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Shipwreck of Dellys

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This article is about the 1830 shipwreck on the coast of Dellys. For other uses, see Dellys (disambiguation).

The Shipwreck of Dellys took place in May 1830, during the French conquest of Algeria. It involved French troupes coloniales, under captains Félix-Ariel d'Assigny (1794-1846) and Armand Joseph Bruat (1796-1855), who were captured by the resistance fighters of the town of Dellys in Kabylia of the Igawawen.[1][2]

Shipwreck of Dellys (1830)
Part of the French conquest of Algeria
Date15 May 1830
Location
Dellys, Kabylia,  Algeria
36°54′57″N 3°54′53″E / 36.915789°N 3.9146904°E / 36.915789; 3.9146904
Result Algerian victory
Belligerents
Deylik of Algiers France Kingdom of France
Commanders and leaders
Hussein Dey
Ibrahim Agha		 France Charles X
France Polignac
France Halgan
France Duperré
France Bourmont
France Bruat
France Assigny
Strength
  • Algerians
  • Troupes coloniales
  • French Navy
    • Casualties and losses
    Presumably none

    1 drowned sailor
    100 prisoners

    • 20 killed
    • 80 captured

    Historical context

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    Main article: French conquest of Algeria

    On 29 April 1827, Pierre Deval, Consul General of the Kingdom of France, was hit with a fly whisk by Hussein Dey in the Casbah of Algiers, in what became known as the fly-whisk incident. Following this incident, King Charles X of France ordered the preparation of a punitive expedition against the Deylik of Algiers at the beginning of 1830.[3]

    France then evacuated its diplomatic staff from the city of Algiers in retaliation, and the French government of Jules de Polignac decided on 31 January 1830 to organize a naval military landing in Algeria under the high command of Admiral Emmanuel Halgan.[4]

    General Victor de Bourmont was appointed on 11 April 1830 by King Charles X as head of the French Navy expeditionary force in the direction of Algiers.[5]

    Lieutenant Armand Joseph Bruat asked Admiral Halgan to join this expedition, the preparations for which were being vigorously pushed.[6] After Bruat wrote a letter dated 3 March 1830 to Admiral Halgan insisting on his desire to participate in the command of this expedition, his wish was granted, and he disembarked from the ship Le Breslau on 8 March. He received the command of the brig Le Sylène on 18 March.[2]

    Sea storm

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    On the night of 15 May 1830, Lieutenant Bruat, on Le Sylène, returned from the Port Mahon in the island of Menorca, bringing dispatches for the commander of the blockade forces of Victor de Bourmont concerning the fleet preparing for the landing of Algiers. He met the brig L'Aventure near Cape Bengut [fr] in Dellys within lower Kabylia, not far from the mouth of Oued Sebaou and the mountain range of Khachna, about 36 nautical miles east of Cape Caxine.[7]

    The brig L'Aventure was that night surveilling the coast of the plain of the Kabyle tribes of Issers and Amraoua, and was commanded by Lieutenant Félix-Ariel d'Assigny, who was older in rank than Lieutenant Bruat.[8] Le Sylène, commanded by Bruat, began to sail in tandem with L'Aventure, commanded by d'Assigny. A violent northwesterly wind was blowing, which dispersed the two ships, and they could not regroup.[9]

    Shipwreck

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    Kabylia

    Misled by a thick mist and opaque fog, the brig L'Aventure was wrecked on the Dellys coast, dragging behind it Le Sylène.[10] The assembled crews of the two brigs were unable to refloat the vessels, so they were stranded on the enemy shore.[11][12] Only one man died in the wreck, who drowned in the rough sea.[7]

    As soon as the docking was finished, the sick and injured sailors were grounded first, then the rest of the crew, before the two captains decided on what more to do.[13][14]

    Bruat and d'Assigny brought together the officers of the two brigs, to whom they presented their only options.[15] The first alternative was to arm the sailors with the means available and to be on the lookout near the brigs until the weather became lenient and could allow the warships of the French fleet to come and save them.[16] The second option was to show no resistance to the Algerians living in the vicinity and to let the natives of lower Kabylia take them hostages and lead them and transport them to Algiers, where the consular and diplomatic intervention could save them from execution.[17]

