The Seven Iron Men, also known as the Merritt brothers, were iron-ore pioneers in the Mesabi Range in northeastern Minnesota and the creation of the city that is now known as Mountain Iron.[1] In the late 1800s, the Merritt family founded the largest iron mine in the world and initiated the consolidation of the American railway system into what would ultimately become the United States Steel Corporation. Their story was told, in part, by the book Seven Iron Men by Paul de Kruif.[2] The book was first published in 1929.
Top row: Leonidas Merritt, Lewis J. Merritt, Andrus R. Merritt, Alfred Merritt, Lucien F. Merritt.
Bottom row: Cassius Clay Merritt, Hephzibah Jewett Merritt, Lewis H. Merritt, Jerome Merritt, Napoleon B. Merritt.
The brothers, actually five brothers and two nephews, charted the Mesabi Range and recorded the areas that demonstrated the highest potential for iron after they recognized what they had found.[3] Due to the lack of railroads in the region, they were initially unable to transport the ore, but their discovery catalyzed the growth of railroads in the region.[1] The railroad became the center of conflict between the Merritt Brothers and J. D. Rockefeller,[4] to whom they were eventually forced to sell their stake in Mountain Iron[1] in 1893.[5]
Early life
editThe Seven Iron Men consisted of four of the sons of Lewis Howell Merritt and Hephzibah Merritt – Leonidas, Alfred, Andrus, and Cassius – as well as three of their grandsons, John, Wilbur, and Bert.[6] The primary figure of the Merritt family was Leonidas. He was born in Chautauqua County, New York, where he lived until age 7, when he moved to western Pennsylvania until age 12.[7] In 1856, his family moved to live in a community of five or six families in Duluth, Minnesota, just after the 1854 Treaty of La Pointe transferred land from the Ojibwe and where his father, Lewis Howell Merritt, worked as a lumberman and a millwright.[8] He joined the Army to fight in the Civil War and returned after his father had failed to discover gold in the Vermillion or Mesabi Mountain Ranges. The black "banded ore" rocks that his father brought back to Duluth from the Mesabi Range convinced Leonidas to explore the Mesabi Mountains.[7]
Geography
editMesabi is derived from the Ojibwe word for 'giant',[9] but is said to have a broader meaning of 'the grandmother of them all', as it relates to the division between water flowing into the Hudson Bay from the water flowing into Lake Superior.[7] Geology professor Van Hise had proposed a "trough theory," explaining how the mountains potentially contained ore-filled troughs at various places. Leonidas developed a magnetic survey and mapped out the ore troughs in the area. With money saved 16 years working as a lumberjack, Leonidas bought land for $1.25 an acre and opened what became the largest iron mine in the world, Mountain Iron Mine.[7]
Merritt Mining and Railroad Companies
editLeonidas was initially joined by his brother Alfred and later by five other family members, as they sought investors. They discovered iron in 1891, after building trails into the mountains and hiring villagers to drill into the troughs. The brothers reinvested their earnings. As soon as the iron was discovered, geologists explored the mountains. One mining expert scorned the Mountain Iron Mine, making it difficult to obtain outside investors. In 1891 the family incorporated the Duluth, Missabe and Northern Railway Company to build a 70-mile-long railroad.[8] The Merritts raised $400,000 which they advanced to the railroad company in exchange for bonds.
Economics
editThe Seven Iron Brothers owned the largest iron mine in the world during the 1890s. Their success attracted the attention of other wealthy Americans, such as Rockefeller, who was expanding into the iron ore business at that time. The Merritt Brothers put their company stock up as collateral to borrow money from Rockefeller to fund the railroad. In the span of several months, the Merritt Brothers lost their personal wealth and interest in both their mining and railroad corporations. In a series of financial transactions, Rockefeller came to own both the Mountain Iron Mine and the Railroad, leaving the Merritt Brothers financially ruined. Rockefeller's move attracted the attention of Andrew Carnegie and through consolidations, the world's first billion-dollar cooperation, the United States Steel Corporation, would be founded.
Legacy
editIn 2011, the economic impact upon America of the steel industry was estimated to contribute $101.2 billion to US GDP and to support 943,045 jobs.[10] It generated $22.9 billion in tax revenues and created seven jobs in the United States economy for every one job created in the steel industry.[10]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c "Merritt Brothers". Minnesota Historical Society. Retrieved 2008-02-15.
- ^ De Kruif, Paul (1 September 2007). Seven Iron Men: The Merritts and the Discovery of the Mesabi Range. U of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-5262-4.
- ^ Benson, Lorna. "A Minnesota Century: Mining the North". Minnesota Public Radio. Retrieved 2024-06-30.
- ^ "Iron Range - The Mining Frontier". Macalester College. Archived from the original on 2008-09-24. Retrieved 2008-02-15.
- ^ DeCarlo, Peter J. (11 February 2014). "The Merritt family helped put the 'iron' in Iron Range". Minnesota Post. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
- ^ "Collection: Merritt family papers | University of Minnesota Archival Collections Guides". University of Minnesota Duluth. Retrieved 2024-06-30.
- ^ a b c d Corporation, United States Congress House Committee on Investigation of United States Steel (1911). United States Steel Corporation: Hearings Before the Committee on Investigation of United States Steel Corporation. House of Representatives. [In Eight Volumes]. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 1886.
- ^ a b "History of the Mesabi Iron Range." From Walter Van Brunt’s Duluth and St. Louis County, Minnesota Vols. 1-3. The American Historical Society. Chicago. 1922.
- ^ Djerlev, Henry. "THE IRON RANGES OF MINNESOTA". Mining History Association. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
- ^ a b "Economic Impacts of the American Steel Industry" Archived 2012-12-24 at the Wayback Machine Timothy J. Considine. University of Wyoming. 2012.
Sources
edit- Walker, David A. (March 2004). Iron Frontier: The Discovery and Early Development of Minnesota's Three Ranges. Minnesota Historical Society Press. ISBN 978-0-87351-491-0.
- Polta, Harold J. (1971). Mesabi Range iron ore transportation: feasibility and estimated cost of pipelining. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines.
- King, Frank Alexander (1972). The Missabe Road: The Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Railway. U of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-4083-6.
- Morris, Charles R. (3 October 2006). The Tycoons: How Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Jay Gould, and J. P. Morgan Invented the American Supereconomy. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-1-4299-3502-9.
- King, Frank Alexander (2003). Minnesota Logging Railroads. U of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-4084-3.
- Chernow, Ron (18 December 2007). Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-42977-3.
- Lamppa, Marvin G. (1 January 2004). Minnesota's Iron Country: Rich Ore, Rich Lives. Lake Superior Port Cities. ISBN 978-0-942235-56-2.
- "Merritt Brothers". Minnesota Historical Library.
- "Economic Impacts of the American Steel Industry". Timothy J. Considine. University of Wyoming. 2012.
- Stanley, Augustus Owsley; MacRae, Farquhar J. (1911). United States Steel Corporation: Hearings Before the Committee on Investigation of United States Steel Corporation. House of Representatives. [In Eight Volumes]. U.S. Government Printing Office.