The League of Socialist Youth of Yugoslavia (SSOJ) was the youth movement, member organisation of the Socialist Alliance of Working People of Yugoslavia (SSRNJ).[2] Membership stood at more than 3.6 million individuals in 1983.[1] It was originally established as the League of Communist Youth of Yugoslavia (SKOJ) on 10 October 1919 and retained that name until 1948.[3] Although it was banned just two years after its establishment and at times ruthlessly prosecuted, it continued to work clandestinely and was an influential organization among revolutionary youth in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and consequently became a major organizer of Partisan resistance to Axis occupation and local Quisling forces. After World War II, SKOJ became a part of a wider organization of Yugoslav youth, the People's Youth of Yugoslavia, which later became the League of Socialist Youth of Yugoslavia.
League of Socialist Youth of Yugoslavia
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 Emblem | |
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| Founded | 10 October 1919 |
| Dissolved | 24 February 1991 |
| Headquarters | Belgrade, SFR Yugoslavia |
| Membership | 3.6 million (1983)[1] |
| Ideology | [citation needed] |
| National affiliation | Socialist Alliance of Working People of Yugoslavia |
| International affiliation | World Federation of Democratic Youth (until 1948) |
History
editOriginal SKOJ
editSKOJ was founded in Zagreb on October 10, 1919 as a political organization of revolutionary youth the youth which followed the policy of the communist Socialist Workers' Party of Yugoslavia.[4]
Regional committees were originally established but they were abolished in 1920. In 1921, the organization was banned together with the party, which had in the meantime been renamed Communist Party of Yugoslavia. Two congresses were held clandestinely during the 1920s, the Second Congress in June 1923, and the Third Congress in June 1926. SKOJ was affiliated to the Young Communist International. Regional committees were reestablished in 1939.
Seven Secretaries of SKOJ
editSeven Secretaries of SKOJ, also known as Seven Courageous, were seven leading figures of the organization, between 1924 and 1931, who died at the hand of the government, in direct confrontation with the gendarmerie, suicide, or indirectly as a consequence of being subjugated to extremely poor conditions during imprisonment and/or torture, which lead to their death from extreme weakening and illness. The Seven were, in sequence of taking the role of a secretary of the organization:[5][6][7]
- Zlatko Šnajder (1903, Slavonski Brod), organisation secretary between 1924-1926; imprisoned 1926; while in prison he was tortured suffering numerous beatings before he was finally released in May 1931, but died three months later of tuberculosis.
- Mijo Oreški (1905, Zagreb), organisation secretary between 1926-1928, and again as political secretary with Mišić as organisation secretary between January 1929-July 1929; both were killed in shooting exchange with gendarmerie on 27 July 1929.
- Pavle Pajo Marganović (1904, Kovin u Vojvodini), political secretary between 1928-April 1929; died from the consequences of torture 30. July 1929.
- Josip Debeljak (1902, Orešje u Hrvatskom zagorju), organisation secretary between 1928-April 1929, and again between August 1930-October 1931; he was the last of the seven to head the organisation, and he was also killed in shooting with gendarmerie on 15 October 1931 in Zagreb.
- Janko Mišić (1900, Slani Dol kod Samobora), organisation secretary with Oreški as political secretary between January 1929-July 1929; both were killed in shooting exchange with gendarmerie on 27 July 1929.
- Josip Kolumbo (1905, Kutjevo), political with Popović as organisation secretary between July 1929-August 1930; both committed suicide on 14 Augusta 1930 after falling into gendarmerie trap.
- Pero Popović Aga (1905, Užice), organisation with Kolumbo as political secretary between July 1929-August 1930; both committed suicide on 14 Augusta 1930 after falling into gendarmerie trap.
During WWII
editAfter Axis powers occupied Yugoslavia in 1941, SKOJ organized a united youth front with the program of struggle against fascism and war, Anti-Fascist Youth Committees which at the Congress of Anti-Fascist Youth of Yugoslavia in Bihać in 1942 united into the Unified League of Anti-Fascist Youth of Yugoslavia (Ujedinjeni savez antifašističke omladine Jugoslavije - USAOJ). SKOJ became a part of the umbrella organization, but continued to act autonomously within it.