    The cannons and rifles on board were unusable because the powders were wet, and the two shipwrecked crews could not thus resort to the use of weapons against possible Algerian attackers.[18] The castaways opted for the second, peaceful alternative, because their powder was also wet and the mist and darkness did not allow the two lost crews to hope to be seen and rescued by the French Navy.[19][20]

    March to Algiers and capture of crews

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    Gathering the two crews, the two officers d'Assigny and Bruat gathered some food and decided to head west with their soldiers to the city of Algiers within the Mitidja plain by following the paths of lower Kabylia, starting at 4:00 on the morning of 16 May 1837.[21][22]

     
    Igawawen tribes

    The two crews had walked a kilometer along the road to Algiers on 16 May, passing the Issers plain and the Col des Beni Aïcha, when they were attacked by a large group of armed Kabyles, under the command of Ibrahim Agha.[15][23]

    One sailor from the brig Le Sylène tried to negotiate with the Algerians because he spoke Arabic fluently. He tried to pass off his companions as English passengers and temporarily managed to save them from certain death.[24][25] The sailor's words could have encouraged the Kabyles to retreat, although they were not entirely convinced of his assertions. Nevertheless, this protest cast doubt in their minds on the true identity of these foreigners, and this helped in part to save the French crews.

    Recovering from their mistake on the identity of the unknown marchers, the Kabyles returned to capture these foreigners and dragged them from village to village in Kabylia before separating them into two columns, after having removed their clothes and subjected them to heinous treatments.[26] Under the pretext of leading them as hostages towards the Casbah of Algiers, by a shorter path, the Kabyles made the sailors of Bruat and d'Assigny take the road to the mountains of the Khachna massif.

    Lieutenant Bruat then asked his torturers to be brought before one of their closest Algerian leaders.[27] He was taken alone and almost naked and was dragged in front of the governor of Dellys. The latter sought to snatch him by the threat and violence of the revelations on the intentions and forces of the French fleet which set sail off the coast of Algiers.[9]

    This long march through a foreign country was followed by the conduction of hostages during the fifth day of captivity, 20 May 1830, at the Bouberack river (Oued Amara) and handed over to the officers of Dey Hussein.

    Massacre of the hostages

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    Invasion of Algiers in 1830

    After three days spent in captivity among the Kabyles, on the evening of May 18, the sound of cannons was heard in the villages which sheltered the French hostages. It was a frigate of the French fleet which had seen the two brigs stranded on the shore of Dellys, and it had fired its cannon shells in order to ward off the Kabyles from these wrecks and to protect the boats which it sent in reconnaissance. This did not have serious consequences on the life of the group of prisoners held in the vicinity of the sea, because the French exploration boats, after recognizing that the lost vessels were abandoned, had tacked and returned to the sea frigate offshore.

    The Kabyles were furious at this French military presence, and they were ready to massacre the captives first, but then they stuck to the threat alone. This was not the case among the Kabyles of the heights of Khachna, because the rumor of the French invasion was there propagated by growing with the distance separating them from the shore. Soon a tumult broke out in the mountain, and the French of the second group were attacked by the Kabyles, who sequestered and slaughtered them, while only a few escaped death.

    Lieutenant Bruat had been separated from his companions a few hours earlier to be taken to an officer of the Dey in Dellys. When the governor of Dellys could not get any information out of Bruat and d'Assigny, he began mutilating and massacring some of the prisoners.[28]

    Since the crews had been divided into two distinct groups, it was only when the survivors of the second group were presented to the emissaries of Ibrahim Agha, not far from Oued Isser, to be transported that they learned that some of their fellow sailors had been massacred by the Kabyles and that 20 heads had been carried to be shown in the palace of Algiers.

    Imprisonment in Algiers

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    Casbah of Algiers

    The governor of Dellys then transferred the sailors and soldiers who had been spared and remained alive with their commanders Bruat and d'Assigny to Algiers so that Ibrahim Agha could decide their fate.[29] The convoy of hostages marched through the Col des Beni Aïcha and the Meraldene valley, and they spent the night of 20 May at Cap Matifou near Bordj Tamentfoust.[30]

    The next day, 21 May, the hostage crews entered Algiers, escorted by Algerian soldiers and followed by a large group of civilians, and they were led past the Dey Palace to the Casbah of Algiers. There they saw the heads of their comrades of the first massacred group, before being taken to the prison. When the hostages were transferred to the jails of Algiers, Agha Ibrahim renewed threats of torture and death if Bruat and d'Assigny did not decide to speak up and reveal the French plans relating to the invasion of Algiers in 1830.[7]

