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Shenyang J-35

(Redirected from Shenyang J-21)

The Shenyang J-35 is a series of Chinese twin-engine, all-weather, stealth multirole combat aircraft manufactured by Shenyang Aircraft Corporation (SAC), designed for air superiority and surface strike missions. The aircraft reportedly has two variants, a land-based variant designed for the People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF), and a carrier-based variant optimized for catapult-assisted launch (CATOBAR) for the People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force (PLANAF).

Shenyang J-35
J-35A at 2024 Zhuhai Air Show.
Role Multirole stealth fighter
National origin China
Manufacturer Shenyang Aircraft Corporation
Design group 601st Design Institute
First flight 31 October 2012 (FC-31)[1]
29 October 2021 (J-35)[2]
26 September 2023 (J-35A)[3]
Status In Test flight
Primary user People's Liberation Army Air Force
People's Liberation Army Navy
Produced 2012–2016 (FC-31)
2020–present (J-35)
Developed from Shenyang FC-31

The aircraft is developed from the FC-31 Gyrfalcon (Chinese: 鹘鹰; pinyin: Gǔ yīng),[4][5][6][7][8] a stealth aircraft prototype that serves as a demonstrator aiming to secure potential export customers after SAC lost the J-XX bid to the Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group. The prototype had often been referred as J-31,[note 1] F-60, J-21, Snowy Owl or Falcon Hawk in various media reports.[10][11][12][13][14] The fighter initially does not feature the J-XX nomenclatures, as such names are reserved for programs launched and financed by the military, while the FC-31 was developed independently as a private venture by the aircraft manufacturer.[15][16] The original FC-31 prototype took its maiden flight on October 31, 2012.[1]

The People's Liberation Army, particularly the PLA Navy, later took an interest in the FC-31 project, leading to the prototype being further developed with a catapult launch bar and folding wings, and the revised variant took flight on 29 October 2021.[2] The land-based variant emerged in 2023[3][17] and was officially debuted ahead of the 2024 China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition, receiving the designation J-35A.[18] The introduction of the J-35 would make it the second Chinese operational stealth fighter after the Chengdu J-20 and China the only country other than the United States to equip two types of stealth fighters.[19][20]

Development

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Origin

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While the Chengdu J-20 stealth fighter was officially endorsed by the PLAAF after Chengdu Aerospace Corporation's proposal won the PLAAF bid for the next-generation jet fighter,[21] Shenyang Aircraft Corporation pressed on and developed a private project aiming to secure potential export customers.[15]

In September 2011, Shenyang Aircraft Corporation presented the scale model of the FC-31, dubbed the "F-60" at an innovation competition held in Beijing.[22][23]

In June 2012, the F-60 was photographed in transit with its airframe partially disassembled and wrapped by camouflage covering. Initially, military observers speculated the subject in transit was the Hongdu JL-10 trainer aircraft.[24] Few days later, pictures of the fully assembled aircraft with stealth characteristics, with prototype number 31001, parking on an airfield emerged.[23] Military observers gave temporary names to the aircraft, such as J-21, J-31, or F-60. Several features were also noted, such as the conventional airframe design with trapezoidal wings (instead of the canard delta configuration of the Chengdu J-20) and twin nose wheels,[23][25] leading to the speculation that F-60 could become a carrier-borne aircraft in the future.[26]

On 31 October 2012, The first prototype made its maiden flight, accompanied by Shenyang J-11 fighters serving as the chase aircraft.[27]

Shenyang FC-31

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In November 2012, The aircraft was officially revealed at Zhuhai Airshow 2012, with the designation Shenyang FC-31, following Chinese export fighter terminology and aircraft such as FC-1 and FC-20.[23] A scale model of the FC-31 was displayed inside the exhibition hull.[28]

