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Serverless computing

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Serverless computing is a cloud computing execution model in which the cloud provider allocates machine resources on demand, taking care of the servers on behalf of their customers. Serverless is a misnomer in the sense that servers are still used by cloud service providers to execute code for developers. However, developers of serverless applications are not concerned with capacity planning, configuration, management, maintenance, fault tolerance, or scaling of containers, virtual machines, or physical servers. When an app is not in use, there are no computing resources allocated to the app. Pricing is based on the actual amount of resources consumed by an application.[1] It can be a form of utility computing.

One proposed definition for serverless computing that encompasses these ideas is that serverless computing is a "cloud computing paradigm encompassing a class of cloud computing platforms that allow one to develop, deploy, and run applications (or components thereof) in the cloud without allocating and managing virtualized servers and resources or being concerned about other operational aspects. The responsibility for operational aspects, such as fault tolerance or the elastic scaling of computing, storage, and communication resources to match varying application demands, is offloaded to the cloud provider. Providers apply utilization-based billing: they charge cloud users with fine granularity, in proportion to the resources that applications actually consume from the cloud infrastructure, such as computing time, memory, and storage space."[2] Note the definition of serverless has stretched over time. According to Ben Kehoe, serverless is a spectrum; one should not fixate on a strict definition of serverless nor any specific serverless technology. Instead, one should focus on serverless mindset: how to use serverless to solve one's business problems.[3]

Serverless computing can simplify the process of deploying code into production. It does not entirely remove the complexity, but mainly shifts it from the operations team to development team. And the more fine grained the application, the harder it is to manage it.[clarification needed] [4]

Serverless code can be used in conjunction with code deployed in traditional styles, such as microservices or monoliths. Alternatively, applications can be written to be purely serverless and use no provisioned servers at all.[5] This should not be confused with computing or networking models that do not require an actual server to function, such as peer-to-peer (P2P).

According to Yan Cui, serverless should be adopted only when it helps to deliver customer value faster. And while adopting, organizations should take small steps and de-risk along the way.[6]

Serverless runtimes

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Serverless vendors offer compute runtimes that execute application logic but do not store data. Common runtime models are function as a service (FaaS) and container as a service. Common languages supported by serverless runtimes are Java, Python, and PHP. Generally, the functions run within isolation boundaries, such as Linux containers.

Commercial offerings

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The first pay-as-you-go code execution platform was Zimki, released in 2006, but it was not commercially successful.[7] In 2008, Google released Google App Engine, which featured metered billing for applications that used a custom Python framework, but could not execute arbitrary code.[8] PiCloud, released in 2010, offered FaaS support for Python.

Google App Engine, introduced in 2008, was the first abstract serverless computing offering.[9] App Engine included HTTP functions with a 60-second timeout and a blob store and data store with their own timeouts. No in-memory persistence was allowed. All operations had to be executed within these limits, but this allowed apps built in App Engine to scale near-infinitely and was used to support early customers including Snapchat, as well as many external and internal Google apps. Language support was limited to Python using native Python modules, as well as a limited selection of Python modules in C that were chosen by Google. Like later serverless platforms, App Engine also used pay-for-what-you-use billing.[10]

AWS Lambda, introduced by Amazon in 2014,[11] popularized the abstract serverless computing model. It is supported by a number of additional AWS serverless tools such as AWS Serverless Application Model (AWS SAM) Amazon CloudWatch, and others.

Google Cloud Platform created a second serverless offering, Google Cloud Functions, in 2016.[12]

Oracle Cloud Functions is a serverless platform offered on Oracle Cloud Infrastructure, and is based on the open-source Fn Project so developers can create applications that can be ported to other cloud and on-premise environments. It supports code in Python, Go, Java, Ruby, and Node.[13]

Serverless databases

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Several serverless databases have emerged to extend the serverless execution model to the RDBMS, eliminating the need to provision or scale virtualized or physical database hardware.

Nutanix offers a solution named Era which turns an existing RDBMS such as Oracle, MariaDB, PostgreSQL, or Microsoft SQL Server into a serverless service.[14]

Amazon Aurora offers a serverless version of its databases, based on MySQL and PostgreSQL, providing on-demand, auto-scaling configurations.[15]

Azure Data Lake is a highly scalable data storage and analytics service. The service is hosted in Azure, Microsoft's public cloud. Azure Data Lake Analytics provides a distributed infrastructure that can dynamically allocate or de-allocate resources so customers pay for only the services they use.

