforms would have to be approved by the Tibetan nobility. Tensions culminated in the 1959 Tibetan uprising, which Chinese state-run media calls an attempt by feudal lords to continue the system forever,[3] but the Dalai Lama calls a "national uprising".[2] In retrospect, the Dalai Lama also prefers the term "poor people" for Tibetans, for which he says the designation "serf" is questionable. He also alleges that the Government of Tibet had drawn up plans to gradually lower hereditary debts, but that the central government was hesitant, preferring to do things their own way.[4]
On 28 March, in what state-run China Daily called the simultaneous "end of serfdom and the abolition of the hierarchic social system characterized by theocracy", Zhou Enlai issued a State Council Order declaring the "dissolution" of the government of Tibet.[5] The order also directed the People's Liberation Army to suppress the uprising,[6] confiscate the possessions of the rebels, and give them to the serfs, which by China's estimate, comprised 90% of the population in Tibet. The resolution calling for the reforms to take place in Tibet was passed by the National People's Congress in Beijing on April 28, 1959, and formally adopted by the Preparatory Committee on July 17.[7][8]
Bill
editIn presenting it to the Tibetan legislature, Pang Boyong, Deputy Secretary General of the Tibetan Regional Congress Standing Committee, said the bill is aimed at "reminding all the Chinese people, including Tibetans, of the landmark 'democratic reform' initiated 50 years ago".[9] On 19 January 2009,[10] at the second annual session of the ninth regional People's Congress in 2009, 382 legislators voted unanimously for the bill, designating 28 March annually as Serfs' Emancipation Day.[3]
Observance
editSerfs' Emancipation Day was celebrated in Lhasa on 28 March 2009. The procession started at 10 a.m. at Potala Palace, and the then-Governor Qiangba Puncog presided over the event, wearing traditional Tibetan dress. Local Communist Party secretary Zhang Qingli was also in attendance.[11]
Reaction
editThe office of the 14th Dalai Lama denounced the holiday, saying that China was trying to declare new holidays to "avoid the situation" in Tibet. Kent Ewing of the Asia Times called the holiday "a reminder of the feudal system that existed in Tibet before the Chinese invaded in 1950", but believes that the holiday will embitter Tibetans.[12] Tsering Shakya echoes the Dalai Lama's condemnations, and also calls the celebrations "A choreographed spectacle" for "the delivery of public mass compliance to the leadership in Beijing" in response to "the widespread protests that engulfed the Tibetan plateau in March–April 2008" (see 2008 Tibetan unrest).[13]
Warren W. Smith suggests that the government has chosen 28 March as "counter-propaganda" to the 2008 Tibetan unrest.[14]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Melvyn C. Goldstein, A History of Modern Tibet, vol. 4, In the Eye of the Storm 1957-1959, University of California Press, 2019, p. 468-469
- ^ a b Leitsinger, Miranda (20 January 2009). "Date for Tibetan 'Serfs Emancipation Day' set". CNN. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
- ^ a b "Tibet sets 'Serfs Emancipation Day'". Local Governments News. China Internet Information Center. 19 January 2009. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
- ^ Laird, Thomas. The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama (2006) Grove Press. ISBN 0-8021-1827-5 pp. 317–319
- ^ "National Uprising". The Government of Tibet in Exile. 2 February 1996. Archived from the original on 12 April 2008. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
- ^ Shakya, Tsering (1999). The dragon in the land of snows: a history of modern Tibet since 1947. Columbia University Press. p. 242. ISBN 978-0-231-11814-9.
- ^ Robert Barnett, Shirin Akiner, Resistance and reform in Tibet, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 1994: "Mackerras notes that the resolution calling for reforms to take place in Tibet was passed by the National People's Congress in Beijing on April 28, 1959, and formally adopted by the Preparatory Committee on July 17."
- ^ Strong, Anna Louise (1976). "8". When serfs stood up in Tibet. Beijing: New World Press.
- ^ Dasgupta, Saibal (11 January 2001). "China to celebrate Dalai Lama's exit from Tibet with a public holiday". The Times of India. Times News Network. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
- ^ "Celebration for Serfs Emancipation Day starts in Tibet". China Daily. Xinhua. 28 March 2009. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
- ^ "Grand celebration of Serfs Emancipation Day". Xinhua. 28 March 2009. Archived from the original on 2 April 2009. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
- ^ Ewing, Kent (26 February 2009). "China closes the door on Tibet". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 1 March 2009. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ Shakya, Tsering (22 March 2009). "Tsering Shakya on "Serf Emancipation Day"". Shadow Tibet. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
- ^ Norbu, Jamyang (20 March 2009). "Warren Smith on "Serf Emancipation Day"". Shadow Tibet. Retrieved 3 August 2010.