 
Shenyang FC-31 performing at Zhuhai Airshow 2014

On 12 November 2014, the FC-31 prototype performed its first public flight demonstration at Zhuhai Airshow 2014.[29][30][31] The prototype was fitted with two Klimov RD-93 engines. Reuben Johnson of Aviation International News noted the prototype was not optimized in its flight performance. The author also noted that another model with modified details was displayed inside the exhibition hall.[32]

In 2015, the FC-31 model was displayed first time at a foreign military trade expo, at Dubai Airshow. AVIC official told Aviation Week that the company was pushing the aircraft for export while negotiating with the Chinese government and the People's Liberation Army for further development. Some additional details were given by the FC-31's designer, including its stealth capabilities, payload, and operational range.[33][34] The aircraft was intended to serve as a competitor to the Lockheed Martin F-35 on the export market, especially for countries which cannot join the F-35 program or afford the American fighter.[35][36][37][38][39]

There were also persistent rumors of the FC-31 being developed into a carrier-based naval fighter. In 2015, the FC-31's chief designer Sun Cong suggested that FC-31 would succeed Shenyang J-15 in operating on China's aircraft carriers.[29][40][41]

In 2015, Jiangsu A-Star Aviation Industries Company marketed its EOTS-86 infra-red search and track as a possible addition to the FC-31.[42]

In November 2016, AVIC released a promotional video of an FC-31 prototype, displaying the refinement in construction quality from earlier prototypes.[43]

On 23 December 2016, the second prototype of the FC-31 took flight.[39][23] The second prototype features several revisions and upgrades to the aircraft design.[39] The inefficient RD-93 engine was replaced by two smokeless WS-13E engines, the canopy was changed from the two-piece design to a reinforced single-piece glass, and the control surface configuration was overhauled, now with clipped and swept vertical tails instead of the trapezoid tails. Other improvements included modifications to the vertical stabilizers, wings, and airframe, an electro-optical targeting system, a larger payload, improvements in stealth, and upgraded electronics, made its maiden flight in December 2016.[44][45] This airframe was eventually painted in low-visibility color with pennant number '31003', leading to speculations of an unseen static test prototype being the '31002'.[23] This prototype was not featured in the Zhuhai Airshow of 2016.[46] Still, a cockpit model with a sidestick controller, multifunctional touchscreen displays, and a heads-up display was showcased in the AVIC booth.[46]

The real '31001' prototype aircraft was displayed on the ground in Shenyang, China in 2016.[47] It was displayed again at Zhuhai Airshow 2018, implying China no longer deemed first prototype sensitive technologically.[48]

On 21 November 2018, the Aviation Week reported that People's Liberation Army (PLA) has taken interest in the Shenyang FC-31.[49]

Shenyang J-35

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In June 2020, the Chinese Aeronautical Establishment, the research wing of the Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC), announced that a "new fighter" is under development and will make its maiden flight in 2021. This "new fighter" was theorized by media and military analysts as the navalized version of the Shenyang FC-31.[50][51] Due to the lack of an official announcement, military analysis hypothetically designated this variant as 'J-35' or 'J-XY'.[23] New reports indicated that the new variant would feature a bigger radome, navalized functions, and different alignments of control surfaces to reduce the radar signature.[52][53]

In June 2021, a mock-up of the FC-31 (J-35) prototype was spotted parked on top of China's carrier test facility, which simulates the flight deck of the Type 003 aircraft carrier.[54] Analysts believe the J-35 could serve in China's future Type 003 aircraft carrier, as well as launched with ski-jump on China's older carriers, complementing the fleet of Shenyang J-15.[55] In July 2021, a static FC-31 with opened weapons bay was displayed inside the Shenyang Aircraft Corporation Expo Park. Analysts noted the similarity of the weapons bay dimension between Chengdu J-20 and FC-31, which means the fighter could accommodate PL-15 missiles and other armaments in similar quantities.[56]