    It was then that the intervention of the Consuls of Sardinia and England saved these prisoners from being tortured. Lieutenant Bruat was also able to communicate to Admiral Guy-Victor Duperré a detailed and secret report of the observations of a military nature that he had made note of from the shipwreck of Dellys to the jails of Algiers.[9] The intervention of the two European Consuls included immediately requesting an audience of the Dey to obtain to receive and shelter the officers Bruat and d'Assigny at home in their consular residences, but the two officers of the navy declined the proposal and chose to remain with their subordinates.[31]

    The Dey Hussein sent the captured sailors the objects that their first needs of personal hygiene and usual use demanded as soon as they arrived in the prison. When the French fleet appeared in the bay of Algiers, the attention and the Dey's generosity was suddenly reduced and moderate towards them.[32][33] The captivity of these survivors became harsher when the Dey learned of the landing at Sidi Fredj, but when the fall of the Casbah of Algiers became imminent, the Dey returned to softer and more lenient feelings with them.[34][35]

    Release of detainees

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    Fighting at the gates of Algiers in 1830.
    Main article: Invasion of Algiers in 1830

    The 80 inmates from the two brigs L'Aventure and Le Sylène who survived expected each day to be put to death and eliminated by the janissaries of Algiers, when on 5 July 1830, the capture of Algiers took place and put an end to their suffering in the prison.[36][37]

    Marshal de Bourmont then came in person to the Algiers prison to congratulate the two officers, Bruat and d'Assigny, and their sailors for their attitude which had made it possible to survive until their rescue.[38][39]

    When the sailors from the Le Sylène and L'Aventure brigs saw the French soldiers arrive under the command of General Charles-Marie Denys de Damrémont (1783-1837), they received them in their prison as liberators.[40][41] When King Charles X arrived on the La Provence vessel at the port of Algiers, his first care was to demand the release of the prisoners of Le Sylène and L'Aventure, which he then immediately had sent to France.[42][43]