Post-WWII socialist Yugoslavia
edit
In May 1946, USAOJ was renamed People's Youth of Yugoslavia (Narodna omladina Jugoslavije - NOJ), and in 1948 SKOJ and NOJ were united into a single organization, which continued to use the name People's Youth of Yugoslavia, and the use of the name SKOJ was discontinued.
NOJ was later reorganised into League of Socialist Youth of Yugoslavia] (SSOJ), which was founded as a merger of the League of Communist Youth of Yugoslavia and the People's Youth of Yugoslavia organizations after World War II. Membership in the organization, though not compulsory, was desirable for those wishing to pursue higher education and a career in public service, and typically began after children completed their time in the Union of Pioneers of Yugoslavia at around 14 or 15 years of age. Similarly to the party itself, the SSOJ was decentralized and each Republic of Yugoslavia had a branch of its own. It was one of the five main government sanctioned socio-political organizations of Yugoslavia and sent its own delegates to the Federal Assembly.[8]
In the 1980s, attitudes within the SSOJ began to change its structure, and by the latter half of the decade it helped facilitate a network of alternative social and political opinions within the youth sphere of Yugoslavia.[8] The organization attempted to subvert the growing threat of nationalism while following a liberal approach to social issues. The SSOJ tried to facilitate youth culture by encouraging the promotion of the arts, including literature and popular music styles.[9] Following the dissolution of the SKJ shortly after the 14th Congress in 1990, the SSOJ was disbanded as well.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Delury, George (1983). "Nepal-Zimbabwe, and smaller countries and microstates". World Encyclopedia of Political Systems & Parties. Facts on File. ISBN 0871965747.
- ^ Fred Warner, Neal (1957). "The Communist Party in Yugoslavia". The American Political Science Review. 51 (1): 99–100. doi:10.2307/1951773. JSTOR 1951773. S2CID 146357000.
- ^ Djilas 1991.
- ^ "Political parties, social-political organisations and trade unions" at the Croatian State Archives (in Croatian)
- ^ Damir Pilić (12 September 2017). "Turbulentni životi i tragične smrti sedmorice sekretara SKOJ-a: tko su bili mladići kojima Bandić postavlja biste u Zagrebu?". slobodnadalmacija.hr (in Croatian). Slobodna Dalmacija. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
- ^ "Priče o 7 sekretara SKOJ-a: "Vezanog lancima i bosog, sprovodili su ga pešice iz Skoplja u Zagreb"". yugopapir.com. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
- ^ "SEDAM SEKRETARA SKOJ-a – CRTICE IZ HISTORIJE". historija.info (in Bosnian). 13 January 2019. Archived from the original on 2 June 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
- ^ a b Ljubica Spaskovska (30 April 2017). The last Yugoslav generation: The rethinking of youth politics and cultures in late socialism. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-1-5261-0634-6.
- ^ Dalibor Mišina (1 April 2016). Shake, Rattle and Roll: Yugoslav Rock Music and the Poetics of Social Critique. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-05670-6.
Bibliography
edit- Djilas, Aleksa (1991). The Contested Country: Yugoslav Unity and Communist Revolution, 1919-1953. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16698-1.
- Dušan Plenča (1969). Omladinski pokret Jugoslavije 1919-1969. Mladost.
- Vojo Pekić (1959). Savez komunističke omladine Jugoslavije između dva rata (1919-1941). Izdanje Komisije za istorijat omladinskog pokreta CK NO Jugoslavije.
- Đorde Stanković (1970). Komunistička partija i Savez komunističke omladine Jugoslavije na Beogradskom univerzitetu 1929-1941. Univerzitetski odbor za proslavu 50 godina SKJ i SKOJ.
- Stanka Veselinov (1978). Savez komunističke omladine Jugoslavije i Ujedinjeni savez antifašističke omladine Jugoslavije u Vojvodini, 1941-1945. Muzej socijalističke revolucije Vojvodine.
- Kongres SKOJ-a i Narodne omladine Jugoslavije. Omladina. 1949.
- Đorđe Stanković (1970). Komunistička partija i Savez komunističke omladine Jugoslavije na Beogradskom univerzitetu 1929-1941: Spomen album fotografija. Univerzitetski odbor za proslavu 50 godina SKJ i SKOJ.