On 29 October 2021, the modified carrier-based variant of the FC-31, tentatively named J-35, conducted its maiden flight.[57][58] This new prototype, in blue-green primer paint, features a major redesign. A catapult launch bar and folding wing mechanisms were added, intended for operating on the Type 003 aircraft carrier with its electromagnetic catapult system. A chin-mounted sensor turret, similar to the Electro-Optical Targeting System (EOTS) on F-35, is featured.[2] The canopy was modified, blending in with the upper fuselage, allowing for more internal fuel load, aerodynamic advantages, and potential to mount sensors behind the cockpit.[59] The overall shape of the first J-35 prototype indicated a developmental lineage from the second prototype of the FC-31.[2][60]

 
Navalized prototype of the Shenyang J-35 stealth fighter

On 22 July 2022, the J-35 prototype '350003' was spotted by military analysts. This new prototype was reportedly the second flying prototype and the third overall prototype of the navalized J-35 variant. The new prototype was also painted in the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) grey camouflage, with the PLAN's 'flying shark' logo visible on its vertical stabilizers. The '350003' features sawtooth edges for compartment panels, seamless exteriors, and new engines, reportedly WS-21 or WS-13X, which is a further development of the WS-13E mounted on the second prototype of the FC-31. This engine is fitted with pronounced, serrated exhaust nozzles, helping to reduce rearward radar and infrared signatures.[61][62] A video of the prototype flying was recorded on the same day.[63]

In March 2023, the People's Liberation Army Navy released a recruitment video, teasing about the service's future carrier aircraft, which included a rough outline of the FC-31.[64][65]

In August 2023, a J-35 prototype was spotted test flying with landing gear extended in China.[66] On 8 December 2023, a mock-up of the J-35 was spotted on the deck of the Type 003 aircraft carrier, which was recently launched and preparing for sea trials at her homeport.[67]

On 26 September 2023, the land-based variant of the J-35, tentatively named the J-31 by defense analysts, made its first flight. The land-based variant was distinguished by its smaller wing surface area, single nose wheel, and non-clipped wings, different from the earlier J-35 prototype.[3][17][68]

On 13 February 2024, a full-size mockup of the navalized J-35 fighter was spotted aboard China's aircraft carrier Liaoning, under evaluation for potential use on the aircraft deck. The test of the J-35 on Liaoning signified that the fighter is intended to operate not only on catapult-equipped Type 003 but also the older ski-jump (STOBAR) carriers. Analysts also believed the smaller size and lighter weight of the J-35 can provide operational advantages on the Liaoning and Shandong.[69] A few days later on 29 February 2024, the Liaoning embarked to the sea, carrying the J-35 mock-up for further testing.[70] On 13 March 2024, military analysts noted the third flying prototype of the J-35 testing near Shenyang's facilities.[71]

On 5 November 2024, the People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) officially announced the J-35A, the air force variant of the J-35, would attend the Zhuhai Airshow in 2024 held in the same month.[72][73] The close-up photograph of the J-35A showcased by the PLAAF was painted in grey paint with the Air Force's roundel, and confirms the differences with earlier naval J-35 on wing size, nose wheel, and vertical stabilizer design.[18] On 12 November 2024, the J-35A conducted its first public flight performance at the Zhuhai Airshow.[74][75][76][77]

Design

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Shenyang FC-31 performing at Zhuhai Airshow 2014
 
Shenyang J-35A performing at Zhuhai Airshow 2024

Overview

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The Shenyang J-35 development program was initiated as the Shenyang FC-31 project, an export-oriented demonstrator funded by private ventures. There were constant revisions between the prototypes and the later models supported by the Chinese military as different parties had divergent demands and requirements. The navalized J-35 and land-based J-35A were also developed in parallel with different designs, corresponding to their intended operational environment.[23][61] In total, there were four notable variants of the FC-31/J-35 development cycle, including the first flying prototype '310001', referred as FC-31 V1 by analysts; The second flying prototype '310003'[61], often referred as FC-31 V2; and the two variants of the land- and carrier-based J-35 fighters.[17]