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    See also

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    References

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    1. ^ Chevalier, Louis Édouard (1900). "Histoire de la marine française...: De 1815 à 1870".
    2. ^ a b texte, Les Dernières nouvelles d'Alsace (Périodique) Auteur du (August 21, 1930). "La Vie en Alsace : revue mensuelle illustrée". Gallica.
    3. ^ "Histoire générale de la marine: Comprenant les naufrages célèbres, les voyages autour du monde". 1853.
    4. ^ Gréhan, Amédée (1837). "La France maritime".
    5. ^ Nettement, Alfred François (1856). "Histoire de la conquête d'Alger".
    6. ^ Nettement, Alfred (1867). "Histoire de la conquête d'Alger écrite sur des documents inédits et authentiques".
    7. ^ a b c Lacour, Armand Auteur du texte (February 21, 1877). Monographie de la marine française en Algérie / par A. Lacour,... – via gallica.bnf.fr.
    8. ^ "Le Constitutionnel : journal du commerce, politique et littéraire". Gallica. September 19, 1855.
    9. ^ a b c "Journal du Gard : politique, administratif et littéraire ["puis" administratif, judiciaire, commercial, d'agriculture, sciences et arts]". Gallica. June 19, 1830.
    10. ^ Batailles navales de la France. Tome 4 / par O. Troude,... ; publié par P. Levot,... | Gallica
    11. ^ "L ́ Algérie ancienne et moderne, despuis les premiers établissements des Carthaginois jusqu ́a la prise de la Smalah D ́Abd-el-Kader". 1844.
    12. ^ "Les corsaires barbaresques et la marine de Soliman le Grand". 1887.
    13. ^ Hugo, Abel (1838). "France militaire. Histoire des armees francaises de terre et de mer, de 1792 a 1833. Ouvrage redige par une societe de militaires et de gens de lettres... Revu et publie par A. Hugo... Tome premier [-cinquieme]: Tome cinquieme".
    14. ^ "Campagne d'Afrique en 1830 ... Par un officier de l'armée expéditionnaire [i.e. C. A. Fernel]". 1831.
    15. ^ a b Rousset, Camille (1821-1892) Auteur du texte (February 21, 1879). La conquête d'Alger / par Camille Rousset,... – via gallica.bnf.fr.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
    16. ^ "Revue maritime et coloniale". 1877.
    17. ^ De Mont-Rond, P. E. (1847). "Histoire de la conquête de l'Algérie de 1830 à 1847".
    18. ^ Les marins français depuis les Gaulois jusqu'à nos jours : récits anecdotiques, combats et batailles, biographies, etc. / par Dick de Lonlay,... ; ouvrage illustré.... par l'auteur. February 21, 1886 – via gallica.bnf.fr.
    19. ^ Galibert, Léon (1843). "Histoire de l'Algérie ancienne et moderne depuis les premiers établissements des Carthaginois jusques et y compris les dernières campagnes du général Bugeaud: Avec une introduction sur les divers systèmes de colonisation qui ont précédé la conquête française".
    20. ^ "La Semaine des familles : revue universelle illustrée". Gallica. June 13, 1863.
    21. ^ Histoire de la marine française de 1815 à 1870, faisant suite à L'histoire de la marine française sous le consulat et l'empire / par E. Chevalier,... February 21, 1900 – via gallica.bnf.fr.
    22. ^ Galibert, Léon (1884). "L'Algérie, ancienne et moderne depuis les premiers éstablissements des Carthaginois jusqu'à l'expédition du Général Randon en 1853: Vignettes par Raffet et Rouargue frères".
    23. ^ Galibert, Léon (1884). "L'Algérie, ancienne et moderne depuis les premiers éstablissements des Carthaginois jusqu'à l'expédition du Général Randon en 1853: Vignettes par Raffet et Rouargue frères".
    24. ^ Buloz, François; Buloz, Charles; Brunetière, Ferdinand; Charmes, Francis; Doumic, René; Chaumeix, André (1879). "Revue des deux mondes".
    25. ^ Elausolles, M. P. (1845). "L'Algerie pittoresque, ou Histoire de la régence d'Alger: Depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'a nos jours".
    26. ^ Rousset, Camille (1880). "La conquête d'Alger".
    27. ^ "La Revue maritime". 1877.
    28. ^ Chevalier, Edouard (1900). "Histoire de la marine française de 1815 à 1870: Faisant suite à l'Histoire de la marine française sous le consulat et l'empire".
    29. ^ Batailles navales de la France. Tome 4 / par O. Troude,... ; publié par P. Levot,... | Gallica
    30. ^ Galibert, Léon (1846). "L'Algerie, ancienne et moderne depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqua̕ nos jours: Comprenant le bombardment de Tanger, la prise de Mogador, la bataille d'Isly, et le glorieux combat de Djemma-Gazouat".
    31. ^ Lonlay, Dick de (1888). "L'Armée russe en Campagne, souvenirs de guerre et de voyage".
    32. ^ "L'Algérie ancienne et moderne, etc. Vignettes par Raffet et Rouargue frères". 1844.
    33. ^ Galibert, Léon (1843). "Histoire de l'Algérie ancienne et moderne depuis les premiers établissements des Carthaginois jusques et y compris les dernières campagnes du général Bugeaud: Avec une introduction sur les divers systèmes de colonisation qui ont précédé la conquête française".
    34. ^ Courtinat, Roland (2003). La piraterie barbaresque en Méditerranée: XVI-XIXe siècle. Serre Editeur. ISBN 9782906431652.
    35. ^ "Annales maritimes et coloniales: Publiées avec l'approbation du ministre de la marine et des colonies". 1830.
    36. ^ "Revue maritime et coloniale". 1877.
    37. ^ "La Semaine des familles: Revue universelle hebdomadaire". 1865.
    38. ^ "La Joie de la maison : journal hebdomadaire illustré". Gallica. January 28, 1892.
    39. ^ Nouvion, Victor de (1879). "Histoire du règne de Louis-Philippe Ier, roi des Français: 1830-1840".
    40. ^ "La Semaine des familles: Revue universelle hebdomadaire". 1865.
    41. ^ Chassériau, Frédéric (1845). "Précis historique de la marine française: Son organisation et ses lois".
    42. ^ Nettement, Alfred François (1856). "Histoire de la conquête d'Alger".
    43. ^ Chassériau, Frédéric (1848). "Vie de l'amiral Duperré, ancien ministre de la marine et des colonies, etc".
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