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Blood lipids (or blood fats) are lipids in the blood, either free or bound to other molecules. They are mostly transported in a phospholipid capsule, and the type of protein embedded in this outer shell determines the fate of the particle and its influence on metabolism. Examples of these lipids include cholesterol and triglycerides. The concentration of blood lipids depends on intake and excretion from the intestine, and uptake and secretion from cells. Hyperlipidemia is the presence of elevated or abnormal levels of lipids and/or lipoproteins in the blood, and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
Fatty acids
editIntestine intake
editShort- and medium chain fatty acids are absorbed directly into the blood via intestine capillaries and travel through the portal vein. Long-chain fatty acids, on the other hand, are too large to be directly released into the tiny intestine capillaries. Instead they are coated with a membrane composed of phospholipids and proteins, forming a large transporter particle called chylomicron. The chylomicron enters a lymphatic capillary, then it is transported into the bloodstream at the left subclavian vein (having bypassed the liver).
In any case, the concentration of blood fatty acids increase temporarily after a meal.
Cell uptake
editAfter a meal, when the blood concentration of fatty acids rises, there is an increase in uptake of fatty acids in different cells of the body, mainly liver cells, adipocytes and muscle cells. This uptake is stimulated by insulin from the pancreas. As a result, the blood concentration of fatty acid stabilizes again after a meal.
Cell secretion
editAfter a meal, some of the fatty acids taken up by the liver is converted into very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and again secreted into the blood.[1]
In addition, when a long time has passed since the last meal, the concentration of fatty acids in the blood decreases, which triggers adipocytes to release stored fatty acids into the blood as free fatty acids, in order to supply e.g. muscle cells with energy.
In any case, also the fatty acids secreted from cells are anew taken up by other cells in the body, until entering fatty acid metabolism[clarification needed].
Cholesterol
editThe fate of cholesterol in the blood is highly determined by its constitution of lipoproteins, where some types favour transport towards body tissues and others towards the liver for excretion into the intestines.
The 1987 report of National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panels suggest the total blood cholesterol level should be: <200 mg/dl normal blood cholesterol, 200–239 mg/dl borderline-high, >240 mg/dl high cholesterol.[2]
The average amount of blood cholesterol varies with age, typically rising gradually until one is about 60 years old. There appear to be seasonal variations in cholesterol levels in humans, more, on average, in winter.[3] These seasonal variations seem to be inversely linked to vitamin C intake.[4][5]
Intestine intake
editIn lipid digestion, cholesterol is packed into chylomicrons in the small intestine, which are delivered to the portal vein and lymph. The chylomicrons are ultimately taken up by liver hepatocytes via interaction between apolipoprotein E and the LDL receptor or lipoprotein receptor-related proteins.
In lipoproteins
editCholesterol is minimally soluble in water; it cannot dissolve and travel in the water-based bloodstream. Instead, it is transported in the bloodstream by lipoproteins that are water-soluble and carry cholesterol and triglycerides internally. The apolipoproteins forming the surface of the given lipoprotein particle determine from what cells cholesterol will be removed and to where it will be supplied.
The largest lipoproteins, which primarily transport fats from the intestinal mucosa to the liver, are called chylomicrons. They carry mostly fats in the form of triglycerides. In the liver, chylomicron particles release triglycerides and some cholesterol. The liver converts unburned food metabolites into very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and secretes them into plasma where they are converted to intermediate-density lipoproteins(IDL), which thereafter are converted to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles and non-esterified fatty acids, which can affect other body cells. In healthy individuals, most of the LDL particles are large and buoyant (less dense, also known as lb-LDL) and they are cardiovascularly neutral: they have no negative and no positive effect on cardiovascular health. In contrast, large numbers of small and dense LDL (sd-LDL) particles are strongly associated with the presence of atheromatous disease within the arteries. For this reason, total LDL is referred to as "bad cholesterol," although only a fraction of it is actually bad.
Standard chemistry panels typically include total triglyceride, LDL and HDL levels in the blood. Measuring the concentration of sd-LDL is expensive. However, since it is produced from VLDL, it can be inferred indirectly by estimating VLDL levels in the blood. That estimate is typically obtained by measuring triglyceride levels after at least eight hours of fasting, when chylomicrons have been totally removed from the blood by the liver. In the absence of chylomicrons, triglyceride levels have a much larger correlation with risk of cardiovascular diseases than total LDL levels.
Intestine excretion
editAfter being transported to the liver by HDL, cholesterol is delivered to the intestines via bile production. However, 92-97% is reabsorbed in the intestines and recycled via enterohepatic circulation.
Cell uptake
editCholesterol circulates in the blood in low-density lipoproteins and these are taken into the cell by LDL receptor-mediated endocytosis in clathrin-coated pits, and then hydrolysed in lysosomes.
Cell secretion
editIn response to low blood cholesterol, different cells of the body, mainly in the liver and intestines, start to synthesize cholesterol from acetyl-CoA by the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase. This is then released into the blood.
Related medical conditions
editHyperlipidemia
editHyperlipidemia is the presence of elevated or abnormal levels of lipids and/or lipoproteins in the blood.
Lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities are extremely common in the general population, and are regarded as a highly modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. In addition, some forms may predispose to acute pancreatitis. One of the most clinically relevant lipid substances is cholesterol, especially on atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. The presence of high levels of cholesterol in the blood is called hypercholesterolemia.[6]
Hyperlipoproteinemia is elevated levels of lipoproteins.
Hypertriglyceridemia
editHypercholesterolemia
editHypercholesterolemia is the presence of high levels of cholesterol in the blood.[6] It is not a disease but a metabolic derangement that can be secondary to many diseases and can contribute to many forms of disease, most notably cardiovascular disease. Familial hypercholesterolemia is a rare genetic disorder that can occur in families, where sufferers cannot properly metabolise cholesterol.
Hypocholesterolemia
editAbnormally low levels of cholesterol are called hypocholesterolemia.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Molecular cell biology. Lodish, Harvey F. 5. ed. : - New York : W. H. Freeman and Co., 2003. Page 321. b ill. ISBN 0-7167-4366-3
- ^ "Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. The Expert Panel". Arch. Intern. Med. 148 (1): 36–69. 1988. doi:10.1001/archinte.148.1.36. PMID 3422148.
- ^ Ockene IS, Chiriboga DE, Stanek EJ, Harmatz MG, Nicolosi R, Saperia G, Well AD, Freedson P, Merriam PA, Reed G, Ma Y, Matthews CE, Hebert JR (2004). "Seasonal variation in serum cholesterol levels: treatment implications and possible mechanisms". Arch Intern Med. 164 (8): 863–70. doi:10.1001/archinte.164.8.863. PMID 15111372.
- ^ MacRury, SM; Muir, M; Hume, R (1992). "Seasonal and climatic variation in cholesterol and vitamin C: effect of vitamin C supplementation". Scottish Medical Journal. 37 (2): 49–52. doi:10.1177/003693309203700208. PMID 1609267. S2CID 22157704.
- ^ Dobson, HM; Muir, MM; Hume, R (1984). "The effect of ascorbic acid on the seasonal variations in serum cholesterol levels". Scottish Medical Journal. 29 (3): 176–82. doi:10.1177/003693308402900308. PMID 6533789. S2CID 13178580.
- ^ a b Durrington P (2003). "Dyslipidaemia". Lancet. 362 (9385): 717–31. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14234-1. PMID 12957096. S2CID 208792416.