The Shenyang FC-31 is a medium-sized aircraft, smaller than the Chengdu J-20, and designed to complement the latter with a lower cost and simpler operations.[78] The twinjet aircraft features a conventional configuration with a blended body and a chiseled nose section, followed by forward-swept intake ramp, diverterless supersonic inlet (DSI) bumps, trapezoidal wings with leading/trailing-edge flaps, all-moving tail-planes, and two canted swept-back vertical stabilizers (the first prototype has triangle stabilizers) with truncated rudders (full-length rudders on the naval J-35).[79][80] The initial prototype featured a two-piece canopy, later replaced by a single-piece bubble canopy on the second prototype[23] and the clamshell-type canopy on the J-35 variants.[80] The overall shape, size, and dynamics are comparable to that of the F-22.[81]

The FC-31 prototype has a twin-wheel nose landing gear, giving provision for the fighter's navalizetion as a carrier-based fighter.[26] The twin-wheel design was late preserved in the naval Shenyang J-35 design,[59] with catapult launch bar added.[2] The naval J-35 also features handholds inside the cockpit,[82] folded wings, and a recovery tailhook to operate on the aircraft carrier.[2] On the land-based Shenyang J-35A, the wheel section is replaced by a single-wheel design,[17] and the variant also features a smaller wing area and different vertical stabilizers.[18]

Stealth

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The FC-31 features a low-observable aircraft design, focusing on the reduction of the radar cross-section (RCS). To achieve stealth, the engine blades are hidden by the serpentine inlets (S-ducts) behind the diverterless supersonic inlets (DSI) bumps, which obscure the reflective surface of the engine from radar detection. The airframe and its internal weapons bay, compartment doors, and embedded antennas are lined with sawtooth edges and covered with radar-absorbent coating materials.[45][53][61][83] The early prototype featured simple round engine nozzles, which were redesigned on the later models with serrated edges to reduce radar and infrared signatures.[84] AVIC claims the aircraft is stealthy against L-band and Ku-band radars, and would be low-observable against many multi-spectrum sensors.[33] The shape and profile of the FC-31 are comparable to the F-22 and F-35.[81][85][86][87] Nevertheless, noticeable differences exists between the Chinese and American aircraft, such as the J-35's more slender shape, larger size, and twin-engine bay design.[18][53]

Avionics

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The Shenyang FC-31 and Shenyang J-35 are fitted with an active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar with a distributed aperture system (DAS)[80] serving as an optical early-warning system[79] and infrared search and track (IRST).[88] The radar advertised for the FC-31 prototype is the Nanjing Research Institute of Electronics Technology (NRIET) KLJ-7A, which is reportedly similar to performance of the AN/APG-81.[79] Under the chin, the fighter is fitted with a electro-optical targeting system (EOTS) turret.[2][79] Inside the cockpit, there is a sidestick controller, a conventional heads up display, and a large single-piece multi-function touchscreen display (MFD) of 20 in × 8 in (510 mm × 200 mm) in size.[46][88][89] The pilot is also provided with a helmet-mounted display and sight (HMD/S) system, comparable to that of Striker system made by BAE Systems.[79][88] The flight control system is fully digitalized, with triple redundancy modules and twin data bus.[89]

Engines

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Two prototypes of the FC-31 and the later Shenyang J-35 use different engine options. The earliest prototype is fitted with Klimov RD-93 engines.[90] The RD-93 engine was reportedly inefficient, leading to the aircraft to exhale black-colored exhausts.[32][91][92] Replacing the engine with a more efficient, indigenous choices became a priority for the Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC).[93] The second FC-31 prototype is fitted with the domestic Guizhou WS-13E engine,[61] an improved variant of the Guizhou WS-13 that powered the JF-17, providing 92.16 kN (20,720 lbf; 9,398 kgf) of maximum thrust. The WS-13E engine is smokeless and more efficient than the RD-93.[39][23]