Oracle Cloud offers a serverless version of its Oracle Autonomous Database, which is the Autonomous Transaction Processing service. The serverless service also includes a JSON edition.[16]

Firebase, also owned by Google,[17] includes a hierarchical database and is available via fixed and pay-as-you-go plans.[18]

Advantages

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Cost

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Serverless can be more cost-effective than renting or purchasing a fixed quantity of servers,[19] which generally involves significant periods of underusage or idle time.[1] It can even be more cost-efficient than provisioning an autoscaling group, due to more efficient bin-packing of the underlying machine resources.

This can be described as pay-as-you-go computing[19] or bare-code,[19] as one is charged based solely upon the time and memory allocated to run ones code, without associated fees for idle time.[19] A useful analogy here is between rental car (traditional cloud Virtual Machines) versus ride share apps like Uber or Lyft (serverless computing). Immediate cost benefits are related to the lack of operating costs, including: licenses, installation, dependencies, and personnel cost for maintenance, support, or patching.[19] Due to infinite scalability, developers may experience bill shock as a result of faulty code or a Denial-of-service attack. This is however often refunded, at the expense of the service provider.[20]

Elasticity versus scalability

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See also: Scalability and Elasticity (cloud computing)

In addition, a serverless architecture means that developers and operators do not need to spend time setting up and tuning autoscaling policies or systems; the cloud provider is responsible for scaling the capacity to the demand.[1][21][19] As Google puts it: "from prototype to production to planet-scale."[19]

As cloud native systems inherently scale down as well as up, these systems are known as elastic rather than scalable.

Small teams of developers are able to run code themselves without the dependence upon teams of infrastructure and support engineers; more developers are becoming DevOps-skilled and distinctions between being a software developer or hardware engineer are blurring.[19]

Productivity

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With function as a service, the units of code exposed to the outside world are simple event-driven functions. This means that typically, the programmer does not have to worry about multithreading or directly handling HTTP requests in their code, simplifying the task of back-end software development.

Disadvantages

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Serverless applications are prone to fallacies of distributed computing. In addition, they are prone to following fallacies:[22][23]

Performance

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Infrequently-used serverless code may suffer from greater response latency than code that is continuously running on a dedicated server, virtual machine, or container. This is because, unlike with autoscaling, the cloud provider typically spins down the serverless code completely when not in use. This means that if the runtime (for example, the Java runtime) requires a significant amount of time to start up, it will create additional latency.[24] This is referred to as cold start in serverless computing.

Resource limits

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Serverless computing is not suited to some computing workloads, such as high-performance computing, because of the resource limits imposed by cloud providers, and also because it would likely be cheaper to bulk-provision the number of servers believed to be required at any given point in time.[25] This makes it challenging to deploy complex applications (such as those with a directed acyclic graph of functions); serverless computing out of the box is most suited for execution of individual stateless functions. Some commercial offerings like AWS Step Functions from Amazon and Azure Durable Functions from Microsoft are meant to ease this challenge.

Monitoring and debugging

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Diagnosing performance or excessive resource usage problems with serverless code may be more difficult than with traditional server code, because although entire functions can be timed,[5] there is typically no ability to dig into more detail by attaching profilers, debuggers, or APM tools.[26] Furthermore, the environment in which the code runs is typically not open source, so its performance characteristics cannot be precisely replicated in a local environment.

Security

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According to OWASP, serverless applications are vulnerable to variations of traditional attacks, insecure code, and some serverless-specific attacks (like Denial of Wallet[27]). So, the risks have changed and attack prevention requires a shift in mindset.[28][29]

Serverless is sometimes mistakenly considered as more secure than traditional architectures. While this is true to some extent because OS vulnerabilities are taken care of by the cloud provider, the total attack surface is significantly larger as there are many more components to the application compared to traditional architectures, and each component is an entry point to the serverless application. Moreover, the security solutions that customers used to have to protect their cloud workloads become irrelevant as customers cannot control and install anything on the endpoint and network level such as an intrusion detection/prevention system (IDS/IPS).[30]

This is intensified by the mono-culture properties of the entire server network. (A single flaw can be applied globally.) According to Protego, the "solution to secure serverless apps is close partnership between developers, DevOps, and AppSec, also known as DevSecOps. Find the balance where developers don't own security, but they aren't absolved from responsibility either. Take steps to make it everyone's problem. Create cross-functional teams and work towards tight integration between security specialists and development teams. Collaborate so your organization can resolve security risks at the speed of serverless."[31]

Privacy

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Many serverless function environments are based on proprietary public cloud environments. Here, some privacy implications have to be considered, such as shared resources and access by external employees. However, serverless computing can also be done on private cloud environment or even on-premises, using for example the Kubernetes platform. This gives companies full control over privacy mechanisms, just as with hosting in traditional server setups.

