Although production rates were small as of 2013, the volume of technically recoverable unconventional shale gas in China has been estimated to be 1,115 trillion cubic feet (31.6 trillion cubic meters), the largest of any country in the world.[1][2] As of 2013, China is one of only three countries (with the US and Canada) to produce shale gas in commercial quantities.[3]
China is turning to natural gas as a way to decrease air pollution created by burning coal.[4] In 2011, 70 percent of China’s energy consumption came from coal, 18 percent from oil and only 4.5% came from natural gas.[5] Although conventional natural gas production in China has increased rapidly since 2000, it has not kept up with demand, and China has increasing imports of gas. In 2011, China consumed 147 bcm of natural gas, but produced only 107 bcm; the remainder, 27 percent of national consumption, was imported.[6] Shale gas is seen as a way to reduce or eliminate dependence on imported gas.[7]
Resource estimates
editIn 2013, the US Energy Information Administration (EIA) updated it estimation of China's shale gas reserves, reporting that China had 1115 trillion cubic feet (31 trillion cubic meters) of recoverable shale gas.[8] However, as of November 2014, commercial viability for tapping unconventional hydrocarbon resources in China had yet to be demonstrated in full force.[9]
The majority of Chinese shale reserves are in 3 basins – Sichuan, Tarim and Yangtze Platform, accounting for 89% of the estimated national reserves.[10]
Development
editIn 2013, China produced 200 million cubic meters (7.1 billion cubic feet) of natural gas from shale formations, which was less than 0.2 percent of China’s total natural gas production. The 2013 production was up from 30 million cubic meters in 2012. China has a goal of producing 6.8 billion cubic meters of shale gas in 2015, which would equal 5.5 percent of total 2013 gas production.[11]
China has set its companies a target of producing 30 billion cubic meters (bcm) a year from shale, equivalent to almost half the country's gas consumption in 2008.[12] Potential gas-bearing shales are said to be widespread in China, although as yet undeveloped.[13] In November 2009, US President Barack Obama agreed to share US gas-shale technology with China, and to promote US investment in Chinese shale-gas development.[14] Given widespread interest among international oil companies to invest in shale gas extraction in China, it is possible that shale gas could account for as much as 5% of the nation's gas production by 2020.[2]
Although China faces several challenges to develop efficient shale gas extraction, such as the geology and terrain are much more complex than that of United States, lack of water resources, immature expertises, etc., and large-scale commercial production of shale gas has yet to begin, the government is optimistic about China’s future shale gas production. The Ministry of Land Resources has set aggressive targets of 6.5 bcm/yr by 2015 and at least 60 bcm /yr by 2020.[15]
To support the industry, China has held two auctions with more than 20 shale gas blocks being leased to 18 companies. After slow progress by the initial leaseholders, a third auction is expected to take place in early 2014. Together with the auctions, the government also issued several related regulations and policies, including production and infrastructure construction goals and subsidies to boost the development of shale gas.
Chinese investment in shale gas exploration between 2009 and 2014 have been estimated at $3.7 billion.[16]
In 2017, the shale gas production was 9 bcm by using the indigenous equipment.[17]
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ US Energy Information Administration, Technically Recoverable Shale Oil and Shale Gas Resources, 13 June 2013.
- ^ a b http://www.nbr.org/downloads/pdfs/eta/PES_2011_Facts_Global_Energy.pdf Unconventional Gas and the Implications for the LNG Market by Chris Gascoyne and Alexis Aik. Written for the 2011 Pacific Energy Summit
- ^ US Energy Information Administration, North America leads the world in production of shale gas, 23 Oct. 2013.
- ^ David Wogan, "When, not if, China taps into shale gas", Scientific American, 30 Oct. 2013.
- ^ U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)
- ^ China Statistical Yearbook,2012In 2011
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ http://www.pimchina.com/index.php/public-reports-1/ China Shale Gas Development
- ^ Andrews-Speed, Philip (November 2014). "China's Energy Policymaking Processes and Their Consequences". The National Bureau of Asian Research Energy Security Report. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ^ Public Reports | PIM Ltd – China Market Research – China Industrial Market Opportunity Research & Analysis
- ^ Bloomberg News, China’s 2013 Shale Gas Output Rises to 200 Million Cubic Meters, 8 Jan. 2014.
- ^ "An unconventional glut". The Economist. Vol. 394, no. 8673. The Economist Newspaper Limited. 13–19 March 2010. pp. 67–69.
- ^ Zinchuan Zhang, "Unconventional gas systems in China," 33rd International Geological Congress, Oslo, 6–14 August 2008.
- ^ White House Blog, The US and China: towards a clean energy economy, 17 November 2009.
- ^ China's Shale Gas the 12th Five-year Plan
- ^ "China had 3.2 bcm of shale gas production capacity by 2014 end". www.naturalgasasia.com. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
- ^ "Stepping on the gas: China's home-built fracking boom". Retrieved 21 June 2018.
External links
edit- Unconventional Gas and Implications for the LNG Market by Christopher Gascoyne and Alexis Aik. This is a working paper written for the 2011 Pacific Energy Summit hosted by the National Bureau of Asian Research.
- A Comparison between Shale Gas in China and Unconventional Fuel Development in the United States: Health, Water and Environmental Risks by Paolo Farah and Riccardo Tremolada. This is a paper presented at the Colloquium on Environmental Scholarship 2013 hosted by Vermont Law School (11 October 2013)