The further developed Shenyang J-35 is powered by the Guizhou WS-21 engine, a derivative and upgrade of the WS-13E.[61] The WS-21 provides 93.2 kN (21,000 lbf; 9,500 kgf) of thrust,[82] serving as an interim powerplant for the early production J-35.[61] The intended definitive powerplant for the J-35 is the Guizhou WS-19,[94] which incorporate technolgies from the Xian WS-15 and is capable of providing 116 kN (26,000 lbf; 11,800 kgf) of thrust with a higher thrust-to-weight ratio.[82][95]

The FC-31 is equipped with a retractable refueling probe for inflight refueling. The aircraft can achieve a short-take off distance of 450 m (1,480 ft) and a landing distance of 700 m (2,300 ft).[89]

Armaments and payload

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The Shenyang FC-31 has a lengthened centerline internal weapons bay[86] with a dimension similar to that of Chengdu J-20.[56][96] The weapons bay has six internal hardpoints. Externally, the fighter has six hardpoints on the wings. The first FC-31 prototype can reportedly carry 8,000 kg (18,000 lb) of payload in total, split between the internal carrying capabilities of 2,000 kg (4,400 lb) and external carrying capacity of 6,000 kg (13,000 lb). Under the regular combat load, the fighter has a combat radius of 648 nmi (746 mi; 1,200 km) and maximum take-off weight of 25,000 kg (55,000 lb).[33][34] On the second prototype, the maximum take-off weight is increased to 28,000 kg (62,000 lb) along with a modified fuselage.[79]

Inside the weapons bay, the FC-31 can carry six air-to-air missiles,[79][97] such as PL-10, PL-15 and PL-21.[97][98] Aside from air-superiority loadouts, the internal bay can also carry precision-strike munitions, with maximum provisions for twelve small diameter bombs, four large deep-penetration bombs of 500 kg (1,100 lb), four supersonic land-attack missiles, or four anti-radition/anti-ship missiles. Externally, the wings allow the maximum provisions of six air-to-air missiles, 18 small bombs, four large bombs of 500 kg (1,100 lb), or four land-attack missiles. Presumably, the operator can mix the combinations of armaments according to the missions.[79]

Operational history

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Flight testing

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The prototype conducted a high-speed taxiing test and briefly became airborne. On 31 October 2012, prototype No. 31001 conducted the model's maiden flight.[11][99][100] It was accompanied by two J-11 fighters in a ten-minute test flight with its landing gear lowered.

With the maiden test flight of prototype No.31001 on 30 October 2012, China became the second nation after the United States to have two stealth fighter designs in field testing at the same time.[99] The aircraft has continued a limited test program, with footage emerging of further flights that took place in February 2013.[101]

On 23 December 2016, the second prototype of the FC-31, No. 31003, took its maiden flight.[23]

Variants

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FC-31
Prototype
J-31B Gyrfalcon
Variant unveiled by Chinese state media in July 2024.[9][102] The J-31B was depicted in the video as significantly larger than the FC-31 prototype, and will have side weapon bays each capable of carrying at least two missiles in addition to a main bay.[102][103][104] The aircraft was reported by Nikkei as being a naval variant, stating that it is expected to be deployed on the aircraft carrier Fujian.[102] However, an expert quoted by South China Morning Post believed that the J-31B is more likely intended for the People's Liberation Army Air Force.[9]
J-35
Naval variant, with folded wings and catapult-launch bars.
J-35A
Land based variant.

Strategic implications

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U.S. military and industry officials believe that once the FC-31 enters service, it will likely be more than a match for existing fourth-generation fighters like the F-15 Eagle, F-16 Fighting Falcon, and F/A-18E/F Super Hornet. They suggest that the capability of the FC-31 against the newest fighters, such as the U.S. F-22 and F-35, would depend on factors such as quantity of the platforms, quality of pilots, and capabilities of radars and other sensors.[105] Western commentaries also focus on the export potential of the aircraft, suggesting that the FC-31 could be attractive to countries which cannot afford the American fighters or face Western export restrictions.[74][76][77]