Standards

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Serverless computing is covered by International Data Center Authority (IDCA) in their Framework AE360.[32] However, the part related to portability can be an issue when moving business logic from one public cloud to another, for which the Docker solution was created. Cloud Native Computing Foundation (CNCF) is also working on developing a specification with Oracle.[33]

Vendor lock-in

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Serverless computing is provided as a third-party service. Applications and software that run in the serverless environment are by default locked to a specific cloud vendor. This issue is exacerbated in serverless computing, as with its increased level of abstraction, public vendors only allow customers to upload code to a FaaS platform without the authority to configure underlying environments. More importantly, when considering a more complex workflow that includes Backend-as-a-Service (BaaS), a BaaS offering can typically only natively trigger a FaaS offering from the same provider. This makes the workload migration in serverless computing virtually impossible. Therefore, considering how to design and deploy serverless workflows from a multi-cloud perspective seems promising and is starting to prevail[when?].[34][35][36]

Best practices

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Following DevSecOps practices can help one to use and to secure serverless technologies more effectively.[37] In serverless applications, the line between the infrastructure and business logic is blurred and the apps are usually spread across various services. According to Yan Cui, to get the most value from testing efforts, serverless applications should to be tested mainly for their integrations, and arguably, unit tests should be used only if there is a complex business logic. Also, to make debugging and implementation of serverless applications easier, developers should use orchestration within the bounded context of a microservice, and should use choreography between the bounded-contexts.[6]

According to Yan Cui, ephemeral resources should be kept together to achieve a high cohesion. However, shared resources that have a long spin-up time (e.g. AWS RDS cluster) and landing zone should have their own separate repository, deployment pipeline and stack. [6]

Uses/functions

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Serverless functions can be used for:[38]

  • Data analytics
  • Streaming video processing
  • CI/CD operations
  • File conversions
  • Log aggregation and restructuring
  • Support for dynamic website content

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Miller, Ron (24 Nov 2015). "AWS Lambda Makes Serverless Applications A Reality". TechCrunch. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
  2. ^ Kounev, Samuel (23 August 2023). "Serverless Computing: What It Is, and What It Is Not?". Communications of ACM. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  3. ^ Serverless as a Game Changer How to Get the Most Out of the Cloud. 2023. ISBN 9780137392551.
  4. ^ The Software Architect Elevator: Redefining the Architect's Role in the Digital Enterprise. O'Reilly Media. 2020. ISBN 978-1492077541.
  5. ^ a b MSV, Janakiram (16 July 2015). "PaaS Vendors, Watch Out! Amazon Is All Set To Disrupt the Market". Forbes. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
  6. ^ a b c Cui, Yan (2020). Serverless Architectures on AWS (2nd ed.). Manning. ISBN 978-1617295423.
  7. ^ Williams, Christopher. "Fotango to smother Zimki on Christmas Eve". The Register. Retrieved 2017-06-11.
  8. ^ "Python Runtime Environment | App Engine standard environment for Python | Google Cloud Platform". Google Cloud Platform. Retrieved 2017-06-11.
  9. ^ Evans, Jon (11 April 2015). "Whatever Happened to PaaS?". TechCrunch. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  10. ^ Kincaid, Jason (25 February 2009). "Google App Engine Offers Pricing Plan Beyond Quotas; Grab A Free I/O Ticket To Celebrate". TechCrunch. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  11. ^ Miller, Ron (13 Nov 2014). "Amazon Launches Lambda, An Event-Driven Compute Service". TechCrunch. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
  12. ^ Novet, Jordan (9 February 2016). "Google has quietly launched its answer to AWS Lambda". VentureBeat. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
  13. ^ "How to choose a cloud serverless platform". www.arnnet.com.au. 3 March 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-23.
  14. ^ "One-click Database Administration & Automation | Nutanix Era".
  15. ^ "Amazon Aurora Serverless - On-demand, Auto-scaling Relational Database - AWS". Amazon Web Services, Inc. Retrieved 2019-08-08.
  16. ^ "Oracle brings the Autonomous Database to JSON". ZDNet. Retrieved 2022-03-23.
  17. ^ Lardinois, Frederic (21 October 2014). "Google Acquires Firebase To Help Developers Build Better Real-Time Apps | TechCrunch". Retrieved 2017-06-11.
  18. ^ Darrow, Barb (2013-06-20). "Firebase gets $5.6M to launch its paid product and fire up its base". gigaom.com. Retrieved 2017-06-11.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h Jamieson, Frazer (4 September 2017). "Losing the server? Everybody is talking about serverless architecture".
  20. ^ Anderson, Tim (2020-12-10). "Google Cloud (over)Run: How a free trial experiment ended with a $72,000 bill overnight". The Register. Retrieved 2024-10-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  21. ^ Miller, Ron (31 March 2016). "Microsoft answers AWS Lambda's event-triggered serverless apps with Azure Functions". TechCrunch. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
  22. ^ Richards, Mark (March 3, 2020). Fundamentals of Software Architecture: An Engineering Approach (1st ed.). O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-1492043454.
  23. ^ Richards, Mark (2021). Software Architecture: The Hard Parts: Modern Trade-Off Analyses for Distributed Architectures (1st ed.). O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-1492086895.
  24. ^ van Eyk, Erwin; Iosup, Alexandru; Abad, Cristina L.; Grohmann, Johannes; Eismann, Simon (2018). "A SPEC RG Cloud Group's Vision on the Performance Challenges of FaaS Cloud Architectures" (PDF). Companion of the 2018 ACM/SPEC International Conference on Performance Engineering. pp. 21–24. doi:10.1145/3185768.3186308. hdl:1871.1/8aa529e9-f8f9-4305-8073-91dd1a9451fb. ISBN 9781450356299. S2CID 4718290.
  25. ^ Hellerstein, Joseph; Faleiro, Jose; Gonzalez, Joseph; Schleier-Smith, Johann; Screekanti, Vikram; Tumanov, Alexey; Wu, Chenggang (2019). "Serverless Computing: One Step Forward, Two Steps Back". arXiv:1812.03651. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  26. ^ Leitner, Philipp; Wittern, Erik; Spillner, Josef; Hummer, Waldemar (2019). "A mixed-method empirical study of Function-as-a-Service software development in industrial practice". Journal of Systems and Software. 149: 340–359. doi:10.1016/j.jss.2018.12.013. hdl:11475/14313. ISSN 0164-1212. S2CID 67775784.
  27. ^ Kelly, Daniel; Glavin, Frank G.; Barrett, Enda (2021-08-01). "Denial of wallet—Defining a looming threat to serverless computing". Journal of Information Security and Applications. 60: 102843. doi:10.1016/j.jisa.2021.102843. ISSN 2214-2126.
  28. ^ "OWASP Serverless Top 10 | OWASP Foundation". owasp.org. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
  29. ^ OWASP/Serverless-Top-10-Project, OWASP, 2024-05-02, retrieved 2024-05-20
  30. ^ "Cloud Workload Protection (CWP) | CWPP".
  31. ^ Solow, Hillel (2019-02-05). "Serverless Computing Security Risks & Challenges". protego.io. Retrieved 2019-03-20.
  32. ^ "The Standards Framework for the Application Ecosystem | International Data Center Authority (IDCA)".
  33. ^ "CNCF, Oracle Boost Serverless Standardization Efforts". SDxCentral. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
  34. ^ Aske, Austin; Zhao, Xinghui (2018-08-13). "Supporting Multi-Provider Serverless Computing on the Edge". Proceedings of the 47th International Conference on Parallel Processing Companion. ICPP Workshops '18. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 1–6. doi:10.1145/3229710.3229742. ISBN 978-1-4503-6523-9. S2CID 195348799.
  35. ^ Baarzi, Ataollah Fatahi; Kesidis, George; Joe-Wong, Carlee; Shahrad, Mohammad (2021-11-01). "On Merits and Viability of Multi-Cloud Serverless". Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing. SoCC '21. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 600–608. doi:10.1145/3472883.3487002. ISBN 978-1-4503-8638-8. S2CID 239890130.
  36. ^ Zhao, Haidong; Benomar, Zakaria; Pfandzelter, Tobias; Georgantas, Nikolaos (2022-12-06). "Supporting Multi-Cloud in Serverless Computing". 2022 IEEE/ACM 15th International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing (UCC). pp. 285–290. arXiv:2209.09367. doi:10.1109/UCC56403.2022.00051. ISBN 978-1-6654-6087-3. S2CID 252383217.
  37. ^ Katzer, Jason (2020). Learning Serverless: Design, Develop, and Deploy with Confidence. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-1492057017.
  38. ^ "What Is Serverless Computing?". ITPro Today. 2021-12-13. Retrieved 2022-03-23.

Further reading

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  1. ^ Jonas, Eric (February 2019). "Cloud Programming Simplified: A Berkeley View on Serverless Computing". pp. 1–33. arXiv:1902.03383 [cs.OS].
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