Regional rivals, including India (HAL AMCA) and Japan (Mitsubishi F-X), were pursuing their own programs to develop fifth and sixth generation fighters to counter China's developments, while some of China's other neighbors are considering purchase of the F-35 or Su-57 to foster their capabilities.[106][107][108][109]

In April 2009, the Wall Street Journal reported that computer spies, allegedly Chinese, had penetrated the database of the Joint Strike Fighter program and acquired terabytes of secret information.[110] Some experts alleged China to have incorporated the stolen knowledge into the FC-31.[111][112] However, Defense acquisitions chief Frank Kendall told a Senate hearing that he is confident classified information related to the development of the F-35 was well-protected but he is not confident that unclassified information is as well-protected. He claimed these data may only help the U.S. rivals to speed up their own fifth-generation fighter projects and save costs of development.[113] In 2012, Vladimir Barkovsky of Russian Aircraft Corporation MiG has stated that, despite some design flaws, the FC-31 "looks like a good machine." Although it contains features already in use on the U.S. fifth-generation fighter designs, it is "not a copy but a well done indigenous design."[114] Compare to the F-35, the J-35 has twin engines instead of a single engine, narrower fuselage design and higher speed.[115] According to an opinion piece published in The Diplomat by Rick Joe, stealth shaping is a much more universal and consistent trait that leaves limited room for variety, and that future international designs will likely reflect this.[116]

Operators

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  People's Republic of China

Potential operators

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  Pakistan

In January 2024, Pakistan announced its intent to acquire the FC-31 aircraft.[117][118]

On 3 August 2024, Pakistan's news source reported that Pakistan Air Force (PAF) pilots are currently undergoing training on the Chinese FC-31 stealth fighter aircraft in China. The news of pilot training on the FC-31 itself, however, suggests that Pakistan may be considering acquiring the more advanced J-35 variant, rather than just its export counterpart.[119]

  Egypt

In 2024, Egypt is in talks with China to potentially buy FC-31 fighter jets.[120]

Specifications (FC-31 V2 Prototype)

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The aircraft is under development, these specifications are approximate and preliminary.

Data from Aviation Industry Corporation of China,[89] Aviation Week,[121] Flight Global[122] unless otherwise attributed

General characteristics

  • Crew: 1
  • Length: 17.3 m (56 ft 9 in)
  • Wingspan: 11.5 m (37 ft 9 in)
  • Height: 4.8 m (15 ft 9 in)
  • Gross weight: 17,500 kg (38,581 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight: 28,000 kg (61,729 lb) [79]
  • Fuel capacity: 7,200 kg (15,900 lb)
  • Powerplant: 2 × Guizhou WS-13E (FC-31) or Guizhou WS-21 (J-35) afterburning turbofans [61][82], 92.16–93.2 kN (20,720–20,950 lbf) with afterburner

Performance

  • Maximum speed: Mach 1.8
    • Mach 1.14, 1,400 kilometres per hour (870 mph; 756 kn) at sea level
  • Combat range: 1,250 km (780 mi, 670 nmi) (radius) on internal fuel, 1,900 kilometres (1,200 mi) (radius) with air refueling, or 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) (radius) with external fuel tanks
  • Service ceiling: 16,000 m (52,000 ft)
  • g limits: +9/-3

Armament

  • Hardpoints: 6 × internal hardpoints inside weapons bay, 6 × external hardpoints on wings[123] with a capacity of 2,000 kilograms (4,400 lb) internal,[123] 6,000 kilograms (13,000 lb) external, and up to 8,000 kilograms (18,000 lb) total weapons payload,[124] with provisions to carry combinations of:
  • Missiles:
  • Bombs:
    • 8 × 500 kg deep-penetration bombs[79]
    • 30 × smaller bombs[79]

Avionics

See also

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Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

Notes

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  1. ^ The designation was due to the registration number "31001" display on the initial prototype aircraft, later used officially in a promotional video created by Shenyang Aircraft Corporation and aired on China Central Television.[9]

References

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